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Concept:

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): It represents a group of intestinal disorders that cause prolonged inflammation of the digestive tract.
• Mainly refers to two disease conditions:
• Regional enteritis ( Crohn's disease)
• Ulcerative colitis.

Explanation:

• Crohn's Disease:  It is a chronic, replacing, and remitting inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract affecting any site from mouth to anus.
• Commonly occur among adolescents & young adults, but can occur in any lifetime.
• It can occur anywhere along the GI tract but most commonly affects Ilium & Colon.
• Lesions or ulcers occurring in Crohn's disease are not continuous ( separated by normal tissue) known as Cobblestone appearance.
• Cobblestone ulcer result from inflammation in the intestine in Crohn's disease.
• Rectal involvement, bleeding, and diarrhoea are less
• Patients with Crohn's disease are at increased risk for colon cancer.

Additional Information

• Ulcerative Colitis:  It is a disease that causes mucosal inflammation and sores (ulcers) in the lining of the large intestine ( colon).
• Peak incidence AGE IS 30-50.
• The disease process starts at the rectum and affects continuous the entire colon.
• Lesions or ulcers are continuous and occur one after another.
• Rectal involvement bleeding and diarrhoea are common.
• The risk of colon cancer is as less compared to Crohn's disease.
• Intestinal Obstruction:
• Its blockage or obstruction in the intestinal tract prevents the normal flow of content via the intestine.
• Types of obstruction:
• Mechanical obstruction: Intraluminal obstruction due to pressure on the intestinal wall, e.g. tumour, adhesion, stricture, stenosis, intussusception, etc.
• Functional obstruction: Intestinal obstruction musculature cannot propel the content through the bowel.

Concept:

• Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an Inherited( Autosomal recessive disorder).
• Multiple cyst formation in the kidney.
• These cysts are filled with fluid. if too many cysts grow or if they get too big, the kidney can become damaged & lead to chronic kidney disease ( Complication).
• Cause: Genetic  ( Autosomal recessive at an early age)
• ( Autosomal dominant in Adult stage)

Explanation:

• Sign & Symptoms:
• Decreased urine output
• Abdominal discomfort
• Hematuria ( blood in urine)
• Anaemia
• High blood pressure
• Frequent kidney infection
• Diagnosis:  Ultrasound
• Biopsy

Additional Information

• Treatment:
• Carefully control blood pressure
• Prompt treatment with antibiotics for a bladder or kidney infection.
• Administration of  diuretics
• Analgesics & antibiotics
• Lifestyle modification with regard to smoking cessation, exercise, weight control & reduced salt intake.
• Drink lots of plain water throughout the day.
• Avoid caffeine in all beverages.
• Permanent Treatment:
• Dialysis
• Kidney transplantation

Concept:

• Communication refers to the reciprocal exchange of information, ideas, facts, opinions, beliefs,  feelings & attitudes through verbal or nonverbal means between two people or within a group of people.
• Purpose: To communicate information
• To coordinate work.
• To express thoughts.
• To maintain interpersonal relationships.
• To clear doubts.

Explanation:

• Approaches to health communication:
• Panel Discussion:  A panel, involves a group of people gathered to discuss a topic in front of an audience, typically at scientific, business or academic conferences & on television shows.
• The panel usually include a moderator who guides the discussion & sometimes elicits audience question with the goal of being informative & entertaining.
• A Group of 6-8 qualified experts discusses a topic in front of an audience.
• Purpose: To provide current information to the audience related to current facts & promotion of health.
• To provide an opportunity to discuss problems & resolve issues.
• Others Methods:
• Informative communication: Provide information about new idea & makes them familiar to people. Mass media of this type is mostly used for wide coverage & reaching a large population.
• Educative communication: Where a new idea on health behavior is explained, including strength & weakness. This approach is used when people are already aware of an issue, but need more information or clarification, reinforced by print materials such as books, pamphlets & other multimedia approaches.

Additional Information

• Poster:
• A poster is a ( Graphic Aid) large sheet that is placed on a public space to promote or on a wall as decoration.
• Typically, posters include both textual & graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or whole text.
• Posters are designed to be both eye-catching & informative.
• Home Visit:
• A home visit is defined as the process of providing nursing care to patients at their doorsteps.
• Home visiting should be planned & conducted based on the identified needs of the people.
• The home visit should give to the existing problem in the family.
• Plan for regular home visiting based on family needs.

