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Concept-

• Mucous membranes form in many parts and structures of the body, including the mouth, nose, eyelids, trachea (windpipe) and lungs, stomach and intestines, and ureters, urethra, and bladder.
• The oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx just in front of the mouth. The oropharynx includes the back part of the tongue, tonsils, soft palate, and the sides and walls of the throat.
• The pharynx is a hollow tube-like structure that begins at the back of the nose, runs down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and oesophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.

Important Points

• Stratified squamous epithelium is a type of tissue covering and lining certain parts of the body. In this tissue, cells are flattened, tightly interconnected, and stacked.
• The major function of this tissue type is protection, as it is found in areas that undergo wear and tear.
• The squamous epithelium is composed of a single layer of flattened cells that have irregular borders. These single layers of cells lie on each other to form a stratified squamous epithelium.
• Thus stratified epithelium consists of two or more layers of cells. It consists of a basal membrane composed of columnar or cuboidal cells, with squamous epithelium on top.
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Stratified squamous epithelium can be of two types - keratinizing and non-keratinizing.
• The nasopharynx is lined with ciliated respiratory epithelium with mucous goblet cells, while the oropharynx and larynx are lined by non-keratinized, squamous epithelium.

Concept-

• The process in which air moves in and out of the lungs is called breathing. This is done through the various respiratory organs. In other words, breathing is a simple transactional process.
• When we breathe, we take in air rich in oxygen from the atmosphere, which, in turn, we inhale carbon dioxide-rich in the atmosphere, which is used by plants for photosynthesis.

Important PointsTypes of breathing in humans have eupnea, hyperpnea, diaphragmatic and costal breathing; Each need slightly different procedures.

• Diaphragmatic breathing needs contraction of the diaphragm and is even called deep breathing.
• Costal breathing needs contraction of the intercostal muscles and is also called shallow breathing.
• Hyperpnea is characterized by forced breathing and requires contraction of muscles such as contraction of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and accessory muscles during both inspiration and expiration.

Additional Information

• Hypercapnia is an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) above 45 mmHg. Carbon dioxide is a metabolic product of many cellular processes within the body, and there are a number of physiological mechanisms that require the body to moderate carbon dioxide levels.
• Hypocarbia, also known as hypocapnia, is a decrease in alveolar and blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels below the normal reference range of 35 mmHg.
• Eupnea is normal calm breathing that requires contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

Concept-

• Traditional models of patient care delivery have total patient care and functional, team, and primary nursing. These models differ in clinical decision-making, task allocation, communication, and management, with varying social and economic forces driving the choice of model.

Important Points

• The nursing care delivery model is also called the care delivery system or patient care delivery model; details how work assignments, responsibilities, and authority are structured to carry out patient care; It shows which health care worker is going to perform what tasks, who is responsible, and who has the authority to make decisions.

Functional nursing

• Functional nursing is a nursing model that focuses on efficiency and accomplishing as many tasks as possible in the shortest amount of time. It is task-oriented as it involves assigning a particular nursing task to each worker.
• The head nurse delegates tasks to other nurses who perform nursing tasks for all patients in a unit. For example, one nurse may only give medicines while another nurse admits patients and discharges them.
• Functional nursing uses a division of labour where a team leader assigns a task to each nurse. It reduces redundancy and also enhances teamwork.

Additional Information

• Primary nursing is a return to the relationship between the nurse and the patient, in which the nurse brings all her professional knowledge and expertise to the care of the patient.
• Team nursing models focus on assigning nursing staff to a team to care for a shared group of patients.
• Modular Nursing is a modification of Team Nursing and focuses on the geographic location of the patient for staff assignment.

Concept-

• Job design is the procedure of creating a job that allows the organization to achieve its goals while motivating and rewarding the employee.
• This means that a well-designed job leads to higher productivity and quality of work, while also resulting in higher job satisfaction, less absenteeism, and lower employee turnover intentions.
• In a very simple sense, job design refers to the ways that decision makers choose to organize job responsibilities, duties, activities, and tasks. Thus job redesign involves changing job responsibilities, duties, activities, and tasks. sometimes called work redesign.

Job design process

• Deciding the content of the job.
• Deciding on the methods and procedures to accomplish the task.
• To make optimum use of job/work-time so that job/work-time is not wasted as time is money and time cannot be earned but can be saved by making efficient use of it.
• Avoid manual work if it can be controlled by machine or automatic.
• Synchronization of work and no conflict with other jobs
• Deciding on the relationships that exist in the organization.

Additional Information

• A job specification is an official document that describes the duties, required knowledge, skills and abilities, and the minimum qualifications for state jobs.
• A job description is a useful, simple language tool that explains the tasks, duties, tasks, and responsibilities of a position.
• Job identification is the examination of various aspects of the job in terms of skills, qualifications, duties, and responsibilities.

