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The correct answer is Carbohydrates.

Key Points 

Starch 

• It is the most important source of Carbohydrates in the human diet and accounts for more than 50% of our carbohydrate intake.
• It is a mixture of two polymers: Amylose and Amylopectin.

Cellulose 

• It is a fibrous carbohaydrate found in all plants.
• It is the structural component of plant cell walls.
• They are both made from the same monomer (+) – Glucose and have the same glucose-based repeat units.

Additional Information

• In starch, all the glucose repeat units are oriented in the same direction. But in cellulose, each successive glucose unit is rotated 180 degrees around the axis of the polymer backbone chain, relative to the last repeat unit.
• Starch is practically useless as a material to make things, but cellulose is strong enough to make fibres, and hence rope, clothing and paper products.
• Cellulose doesn't dissolve in water the way starch does and certainly doesn't break down as easily.

The correct answer is Option 2: Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium.

• Both Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium bacteria were found to be very useful in genetic engineering experiments

Key Points

Escherichia coli - 

• It is widely used in biotechnological processes for various purposes.
• EcoRI is a restriction enzyme obtained from this bacteria.
• The cloning vector pBR322 is also obtained from E. coli.

Agrobacterium Tumifaciens - 

• This is a bacterium that contains the Ti-plasmid.
• This plasmid can be genetically modified to be used as cloning vectors.
• It can efficiently deliver the gene of our interest into the host plant.

The correct asnwer is Ecotone.

Key Points

Ecotone

• An Ecotone is a transition area between two or more diverse ecosystems.
• It is a zone of the junction where two communities meet and integrate.
• It may be narrow or wide, and may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).
• Ecotone has more biodiversity than any other ecosystem.
• Sometimes the no. of species and the population density of some of the species is much greater in this zone than in either community. This is called the Edge Effect.

Additional Information

Characteristics of Ecotones-

• It may be wide or narrow.
• It is a zone of transition (as it has conditions intermediate to the bordering ecosystems).
• It could contain species that are entirely different from those found in the bordering systems.
• Ecotones can be natural or man-made. For example, the ecotone between an agricultural field and a forest is a man-made one.

Importance of Ecotone-

• They have a greater variety of organisms.
• They serve as a bridge of gene flow from one population to another because of the larger genetic diversity present.
• They can act as buffer zones offering protection to the bordering ecosystems from possible damage. For example, a wetland can absorb pollutants and prevent them from seeping into the river.
• A shifting of boundaries between ecosystems is thought to be due to climate change.
• So ecotone can be natural or man-made.

The correct answer is OR Gate

Key Points

The below truth table is for OR Gate.

From the above truth table we can say that if one of the Input is High, the Output will be High.

Additional Information

The below truth table is for AND Gate.

From the above truth table we can say that if one of the Input is low, the Output will be low.

The correct answer is 1.

Key Points

CONCEPT:

• AND Gate: The Logic AND Gate is a digital logic circuit whose output is 1 (HIGH) only when all the inputs are 1 (HIGH)

• OR Gate: The Logic OR Gate is a digital logic circuit whose output goes HIGH to a logic level 1 only when one or more of its inputs are HIGH

• NOT Gate: The Logic NOT Gate is the most basic of all the logic gates and is often referred to as an Inverting Buffer or simply an Inverter.

\(Y=\overline{A}\)

• NAND Gate: The logic Gate is obtained after adding NOT Gate after AND Gate.
• NOR Gate: The logic Gate is obtained after adding NOT Gate after OR Gate.
• \(Y=\overline{A+B}\)

EXPLANATION:

• The output of NAND Gate will be 1.
• And for the OR gate is 1.
• Input 1 and 1 for OR gate will have output as 1.

The correct answer is Network layer.

