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Explanation:

NH 44 connects Tripura to the rest of India.

• National Highways:
• The National highways in India are a network of trunk roads owned by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
• It is constructed and managed by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
• Important National Highways

Additional Information

• NH-44 (Previously National Highway 7) is the longest-running major National Highway that starts from Srinagar and terminates in Kanyakumari.
• NH-966B (previously NH 47A) is the shortest national Highway in India covering a distance of 8 Km (5.0 mile) and runs between Kundannor and Willingdon Island in Kochi, Kerala.
• Golden Quadrilateral is a highway network that connects the four major metro cities of India, viz., Delhi (north), Kolkata (East), Mumbai (west) and Chennai (south).

Explanation:

• Tripura Hills lies in the middle part of the Chittagong-Tripura folded belt and falls within the Indian Territory.
• Five or six ranges of hills with north-south elongation run parallel having an average distance of about 20-km from each other.
• These ranges and the valleys between them increase in height as they approach the east.
• The principal hill ranges beginning from the east are - the Jampuri, Sakkanklang, Langtarai, Athara-mura and Deotamura ranges.

Longtharai Range: Longtharai is a hill range in the Indian state of Tripura.

The highest peak is Phawngpui also known as Blue Mountain ( 482 m ).

• Phawngpui: It is also known as Blue Mountain
• The name is derived from the Lai Language, phong meaning "grassland" or "meadow", and the suffix-pui meaning "great".
• It is the highest mountain peak in the Lushai Hills and in the state of Mizoram.
• Phawngpui has an elevation of 2157 meters.
• Phawngpui is the correct answer.

Concept:

• The water pollution in the rivers is measured by the amount of dissolved oxygen.
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in the water.
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen available to living aquatic organisms.
• The amount of dissolved oxygen indicates its water quality.

Additional Information

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):

• If too much organic matter is added to water, all the available oxygen will be used up.
• This causes oxygen-dependent aquatic life to die.
• Thus, anaerobic bacteria (which do not require oxygen) begin to break down the organic waste and produce chemicals that have a foul smell and are harmful to human health
• High BOD means water is highly polluted.

Various human activities can lead to water pollution.

• The emissions from factories and vehicles are released into the air which settles into the water bodies in the form of acid rain.
• Industrial waste and sewage water also drain into water bodies when there is no efficient drainage system.
• As population density increases, the waste generated in households ends up in water bodies polluting them.
• Human activities (washing clothes and utensils) around water bodies increase with the increase in population leading to water pollution.

Pollution caused by chemicals:

• Herbicides are substances which are known as weed-killers and are toxic to plants.
• Insecticides are used to kill insects.
• Fungicides are chemicals used for destroying fungi.
• Rodenticides are used for killing rodents like rats and mice.

Explanation:

• Eutrophication refers to the addition of artificial or non-artificial substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to a freshwater system.
• It can be anthropogenic or natural.
• It leads to an increase in the primary productivity of the water body or “bloom” of phytoplankton.
• The overgrowth causes the loss of oxygen in the water leading to severe reductions in fish and other animal populations.
• Eutrophication escalates rapidly when high nutrients from fertilizers, domestic and industrial wastes, urban drainage, detergents and animal, sediments enter water streams.
• When the process of Eutrophication is increased by human activities, it is called cultural Eutrophication.

Effects: 

They can have a large impact on the health of rivers and estuaries such as increased production of algae and aquatic plants, depletion of fish species, general deterioration of water quality.

Explanation:

• World Ozone Day is observed on 16 September every year, since 1995
• This day reminds the signing of the Montreal Protocol on substances that depletes the Ozone Layer.
• The Montreal Protocol was aimed at protecting the Earth’s ozone layer by eliminating the use of ozone-depleting substances.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the main substance that depletes the ozone layer.
• The theme of World Ozone Day 2019 is '32 years and Healing'.
• Ozone layer thickness is measured in Dobson units. Ozone is an O3 molecule.
• The ozone layer is present mostly in the Stratosphere and partially in the Troposphere.

