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Concept-

• There are two types of teeth in human life, a temporary set, and a permanent set. Temporary set- Milk or deciduous teeth are replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth. Such teeth are known as diphyodont.
• Human teeth consist of 32 permanent teeth which are of four different types- incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. This type of dentition is known as heterodont dentition.

Explanation-

• There are 32 teeth in an adult's mouth.
• There are 16 teeth in the upper jaw and 16 teeth in the lower jaw, with 8 on the right and 8 on the left.
• The teeth in the upper and lower jaws are arranged in the form of an arch.
• Both the upper and lower dentitions have two incisor teeth in front. Their main job is to gnaw and cut food items.
• There is a canine tooth outside them. It works for tearing. Behind it are two premolar teeth.
• Behind them are three broad molar teeth, which in common language are called wisdom teeth. The function of these five teeth is to chew food.
• A molar comes out at the end, which is called a wisdom tooth.
• Children have fewer teeth. These are called milk teeth or temporary teeth.
• These begin to fall from the age of six. Permanent teeth come out after they fall out.
• After six years, a child has 20 teeth in his mouth.

Concept-

• The nervous system is made up of nerve cells Nerve cells known as neurons are the largest cells in the body.
• Nerve cells have the least capacity to regenerate, that is, the brain has the least capacity to regenerate.
• The liver is the part of the human body in which the number of regeneration is highest.

The nervous system in humans is divided into the following parts:-

1. Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System

Central nervous system:-

• The part of the nervous system that controls the whole body and the nervous system itself is called the central nervous system.
• The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
• The sensations received from the nerves in these organs are analyzed.

Peripheral nervous system-

• The peripheral nervous system is the part of the nervous system made up of sensory neurons and other neurons that connect the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system.
• It has only a group of nerves, which extends from the spinal cord to the organs on both sides of the body.
• The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves that originate from the brain and spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts-

1. **Somatic Nervous System-**In this comes to the nerves that control the functions of various parts of the body. It includes two types of nerves-
2. Sensory Nervous System
3. Motor Nervous System
4. Autonomous Nervous System- It has two parts-
5. Sympathetic Nervous System
6. Parasympathetic Nervous System

Concept--

• Typhoid is actually a disease itself, not a mode of transmission.
• It is caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria, and it's usually spread through consumption of contaminated food or water.
• The term transmission refers to how an infectious agent, also called a pathogen, can be transferred from one person, object, or animal to another. Viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi can spread infectious diseases.
• One method of transmission is the movement or transmission of pathogens from a reservoir to a susceptible host.
• communicable diseases are usually spread through the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses, or other germs from one person to another.
• This can happen when someone with the bacteria or virus touches, kisses, coughs, or sneezes on an infected person.

Explanation

• Direct infection is spread when disease-causing microorganisms pass from an infected person to a healthy person through direct physical contact with blood or body fluids.

Direct Transmission-

• This occurs when the pathogen is transmitted directly from an infected person.
• For example, if an open wound comes into contact with the blood of a hepatitis B-infected patient, the injured person can get the disease.

Indirect Transmission-

• When the pathogens are not transmitted directly from the infected person but through vectors like flies, mosquitoes, ticks, dogs, etc.,
• it is known as indirect transmission.

Concept-

• GDA stands for General Duty Assistant Care Professional which ensures that prompt medical and timely assistance is provided to patients in hospitals, clinics, and old age homes.
• In addition, a GDA's responsibility is to ensure that they receive medication on time, assist with daily routines and tasks that some patients may not be able to do on their own, and that the patient has an appropriate environment to recover.
• GDAs are also known as "Nursing Assistants", "Nursing Care Assistants", "Nursing Aids", "Bedside Assistants" or "Orderlies" when they work in a hospital environment. The person on the job takes care of the patient and helps in maintaining the appropriate environment.

Eligibility criteria of GDA

• In order to successfully fulfill the roles and responsibilities of the GDA, one must have the minimum qualification up to class 10^th (but in some situations, class 8^th is also considered.) Good communication skills and patience are what a person must have for a long time in this career option.