Key Points

• Internet Protocol address or IP address is an address of our network hardware.
• It helps in connecting our computers to other devices on the network and all over the world.
• An IP Address is made up of numbers or characters.
• An example of an IP address would be 208.67.222.222.
• All devices that are connected to an internet connection have a unique IP address.
• The standard size of the IP address is 32 bit.
• Each network that runs TCP/IP must have a unique network number.
• Every machine on the network must have a unique IP address.
• The IPv4 address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network interface on a machine.
• An IPv4 address is typically written in decimal digits, formatted as four octets that are separated by periods.
• Each 8-bit field represents a byte of the IPv4 address.
• This form of representing the bytes of an IPv4 address is often referred to as the dotted-decimal format.
• The bytes of the IPv4 address are further classified into two parts: the network part and the host part.

Additional Information

​ Components of IP address

• Network Part
• The network part specifies the unique number that is assigned to the network.
• The networks part also identifies the class of network that is assigned.
• Host Part
• This is the part of the IPv4 address that is assigned to each host.
• The host part uniquely identifies the machine on our network.
• For each host on our network, the network part of the address is the same, but the host part must be different.

The correct answer is RAM.

Memory in a computer system is required for the storage and retrieval of instructions and data. A system uses a variety of devices for storing these instructions and data that are required for its operation.

Key Points

The following three kinds of Memory systems: 

Primary (Main) Memory: Primary memories are used mainly for primary storage. It stores programs and data which are currently needed by the CPU. The primary memory is a static device. There is no rotating part in it. Examples include RAM, ROM, etc.

• Random Access Memory (RAM): It stores data that the computer needs to use temporarily. So it is faster than Secondary storage devices. It is a volatile memory i.e. the data disappear from it when the power is off. The amount of RAM in a computer system can affect a computer’s performance.
• Read-Only Memory (ROM): The system uses ROM to boot itself. It is used to store the start-up information of the computer. This is called non-volatile memory i.e. it retains its content even if the computer loses its power.
• Cache Memory: It stores program instructions and data that the computer uses more frequently. The processor can access this information from the cache rather than having to get it from the computer’s main memory.

Additional Information

Secondary Memory: It is the storage that the CPU cannot access directly. t's content firstly needs to be copied into ram and then transferred to CPU. It stores data that can be easily retrieved only by the main memory and used by the processor. For example - Hard Disk.

Tertiary Memory: It includes a mechanism to insert and remove mass storage media into a storage device. It is useful for extensive data storage. Example- Compact discs (CD) and USB drives.

Hence, it can be inferred from the listed points that RAM is volatile and the amount of RAM in a computer system can affect its performance

The correct answer is Decode Program Instruction.

Key Points

• The smallest and fastest memory of a computer is Register Memory located in Computer's Central Processing Unit(CPU).
• It generally stores the most used instructions, data etc. which to be used by CPU.
• The control Unit is part of CPU. It advises the input and output devices, computer memory on how to respond to the instructions sent to the processor.
• Input device unit is equipment use to provide input to the computer. i.e. keyboard
• An output device unit helps in transferring information into human -readable form. For e.g. monitor

The correct answer is Kalyan Singh Rawat.

Key Points

• A significant environmental movement called Maiti Andolan was started in the state of Uttarakhand.
• The Maiti movement is credited to its founding father, Shri Kalyan Singh Rawat.
• In the state of Uttarakhand, there are already numerous environmental protection-related movements active, such as the Chipko Andolan. Similar to this, the "Maiti Andolan" movement existed in Uttarakhand.
• This is well-known today throughout the entirety of Garhwal as a social custom. wherein the broader populace takes part in earnest.

The correct answer is Mukteshwar.

Key Points

• The Institute of Temperate Horticulture Campus in Mukteshwar, Nainital district, hosted the official opening of Uttarakhand's first Doppler Weather Radar (DWR), a tool that can measure the intensity of precipitation in the air to forecast severe weather conditions like storms and heavy rainfall.
• On the occasion of the 146^th foundation day of the Indian Meteorological Department, the inauguration was conducted jointly by Union Minister of Earth Sciences Harsh Vardhan and Chief Minister Trivendra Singh Rawat via Videoconference (IMD). On that day, a DWR was also opened at Kufri, Himachal Pradesh.