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CONCEPT: 

• Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.
• Some pain and/or vaginal bleeding are common in the first trimester.
• Abruptio Placentae (Accidental Haemorrhage) - Placental abruption is a condition during pregnancy when the placenta separates early from the uterus.

EXPLANATION: 

• By 34 weeks of gestation, complaints of painful bleeding could be a sign of inflamed cervix or more seriously a sign of placenta abruption.
• Symptoms can include bleeding and abdominal pain, especially during the third trimester.

Additional Information 

• Placenta previa is the complete or partial covering of the internal os of the cervix with the placenta.
• Placenta accreta is a serious pregnancy condition that occurs when blood vessels and other parts of the placenta grow too deeply into the uterine wall.
• Placenta percreta is a condition in which the placenta abnormally penetrates entirely through the myometrium and into the uterine serosa.

Concept:-

• Endemic
• An epidemic is a sudden severe outbreak within a region or a group, as with AIDS in Africa or AIDS in intravenous drug users.
• A pandemic occurs when an epidemic becomes very widespread and affects a whole region, a continent, or the entire world.
• An endemic disease is a disease that is always present in a certain population or region.
• One of the most talked-about endemic diseases is malaria.
• The CDC estimates that around half the world's population live in areas where they are at risk of Malaria infection.
• It is endemic in large parts of Africa as well as some areas of South America.
• Epidemic
• An epidemic is an occurrence of a disease that is temporary of high prevalence.
• An epidemic occurring over a wide geographical area (e.g., worldwide) is called a pandemic.
• The rise and decline in the epidemic prevalence of an infectious disease are a probability phenomenon dependent upon the transfer of an effective dose of the infectious agent from an infected individual to a susceptible one.
• After an epidemic has subsided, the affected host population contains a sufficiently small proportion of susceptible individuals that reintroduction of the infection will not result in a new epidemic.
• Since the parasite population cannot reproduce itself in such a host population, the host population as a whole is immune to the epidemic disease, a phenomenon termed herd immunity.
• Pandemic
• A pandemic is an outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographical area and that is of high prevalence, generally affecting a significant proportion of the world’s population, usually over the course of several months.
• Pandemics arise from epidemics, which are outbreaks of disease confined to one part of the world, such as a single country.
• Pandemics, especially those involving influenza, sometimes occur in waves, so that a post-pandemic phase, marked by decreased disease activity, may be followed by another period of high disease prevalence.
• In March 2020 an ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) was declared a pandemic by WHO officials.
• Infection with SARS-CoV2 produced an illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
• The illness was characterized primarily by fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

Concept:

• The most common route of transmission is contact transmission.
• Direct contact transmission includes the transmission of microorganisms from one infected person or carrier to the susceptible person.
• Washing hands after and before contacting the patient reduces the contact transmission.
• Appropriate use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, masks, gowns, aseptic techniques, hand washing, and environmental infection control measures

Explanation:

• The five moments for handwashing are:

1. Before touching the patient.
2. After touching the patient.
3. Before aseptic task.
4. After exposure to body fluid.
5. After coming in contact with the patient's surroundings.

Concept:-

• Delusions of grandeur: people experiencing delusions of grandeur see themselves as great, highly accomplished, more important than others.
• Some people with the delusion of grandeur also experience other delusions, such as a feat of persecution or unusual religious beliefs.

Some most common types of grandeur:-

• An inflated belief in one’s own importance, such as having the power to end the war
• A belief that one is famous or occupies a high position in society
• A belief that one is a religious leader
• A belief one’s ability to live forever
• A false belief that one cannot be harmed by disease or injury
• An inflated sense of intelligence
• A belief that one possesses magical skills, such as the ability to read minds.

Concept:-

• Inflammation: it is the local vascular, lymphatic, and cellular reactions of living tissue against an irritant.

Four cardinal signs of inflammation: pain, heat, redness, and swelling.

Types of inflammation:

1. Acute: sudden onset and short duration
2. Chronic: gradual onset and long duration

Causes of inflammation:

• Allergic reaction
• Infection
• Injury
• Burns
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular disease
• Cancer

Concept:

• Polio is nothing but the term or synonym of the disease Poliomyelitis.
• It is a viral disease that mainly affects young children.
• The virus is transmitted by person-to-person i.e. it is a communicable disease.
• It is transmitted through the faecal-oral route and by contaminated water or food.
• Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
• In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent.
• There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented by immunization.

Explanation:

• India was the first country in the world to introduce fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine into its immunization programme.
• India rolled out the Pulse Polio Immunization Programme on 2 October 1995.
• Within two decades, India received ‘Polio-free certification’ from World Health Organization on 27 March 2014.
• The last polio case being reported in Howrah in West Bengal on 13 January 2011.
• WHO launched this programme in 1985.

