Search Previous Year Questions

The correct answer is S-Phase.

Concept:

• Cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events or a set of stages by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesis the other constituents (important for the cell) of the cell and eventually divides into two daughter cells.
• Phases of Cell Cycle
• A typical eukaryotic cell (human cell) divides once in every 24hr. This duration of cell cycle can vary from an organism to other organism and also from one cell type to another.

Explanation:

• The cell cycle is divided into two phases:

1. Interphase:

• It is the period between the end of one cell division to the beginning of the next cell division, i.e., (between two successive M-phase).
• During this phase, cell prepares itself for both cell growth and DNA replication in an orderly manner. So, it is also known as preparation phase.
• Interphase is further divided into the following three substages on the basis of various synthetic activities.
• G1 (Gap -1) - phase
• It corresponds to the duration between the mitosis (M-phase) and initiation of replication of DNA.
• In this phase, cell grows continuously and prepares itself for DNA replication.
• Thus, synthesizing enzymes and proteins needed for this process.
• S (Synthesis) -phase
• It is known to be the phase in which the actual synthesis of histone protein occurs and replication of DNA takes place.
• To provide nucleosomes to the new DNA, massive amounts of new histones are required immediately at the start of the S period of DNA synthesis.
• The overall amount of DNA doubles per cell, but no increase in chromosome number takes place during this phase.
• G2 (Gap - 2) - phase
• This phase is also called post-synthetic or pre-mitotic phase.
• During this stage, the synthesis of DNA stops and proteins required for mitosis are being synthesised while, the growth of cell continues.

1. M-phase:

• Following the interphase, the cell enters the M-phase or mitotic phase.

The correct answer is 1952.

Key Points

• In 1952, India became the first country in the world to launch a National Programme for Family Planning.
• In terms of policy and actual programme implementation, the Family Planning Programme has undergone transformation.
• There was a gradual shift from a clinical approach to a reproductive child health approach.
• The National Population Policy (NPP) in 2000 introduced a holistic and target-free approach that aided in fertility reduction.
• The objectives, strategies, and activities of the family Planning division are designed and implemented to achieve the family welfare goals and objectives stated in various policy documents (NPP: National Population Policy 2000, NHP: National Health Policy 2002, and NRHM: National Rural Health Mission) and to honour the Government of India's commitments (including ICPD: International Conference on Population and Development, MDG: Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals-SDG, FP-2020 summit and others).

The correct answer is Progesterone.

Concept:

• Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals, which are produced in trace amounts and act as intracellular messengers.
• The first hormone was discovered by William M Bayliss and Ernest H Starling in 1903.
• Hormones are responsible for regulating the biological processes in the body.
• The organised endocrine glands also secrete a number of new molecules in addition to the hormones.
• Vertebrate have large number of chemicals acting as hormones that provide coordination, while invertebrates possess a very simple endocrine system with few hormones.

Explanation:

• Ovaries are the primary sex organ in females that serve to produce ova (female gametes) and female sex hormones.
• A pair of ovaries is located in the pelvic cavity (in the abdomen).
• Ovary produces two groups of steroid hormones, i.e., oestrogen and progesterone.
• Progesterone: 
• Progesterone hormone is secreted by the Ovaries.
• It is secreted in a very high amount continuously during pregnancy (i.e., supports pregnancy by forming the placenta and preventing contractions in the uterine wall).
• It also acts on mammary glands and stimulates the formation of alveoli (sac-like structures which store milk) and milk secretion.
• It also helps in forming a mucus plug at cervix.

Additional InformationInsulin:

• Insulin hormone is secreted by the endocrine pancreas.
• Insulin hormone plays a major role in regulation of glucose level in the blood.
• This hormone stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the target cell.

Adrenaline:

• Adrenaline hormone is secreted by the Adrenal gland.
• Adrenaline hormone increases alertness, pupillary dilation, piloerection (raising of hairs), sweating, etc.

Melatonin:

• Melatonin hormone is secreted by the Pineal gland.
• This hormone plays a very important role in the regulation of 24-hour (diurnal) rhythms of our body (e.g., rhythms of sleep and state of being awake, body temperature, etc.).

The correct answer is Pea.

Explanation:

• In India, the agricultural crop year is from July to June.
• Based on the monsoon, the Indian cropping season is divided into two broad cropping patterns: (i) Kharif and (ii) Rabi.
• Kharif Crops: 
• The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called Kharif crops.
• The rainy season in India is generally from June to September.
• Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, and cotton are Kharif crops.
• Rabi Crops:
• The crops grown in the winter season are called rabi crops.
• The winter season in India is generally from October to March.
• Examples of rabi crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard, and linseed.
• Pea is an example of Rabi crop which is grown in the months between October and March.
• Pea belongs to the family Fabaceae.

Thus, Pea is not an example of Kharif crop.

Teaching methods are the methods used for teaching different concepts based on the learning situation, levels of students, and the concept.

Key Points The teaching stimulates and directs the learning of students. Teaching essentially helps students acquire knowledge and understanding, and develop skills, attitudes, values, and appreciation leading to changes in behavior.

• Scientific teaching methods include the involvement of scientific procedure in the teaching methods 
• Evaluation method - It is based on the evaluation of objectives to check the attainment of learning goals.
• Psychophysical method - It is used for the development of senses and perception.
• ​Questionnaire method - It involves the use of a set of fixed questions that need to be asked to the subject to obtain the necessary information.

