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Noam Chomsky, the linguist gave an explanation that human beings have an innate ability to acquire language. He put forth the innate proposition of the development of language. 

• This knowledge is given to them by nature – the rules that govern language are part of a biologically based human language faculty. This is called the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

Key Points Nativist theory: The nativist theory of language development proposed by Noam Chomsky, argues that language is a unique human accomplishment.

Some major points of his theory are-

• The rate at which children acquire words and grammar without being taught can not be explained by learning principles.
• Children also create all sorts of sentences they have never heard and, therefore, could not be imitating.
• Chomsky believes language development is just like physical maturation- given adequate care, it “just happens to the child”.
• Children are born with “universal grammar”. They readily learn the grammar of any language they hear.
• Children throughout the world seem to have a critical period, a period when learning must occur if it is to occur successfully, for learning the language.
• Children across the world also go through the same stages of language development.
• Chomsky’s emphasis on our innate readiness to learn grammar helps explain why children acquire language so readily without direct teaching.

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that Noam Chomsky is related to language development.

Hint

• Jean Piaget Proposed the Cognitive theory of development.
• The moral development theory is proposed by Lawrance Kohalberg.

Individual differences refer to how individuals differ from each other. Different people have different interests; and their behavior is influenced by these interests, likings, values, beliefs, etc.

Key PointsCharacteristics of Individual differences:

• Individual differences in personality are due to hereditary and environment-related factors.
• The role of heredity is mostly important when we talk of physical features such as black eyes or fair complexion and other such aspects.
• Genes are responsible for producing biological differences in personality. These differences are called temperaments which refer to general tendencies to feel or act in particular ways.
• Three main types of temperament are activity level, emotionality, and sociability.

Hence, we conclude that Individual differences in temperament are basically ​Innate.

Personality is an all-inclusive concept and includes in it all the traits and tendencies that bring about consistency and dynamism in personality. 

• It is the total of an individual’s properties as a distinct and unique human being.
• The external properties are directly observed, while the internal is only inferred from the behavior of a person.

Key Points

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that B.F. skinner has not propounded any theory of personality.

Hint

• B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) was an American. His experiments on operant conditioning won him worldwide fame. Skinner defined operant conditioning as the process of learning that elicits operant behavior. According to Skinner, there are two types of behaviors, namely respondent behavior, and operant behavior.

Personality is all that a person is. It is the totality of one's behavior towards one's own self as well as others. It includes everything about the person, his/her physical, emotional, social, mental, and spiritual make-up. 

Key Points There are different kinds of projective techniques for personality measurement and the Thematic Apperception Test is one of them.

• The Thematic Apperception test is developed by Murray and Bellack.
• TAT was originally designed to measure personality factors in research settings.
• TAT consists of 31 pictures (one of which is blank), almost all of which depict people rather than objects. Some of the pictures are designed to be administered to males, some to females, and others to both genders.
• A thematic apperception test (TAT) is a projective technique used to investigate a person's unconscious self.
• More specifically, a thematic apperception test can uncover a person's true personality, their capacity for emotional control,

and their attitudes towards aspects they encounter in everyday life (wealth, power. gender roles, racial and religious attitudes, intimacy, etc.).

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that TAT is the test of personality developed by Murray and Bellack.

Hint 

• The Sentence Completion Test is given by Hermann Ebbinghaus
• Sixteen Personality Factors are Given by R.B. Cattell.

Growth refers to quantitative changes in size which include physical changes in height, weight, size, internal organs, etc. of a child.

Key Points The growth of a child depends on various factors :

• Nutrition
• Health
• Sleep
• Environment
• Exercise
• Socio-Economic Status
• Emotions

Domicile is the place of residence of an individual. It refers to the state, area, village, or particular place of residence. It does not influence the growth of a child.

Hence, option 4 Domicile is not a factor related to growth of a child.

Additional Information An individual passes through a series of stages throughout his life 

• Prenatal
• infancy
• early childhood
• middle childhood
• adolescence
• early adulthood
• middle adulthood
• old age.

Intelligence has been defined as the total of everything you know, as the ability to learn or profit from experience, as the ability to solve problems, or as the ability to cope with the demands of the environment.

• Intelligence tests are used to measure the intelligence level of an individual because of individual differences.