Explanation:

• The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established under Food Safety and Standards, 2006 which consolidates various acts & orders to handle food-related issues in various Ministries and Departments.
• FSSAI has been created for laying down science-based standards for articles of food and to regulate their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import to ensure the availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption.
• Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India is the Administrative Ministry for the implementation of FSSAI.
• Objective: To protect consumers from consuming food that could be harmful to their health.
• Any organization that is involved with food, whether that's preparing it, labeling it, transporting it, or storing it, must follow the Food Safety Act carefully.

Additional Information

• Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954:
• The Act provides protection from adulteration/contamination of food that may lead the health risk for consumers.
• The Act also deals with frauds that can be prepared by the dealers by supplying cheaper or adulterated foods.
• The Act regulates the use of chemicals, pesticides, flavors, and other additives in food preparation.
• Through this Act there is control over the dumping of sub-standards foods.
• Enrichment of flour, bread, or other cereals with vitamins or minerals, iodization of salt, oil, and addition of vitamin "C" in certain foods can be done under the provision made in this Act.
• Milk & Milk Product Act, 1992:
• The Government of India promoted the Milk and Milk Product Order (MMPO) 1992,
• As per the provisions of this order, any person/dairy plant handling more than 10,000 liters per day of milk or 500 MT of milk solids per annum needs to be registered with the Registering Authority appointed by Central Government.
• The objective of the order is to maintain and increase the supply of liquid milk of desired quality in the interest of the general public and also for regulating the production, processing, and distribution of milk and milk products.
• Recognizing the need for suitable amendments in the Milk and Milk Product Order-1992 for a faster pace of growth in the dairy sector, the Government of India has amended milk and milk product order-92 from time to time to make it more liberal and oriented to facilitate the dairy entrepreneurs.
• Government of India has notified the last amendment in 2002. Now there is no restriction on setting up of new milk processing, but the requirement of registration is enforcing need for sanitary, hygienic conditions & quality & food safety measures.

Explanation:

• Greenbelts are an effective mode of control of air pollution, where green plants form a surface capable of absorbing air pollutants & forming a sink of pollutants.
• The establishment of green belts is an attempt to control air pollution by dilution.
• the approach to pollution management was to increase dilution. Adding water (diluting) and decreasing the concentration of a pollutant was thought to reduce negative impacts on the environment.
• It leaves with its vast area in a tree crown and absorbs pollutants on its surface, thus effectively reducing pollutant concentration in the surrounding air.
• Often the adsorbed pollutants are incorporated into the metabolic pathway and the air is purified.
• Plants were grown to function as pollution sinks collectively referred to as greenbelts.
• An important aspect of a greenbelt is that the plants are living organisms with varied tolerance limits toward the air pollutants.
• A green belt is effective as a pollutant sink only within the tolerance limit of part of plants.

Additional Information

• Containment: This means the act, process, or means of keeping something within limits.
• Monitoring: This Means assessment or determination of process to rule out the problem.
• Replacement: The action or process of replacing ( exchange)

Concept:

• Communication refers to the reciprocal exchange of information, ideas, facts, opinions, beliefs,  feelings & attitudes through verbal or nonverbal means between two people or within a group of people.
• Purpose: To communicate information
• To coordinate work.
• To express thoughts.
• To maintain interpersonal relationships.

Explanation:

• Persuasion Communication:
• It is a type of communication that focuses on guiding or convincing its audience to adopt certain ideas, actions & attitudes.
• An effective persuasive communicator has the capacity to influence others to act in a particular way.
• Advantage: Convincing others to agree with the view you have or go through with your actions.
• To gain trust
• To boost confidence

Additional Information

• Vertical communication  (Formal communication):
• It follows the line of authority ( Top level to bottom level) & is generally used in organizations to achieve organizational objectives.
• Horizontal communication ( Informal communication):
• It does not follow the line of authority.
• like gossip, chitchat.
• It is very fast & usually takes place in social groups like friends, family, peer groups, etc.
• Verbal communication:
• It occurs through the medium of spoken or written.
• A combination of several words is used & each word conveys a specific meaning.
• Some important elements of verbal communication are language, vocabulary, denotative and connotative meaning, pacing, intonation, clarity, consciousness, preciseness, comprehension, timing & relevance.
• Subtypes of verbal communication:
• Spoken communication
• Written communication
• Telecommunication
• Electronic communication.

Concept:

• Folic acid is a man-made form of a B vitamin called folate.
• Folate plays an important role in the production of red blood cells and helps in neural tube development in the brain & spinal cord.
• The best food sources of folic acid are fortified cereals. Folate is found naturally in dark green vegetables & citrus fruits.

