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Concept:-

• Psychological Projection: It is also known as blame, shifting, is a theory in psychology in which the human defends himself against their own unpleasant impulses by denying their existence while attributing them to others.
• For Example, A person who is rude may constantly accuse the other person of being rude

Additional Information

Explanation:-

Immunity

• The capacity of the body to protect from infectious agents and other harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, toxins, etc by a variety of cells.

Cells of Immune System

• Phagocytic cells
• T cell
• B cell

Types of immunity

A.Active immunity:- Antibodies are formed within the body.

• Natural-active immunity.
• Antibodies are formed during the course of the disease.
• Usually produces life-long immunity, such as to measles, chickenpox, and smallpox.
• Acquired-active immunity.
• Antigen (e.g., vaccine or toxoid) is administered to stimulate the formation of antibodies.
• Usually produces life-long immunity or requires revaccination to maintain titers.

B.Passive immunity:- Antibodies are acquired from a source other than the individual’s body.

• Natural-passive immunity.
• Passage of antibodies occurs from a mother to a fetus via the placenta or to a neonate via colostrum.
• Provides immunity for 6 months to 1 year.
• Acquired-passive immunity.
• Antibodies produced from another source (immune serum) are injected into a person.
• Provides immunity for 2 to 3 weeks.

Concept:-

• Tuberculosis disease is also known as Koch disease.
• Mode of transmission- Airborne.
• Confirmative test- Sputum culture.

Key Points

• Tuberculosis (TB):
• It is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, belonging to the Mycobacteriaceae family consisting of about 200 members.
• Some Mycobacteria cause diseases like TB and Leprosy in humans and others infect a wide range of animals.
• In humans, TB most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but it can also affect other organs (extra-pulmonary TB).
• TB is a very ancient disease and has been documented to have existed in Egypt as early as 3000 BC.
• TB is a treatable and curable disease.
• Transmission:
• TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze, or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air.
• BCG Vaccine:
• BCG was developed by two Frenchmen, Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin, by modifying a strain of Mycobacterium Bovis (that causes TB in cattle). It was first used in humans in 1921.
• In India, BCG was first introduced on a limited scale in 1948 and became a part of the National TB Control Programme in 1962.
• In addition to its primary use as a vaccine against TB, it protects against respiratory and bacterial infections of newborns and other mycobacterial diseases like Leprosy and Buruli’s ulcer.

Concept:-

• Tumor lysis syndrome: it is characterized by a group of metabolic derangements caused by the massive and abrupt release of cellular components into the blood following rapid lysis of malignant cells.

Clinical manifestations:

• Largely reflect the associated metabolic abnormalities include-
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
• Hematuria
• Heart failure, cardiac dysrhythmias
• Seizures, muscle cramps
• Flank pain can occur

Explanation:-

Characteristic findings of tumor lysis syndrome include:

• Hyperuricemia: it is a serum urate concentration in excess of urate solubility (>6.8mg/dl)
• Hyperkalemia: it is defined as a potassium concentration greater than 5.5mEq/L.
• Hyperphosphatemia: it is abnormally high serum phosphate levels.
• Hypocalcemia: serum calcium level less than 8mg/dl.

SMART:

• Every business aspects have a goal and provide a sense of motivation, direction, clear focus, and clarify importance.
• The businesses are providing themselves with a target to aim for by setting goals.
• A SMART goal criterion is often said to have a good way to construct an effective marketing plan.
• SMART is an acronym for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely.
• Hence, a SMART goal incorporates all of these criteria to focus on the efforts and increase the chances of achieving the goals.
• SMART goals are:
• Specific: Well defined, clear, and unambiguous.
• Measurable: With specific criteria that measure the progress towards the accomplishment of the goal.
• Achievable: Attainable and not impossible to achieve.
• Realistic: Within reach, realistic, and relevant to life purpose.
• Timely: With a clearly defined timeline, including a starting date and a target date. The purpose here is to create urgency.

Therefore, SMART is an acronym for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely.

Concept:-

• Common carotid artery: it provides blood supply to the head and neck.
• Origin: Right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery behind the sternoclavicular.
• The left common carotid artery arises from the arch of the aorta.

Explanation:-

• Brachiocephalic artery: it is a great vessel of the aortic arch and it supplies blood to the head neck and upper extremities.

Branches:

Concept:-

• Phobia is the most extreme type of fear, where it actually causes them to go to great lengths to avoid being exposed to the fear or perceived danger, even if there’s no actual risk or danger.

Desensitization:

In this process, all emotional discomforts are identified and usually, 3 steps are followed.

• The patient is trained in deep muscle relaxation.
• Constructing with the patient, the hierarchy of scenes involving the feared situation from least feared to most feared.
• Systematically directing the patient to imagine each fearful scene in the hierarchy while remaining deeply relaxed.

Explanation:

• The desensitization method focuses on imagery.
• Imagery: it is a concept that is quite easy to understand, it is simply the use of vivid descriptions in order to explain a situation to a reader or listener.
• It is a way of building a picture or image in the mind so that the audience can gain a greater understanding of the situation which is being talked about.
• Imagery is used as both a literary device and in figurative language. In the latter, it is a great way for a speaker to express in a more colorful way, how something might look, smell, feel or taste.

Concept:-

Polio vaccine: polio vaccine protects against poliovirus infection.

• Developed by – Dr. Jonas Salk
• First used in 1955.

The ideal storage temperature for a polio vaccine is -20° Celsius.

There are two types of polio vaccine:

1. IPV
2. OPV

Concept:-

Protein: the molecules which yield amino acids upon hydrolysis are called proteins.

The function of proteins:

• Proteins transport small molecules through the organism. Hemoglobin is the protein that oxygen to the cells and it is called transport protein.
• Proteins are called antibodies to help rid the body of foreign protein and help prevent infections, illnesses, and diseases.
• Protein help store other substance in the organism. For example, iron is stored in the liver in a complex with the protein ferritin.

The correct answer is option 3.

Concept:

 A process that presents data in numbers, which in turn can be entered into a database, is called coding*.*

Coding means writing high-level languages like programs and each program has a process that has tasks. These tasks may be data handling or data manipulation in the database.

Hence the correct answer is coding.

Additional Information

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