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Evaluation refers to the assessment of a student's progress towards stated objectives, the efficiency of the teaching, and the effectiveness of the curriculum.

Key Points

• Evaluation is an act or process that assigns value to a measure. In the teaching-learning situation, evaluation is a continuous process and is concerned with more than just the formal academic achievement of students.
• Evaluation is the systematic assessment of the design, implementation, or results of an initiative for learning or decision making. It is a data-gathering process to determine the worth or value of the instruction or its strengths and weaknesses.

Important Points

• ​ Evaluation plays an important role in the teaching-learning process.
• Evaluation is concerned with assessing the effectiveness of teaching, teaching strategies, methods, and techniques.
• It provides feedback to the teachers about the quality of their teaching and the learners about their learning. So, the main objective of the evaluation is the learner's performance and improvement.

​Thus, it is concluded that the main object (aim) of evaluation is the learner’s performance and improvement.

Crop:

• When plants of the same kind are cultivated in one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.
• For example, a crop of wheat means that all the plants grown in a field are that of wheat.

 Key PointsRabi crops:

• The crops grown in the winter season (October to March) are called rabi crops.
• Examples of rabi crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed (flax).
• Besides these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer in many places.

Thus, flax is an example of a rabi crop.

Additional InformationKharif crops : 

• The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called Kharif crops.
• The rainy season in India is generally from June to September.
• Paddy, maize, soybean, groundnut and cotton are Kharif crops.​

Child centered:-

• A child-centered approach means planning and transacting curriculum in the classroom.
• In a way that allows for flexibility in pace and style of learning to keep in mind that children in a classroom are widely different.

Key Points ​Child-centered education:- 

• The teacher is a facilitator, the role of the teacher is to guide the learner to take part actively in the classroom learning
• The classroom approach should be based on the learner's needs and schools should make the curriculum flexible.
• In child-centered classroom
• The child is an active participant.
• The teacher always inspires the child to participate more in the activities.
• The environment must be joyful, cheerful.
• Safe and secure environment.
• Activities based classroom.
• All round development of the child.
• The child is always satisfied with learning new activities and loves to participate in them.

Thus, it is concluded that Inactivity is not present in child-centered education.

Additional Information Qualities of a progressive school:-

• Learning by doing-hands-on experience.
• Problem-solving and critical thinking.
• Life long learning and social skills.
• De-emphasis on textbooks.
• Collaborative group work and development of social skills.

Concept:

• The term communication may be referred to imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium
• People use different modes of communication to convey their messages.
• Human beings have evolved different methods of communication over time.
• On the basis of scale and quality, the mode of communication can be divided into the following categories :

Explanation:

Some means of communication are:

Fax:

• It scans the contents of a document (as an image, not text) to create electronic signals.
• These signals are then sent to the destination (another FAX machine) in an orderly manner using telephone lines.
• At the destination, the signals are reconverted into a replica of the original document.
• The idea of FAX transmission was patented by Alexander Bain in 1843.

Mobile:

• The concept of mobile telephony was developed first in the 1970s.
• It was fully implemented in the 1980s and 1990s.
• It is one of the most common means of communication at the present time.

Messengers:

• In ancient times people used smoke signals, drum sounds, pigeons, and messengers as modes of communication.
• These were relatively slow, unreliable, and sometimes unsafe means of communication.

Telephone:

• The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell and

Antonio Meucci in 1876.

• It is said to be one of the most widely used means of communication in the history of mankind.

Thus, In ancient times messages were communicated by messengers.

Teaching learning material:-

• Teaching-learning materials (TLMs) are also known as instructional aids.
• Facilitate a teacher in achieving the learning objectives formulated by her/him prior to teaching-learning activities starting.

Key Points Audio-Visual Aids:

• Audio-visual aids are those tools that can be heard as well as seen.
• The devices require the auditory as well as visual senses and help the students to learn through listening as well as viewing.
• These are instructional devices that are used to communicate messages more effectively through sound and visuals.
• Examples of such aids are television, films, and computer-assisted instruction.

Thus, it is concluded that an example of an Audio-Visual Teaching Learning Aid is Television.

Hint

• Audio Aids: 
• The materials or devices call upon the auditory senses and thus help the individuals to learn through listening.
• Example:-Radio broadcasts, Tape- recorders, Cassette, and CD players, etc.
• Visual Aids: 
• ​The aids call upon the visual senses and thus help the learners to learn through viewing.
• Example:- Bulletin Board, Blackboard, Charts, Pictures, Graphs, Model, Film strips, Slides, Puppet, Flashcards, Games, etc.

Concept:

• Family is an important social group for an individual and society.
• It is the basic unit of society.
• People establish many types of relationships with time.

Explanation:

Some relationships are defined below:

Mami:

• Mami is a term to refer to the wife of your mother's brother.
• Your mother's brother is your father's brother-in-law.
• Mami is the wife of your father's brother-in-law.
• This is not a blood relation but an acquired relation.

Nani:

• Nani is a term to refer to your mother's mother.
• She is also the mother of your mother's brother.
• Nani is the mother of your father's brother-in-law.

Mausi:

• Mausi is the sister of your mother.
• Mausi is the sister of your father's brother-in-law.

​Sister:

• Sister is your parent's daughter.
• This is a blood relation
• Sister is the niece of your father's brother-in-law.

Thus, nani is your father’s brother-in-law’s mother

Concept:

• Indian Culture refers to the way of life of the people.
• A Fair is a gathering of people to display or trade products or other goods, including animals for buying and selling.
• Fairs and festivals are events or happenings through which we can see a very large part of our culture.
• A large number of festivals and fairs are held around the year throughout Rajasthan.
• They vividly reflect the vibrant cultural heritage of the State.