Additional Information

Ozone Layer: 

• Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen. Ozone is a deadly poison.
• Ozone is found in the stratosphere layer of the atmosphere.
• However, at the higher levels of the atmosphere, ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun.
• This radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin cancer in human beings or can split the DNA.
• It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell.
• Ozone is an excellent oxidizing agent as it breaks down into oxygen gas and nascent oxygen. { O3 → O2 + [O] }
• It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O2, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O2 or di-oxygen

Its depletion:

• The amount of ozone in the atmosphere began to drop sharply in the 1980s.
• This decrease has been linked to synthetic chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used as refrigerants and in fire extinguishers.
• The government bans those products which contain CFCs.
• Ozone is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to molecular oxygen. Thus, a dynamic equilibrium exists between the production and decomposition of ozone molecules

Explanation:

Rickets

• Rickets is a childhood bone disorder where bones soften and become prone to fractures and deformity.
• It is caused due to deficiency of vitamin D.
• Symptoms can include weak bones and bowed legs.

Additional Information

Explanation:

Cold Deserts are deserts having extremely cold winters. These deserts are generally found in mountainous areas.

Ladakh is the only cold desert in India, situated in the Himalayas. It doesn't get affected by the monsoon as it lies in the rain shadow region of the Himalayas. The rainfall in this region is as low as 10 cm annually.

Additional Information

• The Antarctic Polar Desert covers the continent of Antarctica and has a size of about 5.5 million square miles.
• The second-largest desert is the Arctic Polar Desert.
• Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth.

Some Major Deserts of the world are:-

Explanation:

• Haemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.
• Haemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in your blood from the lungs to the tissues.
• About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells of your blood called haemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin.
• Iron is the essential element of Hemoglobin.
• Iron-deficient anaemia is a type of anaemia.
• Red blood cells carry a biomolecule known as Hemoglobin.
• The haemoglobin is responsible for binding oxygen molecule to itself and carrying it around the various human organs through the bloodstream.
• Iron is the central atom in the biomolecule haemoglobin. The low concentration of iron affects the function of the bloodstream significantly to assure the availability of oxygen.
• Therefore, anaemic patients are deficient in iron.

Important Points

• If a haemoglobin test reveals that your haemoglobin level is lower than normal, it means you have a low red blood cell count (Anemia).
• Haemoglobin electrophoresis measures haemoglobin levels and looks for abnormal types of haemoglobin.
• It's most often used to help diagnose anaemia, sickle cell disease, and other haemoglobin disorders.
• The normal range for haemoglobin is: For men, 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter. For women, 12.0 to 15.5 grams per deciliter.
• Haemoglobin is produced in bone marrow by erythrocytes and is circulated with them until their destruction.
• It is then broken down in the spleen, and some of its components, such as iron, are recycled to the bone marrow.

Explanation:

The Montreal Protocol:

• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol) is an international agreement made in 1987.
• The Montreal Protocol is widely considered as the most successful environment protection agreement. It sets out a mandatory timetable for the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances like CFC's (Chlorofluorocarbons).

Additional Information

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

• It is an international treaty that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan.
• It was adopted on 11^th December 1997 and came into force on 16^th February 2005.
• Its first commitment period was between 2008 and 2012.
• The second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol was agreed on in 2012 (ends in 2020).

Tokyo Convention:

• This convention acts on on-board aircraft.
• This convention is applicable to offences against penal law and to any acts jeopardizing the safety of the persons or property on board civilian aircraft while in flight and engaging in international air navigation.

Cartagena Protocol:

• The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another.
• It was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity and entered into force on 11 September 2003.
• The Protocol also establishes a Biosafety Clearing-House to facilitate the exchange of information on living modified organisms and to assist countries in the implementation of the Protocol.

Explanation:

• Seismic zone: It is term used to describe an area where earthquakes tend to focus.

• Based on the past seismic history, Bureau of Indian Standards grouped the country into four seismic zones namely  Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone IV and Zone-V. of all these four zones,

• Zone-V is the most seismic active region whereas Zone-II is the least.

• ​Tripura : It is a state in northeastern India.

• The third-smallest state in the country.

• It covers 10,491 highway, the National on a scale ranging from 1 to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the state lies in Seismic zone .

• Tripura lies in seismic zone v so it is highly vulnerable to earthquakes.

• Seismic zone-v is the correct answer.