Search Previous Year Questions

Solution-

• The term fixed cost refers to a cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the number of goods or services produced or sold.
• Fixed costs are expenses that are paid by a company, independent of any specific business activities. This means that fixed costs are generally indirect, in that they do not apply to a company's production of any goods or services.
• Costs incurred and cannot be changed during the time period under consideration are known as fixed costs.

Important Points

• Non-convertible debentures (NCDs) are fixed-income instruments, usually issued by highly-rated companies, in the form of public issues to accumulate long-term capital appreciation. They offer relatively higher interest rates as compared to convertible debentures.
• FC (Fixed Cost) is the cost incurred on FOP which is fixed in nature. These include different types of capital such as buildings and machines. These costs cannot change with different levels of production and are not zero even when the production process is stopped. These costs cannot be set aside in the long run.

Solution-

• A computer is an electronic device that can perform various operations according to a set of instructions called a program. The word computer is derived from the word compute.
• The comment adds means to calculate. A computer performs both simple and complex operations with speed and accuracy. Computers can access and process data millions of times faster than humans. A computer can store data and information in its memory, process them and produce results.

Important Points

• System Software or Operating System: This software activates the computer and manages and controls all the resources of the computer. All operating systems like , Windows, Linux, Unix, etc. fall under this category.
• Operating systems regulate the interactions between different programs and hardware.

Additional Information

• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the program that the computer's microprocessor uses to start the computer system after it has been started.
• A device driver is a program that allows the operating system to communicate with specific computer hardware.

Solution:

                  ‘’÷’’ means ‘’-‘’ 

                 ‘’+’’ means ‘’×’’

                 ‘’×’’ means ‘’+’’ 

                 ‘’-‘’ means ‘’÷’’

            16 + (25 - 5) × 36 ÷ 25

      = 16 × (25 ÷ 5) + 36 - 25

              Applying BODMAS

= 16 × 5 + 36 -25 = 91 Answer.

Solution-

• The Mughal emperors built and ruled empires on the Indian subcontinent, largely corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.
• The Mughals began to rule parts of India from 1526 and ruled most of the sub-continent by 1700. After that they declined rapidly, but were mainly governed by the 1850s.
• The Mughals were a branch of the Timurid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia. Their founder Babur, a Timur prince from the Fergana Valley (in modern Uzbekistan), was a direct descendant of Timur.

Important Points

• Mir Saman was in charge of the royal houses (factories). Under the Mughal administrator the muhtsib was the regulator of public business who controlled trade and enforced Islamic injunctions. The word was also used for a religious official.

Concept-

• The Federal Court of India was established and inaugurated on October 1, 1937, and remained the supreme authority of the Indian judiciary until 1950, when the Federal Court of India was replaced by the current Supreme Court of India.
• The Federal Court of India was a judicial body established in India in 1937 under the Government of India Act, 1935.

Government of India Act (1935)

• Part IX of Chapter I of the Government of India Act (1935), made provisions for the Federal Court of India. Section 200-218 of Part IX gives a detailed description of the Federal Court of India as follows:
• Section 200 established the Federal Court of India. It has also told about the composition of this court. The Federal Court was established by the Chief Justice with the help of six judges. The number of judges can be increased by the Chief Justice if considered necessary after taking approval from the Governor-General of India.
• The Justices of the Court shall be appointed by the Chief Justice by warrant under Royal Sign. These Justices can hold office till they attain the age of 65 years if they are not removed from office by resigning or for justifiable reasons.

Solution:

            √0.04 + √1.96 + √86.49

          = 0.2 + 1.4 + 9.3 = 10.9

Solution=

• There are two main types of computer memory: primary and secondary. Primary memory can be of two types: RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory, eg. The embedded motherboard chip contains the BIOS). And secondary memory is actually the storage of everything. In secondary memory we store everything like OS, softwares, music, videos, documents etc permanently. HDD, CD, DVD, Pen Drive etc are all examples of secondary memory.

Important Points

• Alternatively referred to as a bootstrapping, bootloader, or boot program, a bootstrap loader is a program that resides in a computer's EPROM, ROM, or any other non-volatile memory.
• It is executed automatically by the processor when the computer is turned on. The bootstrap loader reads the hard drive boot sector to continue loading the computer's operating system.
• The term bootstrap comes from the old phrase "lift yourself up with your bootstrap".

Shortcut Trick

Let expenditures of α and β be 7y and 3y respectively.

Income = Expenditure + Savings ⇒ (7y + 4500) / (3y + 4500) = 9 / 4

⇒ 4 × (7y + 4500) = 9 × (3y + 4500)

⇒ 28y + 18000 = 27y + 40500

⇒ y = 22500

Expenditure of β = 3y = 3 × 22500 = 67500

∴ The correct answer is ₹67,500.

Alternate Method

Given:

Ratio of incomes of α and β = 9 : 4

Ratio of expenses of α and β = 7 : 3

Savings of each = ₹4,500

Formula Used:

Income − Expenditure = Savings

Calculations:

Let the incomes of α and β be 9x and 4x respectively.

Let the expenses of α and β be 7y and 3y respectively.

⇒ 9x − 7y = 4500     --- (i)

⇒ 4x − 3y = 4500     --- (ii)

Multiply equation (i) by 4 and equation (ii) by 9 to eliminate x:

⇒ 36x − 28y = 18000

⇒ 36x − 27y = 40500

Subtracting the first equation from the second:

⇒ (36x − 27y) − (36x − 28y) = 40500 − 18000

⇒ y = 22500

Now, substitute y to find the expenditure of β:

⇒ Expenditure of β = 3y

⇒ Expenditure of β = 3 × 22500 = 67500

∴ The correct answer is ₹67,500.

Additional Information

Income, Expenditure & Savings

Income = Expenditure + Savings. This fundamental relationship allows forming linear equations based on given ratio constants directly.

Cross-Multiplication Method

For two initial ratio quantities A and B changing by values X and Y to become C and D, the unit value equals the difference of lower cross products divided by upper cross products.

Constant Difference Concept

When both quantities increase or decrease by the same absolute amount, their difference remains constant. Adjusting the ratio parts to reflect this constant difference is a rapid way to bypass algebraic equations.

Shortcut Trick

For three numbers a, b, c to be in continuous proportion after adding x, we need (a + x) : (b + x) = (b + x) : (c + x).

Test options for 2, 4, 7:

If x = 2: (2+2), (4+2), (7+2) → 4, 6, 9. Check: 4 × 9 = 36 and 6² = 36. Matches!

∴ The correct answer is 2.

Alternate Method

Given: Numbers are 2, 4, and 7.

Formula Used: If p, q, r are in continuous proportion, then q² = p × r.

Let the number to be added be x.

⇒ (4 + x)² = (2 + x)(7 + x)

⇒ 16 + x² + 8x = 14 + 2x + 7x + x²

⇒ 16 + 8x = 14 + 9x

⇒ 9x − 8x = 16 − 14

⇒ x = 2

∴ The correct answer is 2.

Additional Information

Continuous Proportion

Three quantities a, b, c are in continuous proportion if a/b = b/c, where b is the mean proportional.

Mean Proportional

The mean proportional between two numbers a and c is given by b = √(a × c).

Third Proportional

In the proportion a : b :: b : c, the value c = b²/a is called the third proportional to a and b.