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The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The passage analyzes the importance of public transportation in urban sustainability by explaining its benefits like reducing emissions, easing mobility, and boosting economic efficiency. (विश्लेषणात्मक)
• It is also supportive in tone because it highlights the positive impacts of investing in and planning sustainable transport systems. (समर्थनकारी)
• While challenges like funding and equity are acknowledged, the overall approach is constructive and encouraging.
• Thus, the tone of the passage is best described as Analytical and supportive.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2) Analytical and supportive.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Skeptical (संदेहपूर्ण) – A skeptical tone would doubt the effectiveness of public transport.

Example: “Public transport rarely solves traffic issues” – This is not reflected in the passage.

• Option 3: Neutral (तटस्थ) – A neutral tone would present facts without support or criticism.

Example: Simply stating data about transport without expressing benefits.

• Option 4: Aggressive (आक्रामक) – An aggressive tone would harshly criticize the lack of transport or blame authorities.

Example: “The government has failed miserably in transport planning” – This is not the tone of the passage.

The correct answer is 'Option 2) Mediated'.

Key Points

• The sentence describes how the object of consciousness is not separate but actually mediated by consciousness itself. (मध्यस्थ / प्रभावित किया हुआ)
• The past participle form mediated fits correctly because it shows a condition or state produced by the action of consciousness.
• Other forms like mediating or mediates would disturb the formal and philosophical structure of the sentence.
• Thus, the most contextually and grammatically appropriate choice is mediated.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2) Mediated'.

Additional Information

• Mediating (मध्यस्थता करते हुए): Refers to the present participle/continuous action.

Example: He is mediating between the two groups to resolve the conflict. (Not suitable here)

• Mediates (मध्यस्थता करता है): Refers to present tense, singular subject.

Example: A teacher mediates discussions in class. (Not suitable in this abstract philosophical context)

• Has mediated (मध्यस्थता कर चुका है): Present perfect tense, indicating completed action.

Example: She has mediated several disputes successfully. (Too specific and temporal for the passage)

The correct answer is 'Transforms'.

Key Points

• The sentence in the passage is: "...knowledge is not the passive reception of an external truth but an active process in which consciousness shapes and ______ (2) its own reality."
• The verb must indicate the process of changing or creating reality through active participation of consciousness.
• "Transforms" (परिवर्तित करता है) means to change something significantly or completely, which fits perfectly with the philosophical context of shaping reality.
• Other options do not fit logically: Transports means carrying from one place to another, Interrupts means stopping something temporarily, and Disabuses means freeing someone from a false idea.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1) Transforms'.

Additional Information

• Transports (परिवहन करता है) – To carry something or someone from one place to another.

Example: The bus transports hundreds of passengers daily.

• Interrupts (बाधित करता है) – To stop or hinder something temporarily.

Example: The loud noise interrupts our discussion.

• Disabuses (भ्रम से मुक्त करता है) – To persuade someone that a belief or idea is wrong.

Example: The teacher disabuses students of the notion that history is boring.

The correct answer is 'Option 1) undermines'.

Key Points

• The passage is written in the present tense, describing the ongoing dialectical process of consciousness. Hence, the verb form should also be in the present tense.
• "Undermines" is the correct simple present tense form used with the singular subject "self-consciousness." (कमज़ोर करता है / कमजोर बनाता है)
• Example: His constant criticism undermines my confidence.
• Thus, the sentence correctly reads: "Self-consciousness seeks recognition from another, yet in asserting its dominance over the other, it paradoxically undermines its own freedom."

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1) undermines'.

Additional Information

• Option 2: were undermine – Grammatically incorrect, as "were" should be followed by the present participle form "undermining," not the base verb.
• Option 3: undermined – Past tense, which does not fit the context of the passage that discusses an ongoing philosophical process.
• Option 4: are undermining – Present continuous tense, but does not fit smoothly with the structure "self-consciousness… paradoxically undermines."

The correct answer is 'Option 1) Yield'.

Key Points

• The passage is based on Hegelian philosophy, specifically the dialectical process where freedom and consciousness emerge through negation and transformative struggle.
• The blank (4) refers to how freedom is achieved: it is not simply granted but attained through a process of yield (submission or giving way) and transformation. (समर्पण)
• "Yield" fits because it conveys the philosophical idea of surrendering or giving way in order to achieve a higher realization of freedom.
• Other options like "Justification," "Detachment," and "Retraction" do not align with the dialectical process described in the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1) Yield'.

Additional Information

• Justification (औचित्य): Refers to providing reasons or explanations for something.

Example: His justification for being late was the heavy traffic.

• Does not match the philosophical idea of struggle and transformation.
• Detachment (विरक्ति): Refers to emotional withdrawal or lack of involvement.