Key Points Raven's Progressive Matrices test (Standard) of intelligence:

• The Raven's Progressive Matrices is administered as a nonverbal group test.
• It is an Adult Culture Fair Test.
• It is typically a 60-item test used in measuring abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence.
• Many patterns are presented in the form of a 6×6, 4×4, 3×3, or 2×2 matrix, giving the test its name.

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that, Standard Progressive Matrices.

Important Points Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

• The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents.
• Provides deviation IQ

Intelligence tests for rapid classification of army personnel. In view of this, American Army psychologists developed two tests: (i) Army Alpha and (ii) Army Beta.

• Both the tests were group tests in which the first was a language test, while the second was a non-language-performance test.

Bhatia Battery test is a performance test of intelligence which is developed by C.M. Bhatia in 1955. It includes cards with different patterns and the children are required to draw these patterns without lifting the pencil. Bhatia Battery Test includes five sub-tests, namely:

• Pattern Drawing Test
• Kohs' Block Design Test
• Picture construction Testx
• Alexander Pass along Test
• Immediate Memory Test for Digits

Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligence. Gardner defines intelligence as "a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture.

Key Points  Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have. It includes eight types of intelligence.

• Linguistic intelligence
• Logical-Mathematical intelligence
• Musical intelligence
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
• Interpersonal intelligence
• Intrapersonal intelligence
• Spatial intelligence
• Naturalistic intelligence

Thus, we consider that emotional intelligence is not included in the eight types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner.

Hint In later discussions and revisions of the theory, Gardner introduced additional intelligences, such as "Naturalist Intelligence" and "Existential Intelligence." 

The term emotional intelligence has been widely used by many people. It was first brought into focus that intelligence is not just the general ability but has three different levels of functioning i.e., abstract intelligence, mechanical intelligence, and social intelligence.

• Goleman defined emotional intelligence as a person's capacity to control their emotions and express them in a healthy and productive way.

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality. It is a cognitive ability to produce something novel by offering a fresh perspective.

• There are some elements that create hindrances to creativity such as Functional fixedness, Convergent thinking, and Mental set but Divergent thinking is not a hindrance to creativity.

Key Points Creativity is related to the concept of 'divergent thinking' as creativity to the ability to identify or prepare original and divergent solutions to problems. 

Divergent thinking refers to:

• a way of solving problems with more than one approach.
• an act of working with open-ended questions using creativity.
• a process that includes brainstorming, out-of-the-box thinking, etc.
• the ability possessed by people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.

Hence, it could be concluded that Creativity is usually associated with Divergent thinking.​

Hint Reflection is a kind of thinking process in which one brings the subject to the forefront of the mind and gives serious thought to this.

• It is a process of manipulation of knowledge and it's reprocessing toward the set goal, so it is goal-directed.
• One ‘thinks’ when in uncertainty or difficulty so as to solve the problem and the process leads to testing through some action.

Mental Retardation is the state of functioning beginning in childhood that is characterized by limitations in intellectual and adaptive skills.

Key Points It is characterized by certain malfunctions in the intellectual abilities such as :

• The person with this disability learns very slowly.
• Other areas of difficulty are attention, short-term memory, planning, and language.
• The term mental retardation is replaced with the term Intellectual disability by Rosa's Law in October 2010.​

Hence, The term mental retardation is replaced with Intellectual disability.

Important Points  Intellectual disability involves problems with general mental abilities that affect functioning in two areas:

1. Intellectual functioning (such as learning, problem solving, judgment)
2. Adaptive functioning (activities of daily life such as communication and independent living)

• Intellectual disability is thought to affect about 1% of the population. Of those affected, 85% have a mild intellectual disability. This means they are just a little slower than average to learn new information or skills. With the right support, most will be able to live independently as adults.

Personality is the “dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment".

Key PointsTheoretical concepts of personality include :

• Personality is the more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect, and physique that determine his or her unique adjustment to his or her environment according to Eysenck.
• It is generally defined as an individual’s unique and relatively stable patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
• Personality is not static but dynamic.
• It refers to the distinctive patterns of behavior that characterize each individual’s adaptations to the situations of his life or her life.

So, we can say that stable, enduring, and unique are the theoretical characteristics of personality.  Hence, "normal " is not true for the theoretical concept of personality.