Concept-

• According to Fayol, management should encourage the spirit of unity and mutual cooperation among the employees.
• Teamwork of management should be encouraged, especially in large organizations. Because otherwise, it will be difficult to achieve the objectives. This will also lead to a loss of coordination. In order to nurture the spirit of cooperation, the manager should use 'we' instead of 'I' in his entire interaction with the employees. This will create mutual trust and a sense of belonging among the group members. This will also minimize the need for fines.

Important Points

• The Esprit de corps is the feeling of unity, trust, and belonging to the organization among the employees.
• It is the practice of pulling each other together to achieve organizational goals.
• It is an art to make the employees believe that they are the organization.

Additional Information

• Unity of Direction: The sense of this principle is 'one unit and one plan' for a group of actions with the same objective. This implies that there should be a principal and a plan for a group of actions with the same objective.
• Unity of command suggests that all forces come under one responsible commander. The pursuit of a unified objective requires a single commander with the necessary authority to direct all forces.

Concept-

• Communication defines the exchange of information, ideas, and feelings between people using speech or other means. The patient communicates his fears and concerns to his nurse to help him make the correct diagnosis. Thus, the benefits of nurses being able to communicate effectively are highly significant.

Important Points

• The communication process is made up of four major components. Those components include encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback.
• There are also two other factors in the process, and those two factors exist as sender and receiver.
• Communication channels are the medium through which you can send messages to your desired audience. For example, phone calls, text messages, email, video, radio, and social media are all types of communication channels.

Concept-

• A cost is made up of four elements - materials, labour, and expenses, overhead cost.
• Each of these four elements can be direct and indirect, i.e. direct material and indirect material, direct labor and indirect labor, direct expenditure, and indirect expenditure.
• The elements of cost are:
• Materials
• Labour,
• Expenses and
• Overheads

Important Points

Materials:

• The material cost is the cost of commodities supplied to an undertaking.
• Materials cost is of two types:
• Direct materials cost, and
• Indirect materials cost.

Labour:

• Labour is remuneration paid for the physical or mental effort expended in production and distribution.
• Labour cost is the cost of remuneration (wages, salaries, commissions, bonuses, etc.) of the employees of an undertaking.

Expense:

• Expenses other than material and labour are the third element of cost.
• The cost of service rendered to an undertaking and the estimated cost of using the assets owned.

Overhead:

On the basis of functions overhead is classified as:

• factory overhead
• administration or office overhead, and
• Sales and distribution overhead.

A leadership style refers to a leader's methods and behaviors when directing, motivating, and managing others.

• An individual's leadership style also determines how they strategize and implement plans while accounting for the expectations of stakeholders and the well-being of their team.

Important Points

• Transformational leadership is a leadership style that can inspire positive changes among those who follow.
• Transformational leaders are usually energetic, enthusiastic, and passionate. Not only are these leaders related and involved in the process, but they are also focused on helping each member of the group succeed.
• Transformational leadership is a leadership style in which leaders encourage, inspire, and motivate employees to innovate and make changes that will help develop and shape the company's future success.

Thus, it is concluded that the leadership style, in which the chief encourages and motivates his subordinates to work beyond their capabilities and expectations, is called transformational leadership.

Additional Information

• Directional leadership style is a leadership style where all power lies with the leader - it is highly centralized and undivided.
• Operational leadership is the management, development, and implementation of business operations. This includes staff supervision, production, and financial costs.

Concept-

• Pediatrics also spelled pediatrics or pediatrics is the branch of medicine that includes the medical care of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.

Recommendations of Nursing Staffing Norms by Staff Inspection Unit:

Normal Wards

• 1 Staff Nurse/Nursing Sister for every 6 beds.

Special Wards;- 1 Staff Nurse/Nursing Sister for every 4 beds (1 ∶ 4)

• Pediatrics
• Burns/Burns Plastic
• Neuro Surgery
• Cardiac Thoracic
• Neuro Medicine
• Nursing Home
• Tetanus
• Spinal Injury
• Emergency Wards attached to casual

Nursery

• 1 Staff Nurse/Nursing Sister for every 2 beds

ICU/ICCU/ICCR Nephrology (AK Dialysis)

• 1 Staff Nurse/Nursing Sister for every bed.

Labour Room

• 1 Staff Nurse/Nursing Sister for every labor table.

O.T.

I) Major-  2 Staff Nurse/Nursing Sister for every functional operation table including the recovery room. 

II) Minor1- Staff Nurse/Nursing Sister for every functional operation table

Concept-

• The concept of power guides the command that one person has to influence the behavior of another person. The person influencing influences the other person to act according to the wishes of the person influencing.
• Similarly, in other words, power exists as a potential or entirely actual effect on a dependent relationship.

Important Points

• Influence is the power to have a significant effect on a person or thing.
• If someone influences someone else, they are changing a person or thing in an indirect but significant way.
• The vision of power derives its maximum meaning from the 2 strong bases of power.
• Informal power refers to the power that comes from the unique characteristics of an individual. These are most effective because individual skills, traits, and knowledge influence personal power.
• Formal power refers to the power that is established by the position of an individual in an organization.