Explanation: 

• Advice is given to pregnant women regarding the need for folic acid:
• Daily requirement of folic acid in pregnancy is  400ug/day (4mg/daily)
• Before conception or 1 month before: 400 mcg
• first three months of pregnancy: 400 mcg
• During 4 months to 9 months of pregnancy: 600 mcg
• While breastfeeding: 500 mcg
• Folic acid is important to prevent Neural tube defects during pregnancy.

Additional Information

• Screening Test during Pregnancy:
• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) testing for neural tube defects.
• Down syndrome and other congenital anomalies at 14-16 weeks.
• Screening for tuberculosis and HIV, rubella, toxoplasmosis, and varicella-zoster virus.
• Blood type and count.
• Rh factor & indirect Coombs test to determine hemolytic condition.
• Serum glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes at 26-28 weeks.
• Group B streptococcus culture at 36 weeks.
• Chronic villi sampling or amniocentesis for women at high risk or > 35 years of age to determine chromosomal abnormalities.

Explanation:

• Sewage water is wastewater from people living in a community.
• It is the water released from households for various purposes like washing dishes, laundry, and flushing toilets, thus the name wastewater ( domestic kitchen wastewater, solid waste & wastewater from washrooms).

Additional Information

• Aims of Savage Purification:
• To stabilize the organic matter so that it can be disposed of safely.
• To convert sewage water into an effluent of an acceptable standard of purity which can be disposed of on land, river, or sea.
• Modern Savage treatment:
• Primary treatment:
• Solids are separated from the savage by screening & sedimentation & subjected to anaerobic digestion.
• Secondary Treatment:
• Effluent ( liquid waste) is subjected to aerobic oxidation.
• Tertiary Treatment:
• The secondary treatment does away with most bacteria and viruses, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and, others that may still be present in the wastewater.
• This stage removes these pollutants.

Explanation:

• Communication:
• It is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols & signs of behavior.
• Elements of communication:
• Sender:  A sender is a person who encodes & sends the message to the receiver.
• Message: It is the content of communication & may contain verbal, nonverbal, or symbolic language.
• Channel: A  channel is a medium through which a message is sent or received between two or more people.
• Classification of the channel of communication:
• Visual channel: Facial expression, body language, posture, gestures, pictures & written words, electronic mail, mass media, etc.
• Auditory channel: Spoken words, sounds, telephone or mobile communication, delivering audio content ( radio, voicemail), etc.
• Tactile channel: Touch sensation, therapeutic touch, etc.
• Combined channel: Audiovisual media, consoling a person with touch & spoken words.
• Receiver: Is an individual or a group of individuals intended to receive, decode & interpret the message sent by the sender.
• Feedback: It is a return message sent by the receiver to the sender, that shows that the receiver has understood the primary message sent by the receiver.

Additional Information

• Barriers of Communication: Factors which block communication.
• Physiological barrier:
• Poor sensory perception.
• Hearing problems
• Discomfort due to illness
• Environmental barrier: Noise, Poor lighting
• Uncomfortable setting
• Distance
• Psychological barriers:
• Misperception & misunderstanding
• Mistrust
• Emotional disturbance, stress
• Conflicts & anxiety
• Social barrier:
• Difference in social norms
• Values & Behavior
• Social taboos
• Culture barrier:
• Ethnic, Cultural tradition
• Religion
• values & behavior
• Semantic barriers:
• Language
• Individual difference
• Past experience of an individual failure to listen.

Explanation:

• Codex Alimentarius ( Food Code): It is a collection of international standards, guidelines, and codes of practice to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in the food trade.
• It includes :
• Provision in respect of food hygiene
• Food additives
• Pesticide residues
• Contaminants
• Labelling & presentation
• methods of analysis & sampling

Additional Information

• Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954:
• The Act provides protection from adulteration/contamination of food that may lead to health risks for consumers.
• The Act also deals with frauds that can be prepared by the dealers by supplying cheaper or adulterated foods.
• The Act regulates the use of chemicals, pesticides, flavors, and other additives in food preparation.
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):
• It is the National Standard Body of India.
• BIS is responsible for the harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking, and quality certification of goods and for matters connected with consumer safety.
• AGMARK or Agriculture Mark:
• It is the certification mark to assure the quality of agriculture products in India.
• AGMARK acts as a third-party guarantee for the agricultural products that are produced and consumed in India.