Explanation:

• The tradition of the Fuldol fair started in Bhilwara, Rajasthan.
• Then after, the tradition of holding fuldol fair shifted to Shahpura.
• It is held in the Hindi month of Chaitra.

Additional InformationSome famous fairs of Rajasthan are:

Pushkar fair:

• Pushkar Camel Fair is one of the largest animal fairs in India.
• During the fair, lakhs of people flock to Pushkar, along with their camels and cattle for many days for livestock trading and also for pilgrimage.

Nagaur Fair:

• Nagaur Fair is held annually around the end of January and early February.
• Nagaur becomes active with cattle, horses, and camels accompanied by their turbaned owners.

Urs fair:

• It is held in Ajmer Sharif according to the lunar calendar in the memory of the revered Sufi saint Khawaja Moin-ud-din

Chisti.

• He had come from Persia and established the Chishtia (Sufi) in Ajmer.

Solar system:-

• The collection of eight planets.
• Their moons in orbit round the sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
• The planets of the solar system are (in order of distance from the sun) **Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.**​

Key Points

Mercury:-

• Mercury: Mercury (Budh) is the nearest planet to the Sun.
• It is the smallest planet without any satellite of its own.
• It is difficult to observe this planet since it is hidden in the glare of the Sun.

Venus:-

• Venus is the second planet from the Sun and Earth's closest planetary neighbour.
• Even though Mercury is closer to the Sun, venus is the hottest planet in our solar system.
• Its thick atmosphere is full of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.
• It has clouds of sulfuric acid.

Earth:-

• Earth is only the fifth largest planet in the solar system.
• It is the only world in our solar system with liquid water on the surface.
• Just slightly larger than nearby Venus.
• Earth is the biggest of the four planets closest to the Sun, all of which are made of rock and metal.

Mars:-

• Mars is the fourth planet from the sun a dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin atmosphere.
• Mars is also a dynamic planet with seasons, polar ice caps, canyons, extinct volcanoes, and evidence.
• It was even more active in the past.

Jupiter:-

• Jupiter is the fifth planet from our sun and is, by far, the largest planet in the solar system.
• Jupiter's stripes and swirls are actually cold, windy clouds of ammonia and water.
• Floating in an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium

Saturn:-

• Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and the second-largest planet in our solar system.
• Like fellow gas giant jupiter,  saturn is a massive ball made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
• Saturn is not the only planet to have rings, but none are as spectacular or as complex as saturn's.
• Saturn also has dozens of moons.

Uranus:-

• Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun.
• It has the third-largest diameter in our solar system.
• It was the first planet found with the aid of a telescope.
• Uranus was discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel, although he originally thought it was either a comet or a star.

Neptune:-

• It's the last of the planets in our solar system.
• It's more than 30 times as far from the Sun as Earth.
• Neptune is very similar to Uranus.
• It's made of a thick soup of water, ammonia, and methane over an Earth-sized solid center.

Thus, we could conclude that the nearest planet to the Sun is Mercury.

Additional Information An easy way to memorise the name of the planets in order of their distance from the sun is:

MY VERY EFFICIENT MOTHER JUST SERVED US NUTS

Concept:

• Road safety refers to the measures which must be

adopted by everyone while using roads.

• Signals play an important role in the smooth movement of traffic.
• Road signals are to be followed systematically, otherwise, they may cause accidents.
• Road signals can be either arm signals or traffic signals.
• Traffic signs are divided into three main categories.
• Mandatory/regulatory signs
• Cautionary signs
• Information signs
• Triangle signs are used as cautionary signs.

Explanation:

Cross Road;

• This sign is displayed in advance of the crossroad where a sufficiently large volume of crossing or entering traffic with restricted sight distance is likely to constitute a hazard.

Pedestrian crossing

• ​This sign is erected in advance of both approaches

to uncontrolled pedestrian crossings.

Railway crossing

• ​An advance warning sign (with two bars) is installed at a distance of 200 meters and a second sign (with one bar) is installed near the crossing.

Narrow bridge:

• This sign is erected on roads in advance of bridges where the clear width between the wheel guards is less than the normal width of the carriageway.

Thus, the sign represents a pedestrian crossing.

Concept:

• National integration is essential for any nation with socio-cultural, religious, linguistic, and geographical diversities.
• National Symbols like the National Flag, the National Anthem, and the National Emblem help to remind

us that we all have one identity.

• The national calendar is also one of the national symbols.

Explanation:

National Saka:

• The Saka Era is believed to be founded by King Shalivanhana of the Shatavahana dynasty.
• The Saka calendar consists of 365 days and 12 months which is similar to the structure of the Gregorian Calendar.
• Our national calendar is based on the Saka calendar.
• The first month of the Saka calendar is Chaitra which corresponds to March 22 of the Gregorian calendar.
• The Saka calendar began in 78 CAD.
• This means for example if it's 2022 by the Gregorian calendar, in the Saka calendar the year will be 1944.

Thus, our national calendar is national saka.

Additional Information

Jana Gana Mana:

• It is the national anthem of India.
• It was composed by Rabindranath Tagore and was first sung at the 1911 convention of the Indian National Congress.
• The Jana Gana Mana was declared India’s National Anthem on 24^th January 1950.

​Vande Matram:

• It is the national song of India.
• It was composed by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya.
• On 24 January 1950, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted “Vande Mataram” as a national song.