Hence, we conclude that the Anecdote method is not a scientific teaching method.

Hint

• ​Anecdote method -It is an investigational technique in which informal verbal reports of incidents casually observed are accepted as useful information. It is not a scientific method and used in psychological testing.​

Additional Information There is a variety of teaching methods that can be used by the teacher for teaching theory and skills in the classroom setting

• Teacher-centered teaching methods 
• Lecture method
• Demonstration method
• Textbook Method
• Student-centered teaching methods 
• Inquiry Method
• Discussion Method
• Problem Solving Method
• Play way Method
• Project Method

Evaluation is “a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to determine whether, and to what degree, objectives have been, or are being, achieved.

Key Points The main objective (aim) of evaluation is -

• Diagnosis and treatment of learning deficits.
• It involves a valuing, determination, description, and classification of some aspects of student behavior.
• To determine the relative effectiveness of the program in terms of students’ behavioral output.
• To make reliable decisions about educational planning.
• This is done by evaluating and making judgments about the results.​

​Hence,  we conclude that the main objective (aim) of evaluation is the Diagnosis and treatment of learning deficits. 

Additional Information Other objectives of Evaluation are - 

• To help teachers to determine the effectiveness of their teaching techniques and learning materials.
• To help motivate students to learn more as they discover their progress or lack of progress in given tasks.
• To encourage students to develop a sense of discipline and systematic study habits.
• To provide educational administrators with adequate information about teachers’ effectiveness and school need.
• To acquaint parents or guardians with their children’s performance.
• To identify problems that might hinder or prevent the achievement of set goals.

Teaching learning aids are tools, which are used by teachers to help learners to learn concepts with ease and efficiency.

• Teaching learning aids provide a range of learning experiences to learners from direct to indirect.

Key Points

• Teaching aid is based on the senses they stimulate in learners, which, in turn, affect the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process.
• TLMs can broadly be classified into three categories.
• Audio - stimulate the hearing sense of the learner. It includes – the human voice, telephonic conversation, audio discs/tapes, gramophone records, Radio broadcast
• Visual - They stimulate visual impulses such as g Charts, Posters, Maps, Diagrams, Graphs, Photographs, and Cartoons.
• Audiovisuals - These are the projected aids, which use both auditory and visual senses to enhance learning. It uses the equipment - Television, Epidiascope, movies, etc.

Hence, it is concluded that a Sketch is not included in the audio-visual equipment.

Additional Information Purpose of using TLMs - 

• Motivate learners – Capturing attention is the first step to any learning and TLMs help in capturing the attention of learners in the classroom. TLMs provide a variety of stimuli, which helps in making classroom teaching most effective.
• Help in longer retention of information – The more the number of sensory channels involved in interacting with TLMs, the longer will be the retention of information. Therefore, the learning will be effective and will last long.
• Facilitate holistic learning –Learning in all domains- cognitive, affective, and psychomotor takes place.

Concept: 

• The opposing forces that are experienced by objects when moving against each other are termed friction.
• Static friction(Fs): The opposing force that is active when the body tends to move over the surface, but the actual motion is yet not started.
• Kinetic friction or Sliding friction (Fk): Sliding friction is an opposing force that is active when the body is actually moving on another surface.
• Rolling friction is friction that acts on objects when they are rolling over a surface. Rolling friction is much weaker than sliding friction and static friction.

Explanation:

• Static friction, sliding friction, and rolling friction are the resistances experienced by stationary, moving, and rolling objects respectively.
• μRolling < μSliding < μStatic
• Rolling friction on the other hand provides the least resistance as the contact time and contact area between the two surfaces is the least.
• Therefore, static friction is the strongest form of frictional force followed by sliding friction which is weaker than static but stronger than rolling friction.

∴ Static friction > Sliding friction > Rolling friction

Given:

An object is moving on a circle of radius R. and it completes half circle

Concept:

Circumference of the circle: 2πR where R is the radius of the circle.

Diameter of the circle: 2R, where R is the radius of the circle.

Displacement: Shortest distance between two points 

Calculations:

An object is moving on a circle of radius R

The circumference of a circle is 2πR, where R is the radius of the circle.

⇒ Total Distance is 2πR but 

It completes half circle 

⇒ 2πR/2 

⇒ πR

∴ distance is πR to cover half Circle 

Displacement = The shortest distance between two points 

⇒ 2R, where R is the Radius.

∴ πR, 2R is the distance and displacement to cover the half circle.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. does not become cold.

Explanation:

• Heat energy can transfer from one part of the body to another.
• This is known as heat energy transmission or simply heat transmission.
• There are three primary modes of heat transmission: conduction, convection, and radiation.
• Conduction:
• Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end of an object to the colder end.
• Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred in solids.
• The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are conductors of heat.
• For examples, aluminum, iron and copper.
• Plastic and wood are poor heat conductors because they do not allow heat to easily pass through them.
• Poor conductors are known as insulators.
• A good heat conductor can transmit heat through any of these processes, whereas a bad heat conductor does not allow heat to transfer from one part of the body to another.
• A wooden spoon is a poor heat conductor.
• Hence, when wooden spoon is dipped in a cup of ice cream it does not become cold.
• Convection:
• Heat transfer occurs through the movement of fluid particles in this process (liquid or gas).
• Radiation:
• In this process, heat transfer occurs in the form of electromagnetic waves.