Thus, in the year 1995 pulse polio immunization programme was launched in India.

• The National Cancer registry program was started in 1962.
• The National Leprosy eradication program started in1955 launched in 1983.
• Universal immunization program (UIP) started in1985.

Concept:-

• Lymphatic fluid: clear watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in the system of lymph vessels throughout the body.
• Pleural space: it is lined by a single layer of flat cells, mesothelium, and an associated layer of supporting connective tissue; together they form pleura.
• Chylothorax: it is a collection of chyle in the pleural cavity resulting from leakage from the lymphatic vessels, usually from the thoracic duct.
• Approximately 2.5L of chyle is transported through the lymphatic system every day

Source:

• Chyle leak from the thoracic duct or its branches.
• The flow of chyle in the abdomen through the diaphragm.

Signs and symptoms:

• Breathlessness
• Chest discomfort
• Tachypnea
• Dullness to percussion

Additional Information

• Pleurodesis is a procedure that involves inserting a mildly irritating medicine into the space between your lungs and the chest wall (pleural space) on one side of your chest.
• Hemothorax occurs when blood pools between your chest wall and your lungs.

Concept:-

• Flight of idea occurs when one talks quickly and incorrectly, Pattern of rapid transition from topic to topic, rapidly between thoughts and ideas.
• Flight of idea is not a medical condition in itself. It is a symptom that can occur as part of mania, psychosis, and some neurodevelopmental conditions.
• Mania is derived from the Greek word meaning 'madness frenzy'. Mania is an alteration in Mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little need for sleep, and/or racing thoughts which may lead to rapid speech.
• Mania is one of the stages of mood disorder which is described as disturbance of mood, accompanied by manic and/or depressive episodes.

Important Points

Classification:

• Hypomania is when perceptions of the self are exalted, the person is cheerful and there is increased motor activity.
• Acute Mania is an intensification of hypomania described as a patient in euphoria and elation.
• Delirious Mania is characterized by severe clouding of the consciousness and further intensification of acute mania i.e. disorientation, stupor, and clouding of consciousness.
• Delusional mania is characterized by less excitement, more persistent grandiose, and occasional hallucinations.

Key PointsStages of elevated mood:

• Euphoria is an increased sense of both psychological well-being and happiness.
• Elation is a moderate elevation of mood with increased psychomotor activity.
• Exaltation is an intense elevation of mood with delusions of Grandeur.
• Ecstasy as severe elevation of mood, intentions of blissfulness.

Additional InformationClinical Feature of Mania:

• Elevated mood
• Expensive mood i.e. unceasing and unselective
• irritable mood
• Increased psychomotor activity
• Speech and thought: Flight of ideas; Delusion of persecution and Distractibility.

Management:

• Pharmacotherapy: Lithium and Sodium Valproate
• Electroconvulsive therapy

Concept:-

• Terminally illness: it is a disease that cannot be cured or adequately treated and that is reasonably expected to result in the death f the patient within a short period of time.
• This term is more commonly used for progressive diseases such as cancer or advanced heart disease than for trauma.
• Anger stage: an emotional or physical activity in which the patient attempts to place blame. patients often report a lack of trust with their treating physician and blame themselves.

Explanation:-

• The patient usually does not feel numbness during the ‘anger stage’.

​Feelings during anger stage:

• Envy
• Irritability
• Resentment
• Bitterness
• Anxiety
• Impatience
• Rage

The correct option is: 1) Latent period

Explanation:

• The latent period is the time between exposure to a pathogen and the point at which the disease becomes detectable through laboratory tests or clinical signs.
• During this phase, the pathogen is present in the host but has not yet reached a sufficient level to cause detectable symptoms or transmission.
• The incubation period, on the other hand, is the time between exposure and the onset of symptoms, which is different from the latent period.

Discussion of Other Options:

• Communicable period: Incorrect. This refers to the time during which an infected individual can transmit the disease to others, which may or may not overlap with the latent period.
• Median incubation period: Incorrect. The median incubation period is the average time taken for symptoms to appear after exposure, but it does not focus on the detection of the disease.
• Incubation period: Incorrect. While it refers to the time from exposure to symptom onset, it is not necessarily the period from disease initiation to detection, which is the latent period.

Additional Information:

• Latent period vs. Incubation period: The latent period is typically shorter than the incubation period, as individuals may become infectious before showing symptoms.
• Example: In HIV, the latent period can be weeks to months, while the incubation period before symptoms (AIDS) can be years.