Example: Spiritual leaders often advocate detachment from material desires.

• Does not convey the process of struggle and realization of freedom.
• Retraction (वापसी/प्रत्याहार): Refers to withdrawing a statement or pulling back.

Example: The journalist issued a retraction of the false report.

• Does not fit the context of achieving autonomy in the passage.

The correct answer is 'Option 3) Reflexive pronoun'.

Key Points

• A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of the sentence and is used when the subject and the object are the same. (निजवाचक सर्वनाम)
• Examples of reflexive pronouns include: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
• In the given context, pronouns like itself are used, showing that consciousness shapes and reflects back on itself.
• Thus, the correct type of pronoun in (5) is Reflexive pronoun.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3) Reflexive pronoun'.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Possessive pronoun (संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम) – Shows ownership, e.g., mine, yours, his, hers, theirs.

Example: This book is mine.

• Option 2: Demonstrative pronoun (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम) – Points to specific things, e.g., this, that, these, those.

Example: These are my shoes.

• Option 4: Interrogative pronoun (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम) – Used to ask questions, e.g., who, whom, whose, which, what.

Example: Which is your pen?

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. "To bribe someone to remain quiet".

Key Points

• The idiom "To oil the hinges of silence" refers to taking action to ensure silence, often by bribing someone to remain quiet. (चुप रहने के लिए किसी को रिश्वत देना)
• Example: The politician tried to oil the hinges of silence by offering money to the reporters who knew about the scandal.
• In this context, the correct interpretation is "To bribe someone to remain quiet", which implies a deliberate act of ensuring silence by offering incentives. (चुप रहने के लिए किसी को रिश्वत देना)
• Example: The company decided to oil the hinges of silence by compensating the whistleblower generously.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 1.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Option 2: To prevent secrets from being exposed (गुप्त रहस्यों को उजागर होने से रोकना): This refers to taking measures to ensure that confidential information remains hidden.
• Example: The organization implemented strict policies to prevent secrets from being exposed.
• Option 3: To gradually break uncomfortable silence (असहज चुप्पी को धीरे-धीरे तोड़ना): This refers to slowly addressing an awkward silence in a conversation.
• Example: She tried to gradually break the uncomfortable silence by bringing up a neutral topic.
• Option 4: To speak diplomatically in tense moments (तनावपूर्ण क्षणों में कूटनीतिक रूप से बोलना): This refers to carefully choosing words to navigate a sensitive or tense situation.
• Example: During the argument, he chose to speak diplomatically in tense moments to avoid escalation.

The correct answer is 'rain'.

Key Points

• The word "rain" refers to water droplets falling from the sky as precipitation. (बारिश)
• In the context of the question, the weather-related term "rain" fits perfectly to complete the sentence.
• The other options: "reign," "raign," and "rein" do not fit the context.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Complete Sentence: Do you think it is going to rain this afternoon?

Additional Information

• Reign (शासन): refers to the period during which a sovereign rules.
• Raign: This is an incorrect spelling and does not have a valid meaning.
• Rein (लगाम): refers to a strap used to control a horse or metaphorically to control or restrain something.

The correct answer is 'in'.

Key Points

• The preposition "in" is used to describe the state or condition of being blind in a specific eye.
• The phrase "blind in one eye" is a standard expression in English.
• Options 2, 3, and 4 are grammatically incorrect in this context as they do not fit the standard usage.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Complete Sentence: "The beggar was blind in one eye."

Additional Information

• Option 2: "at" is incorrect because "blind at one eye" is not a valid construction in English.
• Option 3: "on" is incorrect because "blind on one eye" is not idiomatic or standard usage.
• Option 4: "by" is incorrect because "blind by one eye" does not make logical sense in this context.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Indirect Speech: Roshan says that he has completed his homework.
• Key Conversions:
• "says" remains "says":
• The reporting verb "says" is in the present tense, so no change is required.
• "I have completed" becomes "he has completed":
• Pronoun "I" is changed to "he" to match the subject "Roshan".
• Verb "have completed" remains "has completed" to maintain the present perfect tense.
• Reporting clause:
• No changes to the reporting clause since the sentence is in present tense.
• Punctuation and Format:
• The sentence is correctly formatted without quotation marks as it is in indirect speech.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct Sentence: "Roshan says that he has completed his homework."

Additional Information

• Option 1: "Roshan said that he had completed his homework."
• Incorrect tense: "said" changes the reporting verb to past tense, which is not required.
• Option 2: "Roshan says that he had completed his homework."
• Incorrect tense: "had completed" changes the verb to past perfect, which is not required.
• Option 4: "Roshan said that he has completed his homework."
• Mixes past tense in the reporting verb "said" with present perfect tense, which is incorrect.