Duties and Responsibilities

• A general duty assistant is one of the key caregivers in ensuring that the day-to-day needs of the patients are met promptly. His main roles and responsibilities include:
• assisting with basic patient care such as helping with their daily medication
• Dressing and feeding patients, the elderly, or people with disabilities under their care
• Assisting patients with exercise and other physical needs as recommended by physicians

Concept-

• A stretcher is a medical device used to carry casualties or a disabled person from one place to another.
• A stretcher is usually carried by two people, one on the head and the other on the legs.
• The casualty is placed on a stretcher, and can then be carried.
• This usually occurs when the person is unable to walk on their own, or if other requirements mean a wheelchair or similar cannot be used.
• At times casualties are geared up to save themselves from getting further injured.

Important Points

• Simple stretchers are the rudimentary type. They are lightweight and portable, made of canvas or other synthetic material suspended between two poles or tubular aluminum frames.
• A folding stretcher, also known as a utility stretcher or collapsible stretcher, is similar in design to a simple stretcher, but includes one or more hinged points, allowing the stretcher to be folded down the middle, causing the stretcher to Allows to collapse into a more compact form for easier operation or storage.
• The Roberson orthopedic stretcher or scoop stretcher is used to lift patients, for example from the ground on an ambulance stretcher or on a spinal board.

Concept-

• The full form of ANM is Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery, just as in ancient times when health facilities were not good at that time, the role of the midwife is the same role as ANM in the health sector today.
• The role of ANM is important for promoting community health and access to good health facilities in rural and urban areas of India.
• The roles being played by ANMs for the health of women in rural areas are benefiting the women of rural areas a lot.
• The function of the ANM is to look after sick people and help them recover. They need to be emotionally strong so that they can be patient towards the patient even in difficult situations.

Important points related to the ANM course

Concept-

• Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to give advice regarding various health problems.
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India set up the Expert Committee for Health Manpower Planning, Production and Management in May 1986.
• Expert Committee for Health Manpower Planning, Production and Management was constituted in 1985 by Dr. J.S. Bajaj was the then Professor of AIIMS. In 1985 Dr. J.S. Bajaj was the then Professor of AIIMS.

The major recommendations are:

• Formulation of National Medical and Health Education Policy.
• Formulation of National Health Manpower Policy.
• Establishment of an Educational Commission for Health Sciences (ECHS) on the lines of UGC.
• Establishment of health science universities in various states and union territories.
• Establishment of Health Manpower Cells at the Center and in the States.
• To commercialize education in health-related sectors at 10+2 levels with appropriate incentives so that an adequate number of good quality paramedical personnel are available.
• To conduct a realistic health manpower survey.

Concept-

• laboratories equipped for experimental study in science, or for testing and analysis, more widely a research laboratory with a space to provide opportunities for experimentation, observation, or practice in the field of study.
• A scientific examination of a sample of blood, typically to diagnose a disease or to detect and measure drugs or other substances.

Important Points

• Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming tissues. If individuals work in this area of ​​health care science, they play a major role in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with disorders of the blood and bone marrow.
• Hematology Laboratory performs a variety of basic and advanced hematology tests on whole blood, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other body fluids.

Normal hematology tests perform in the hematology lab 

• White blood cell count (WBC)
• Red blood cell count (RBC)
• Platelet count.
• Hematocrit red blood cell count (HCT)
• Hemoglobin concentration (Hb). It is an oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
• Differential white blood count.
• Red blood cell index (measurement)

Key Points

• In the Diagnostic Parasitology Laboratory, a variety of procedures are used to identify eukaryotic parasites, including the use of morphological characters, dicotyledon taxonomic keys, and DNA sequence analysis.
• The bacteriology laboratory is there to assist the health care provider in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
• Tests in a clinical biochemistry laboratory measure the concentrations of biologically important ions (salts and minerals), small organic molecules and large macromolecules.

Concept-

• Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing.
• Florence Nightingale, an icon of kindness and service, is popularly known as "The Lady with the Lamp".
• She was born into a prosperous and upper-class British family, but Florence, born in a high family, chose the path of service.
• Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 in the city of Florence, Italy, into a wealthy family in England.
• Her birthday on 12 May is celebrated as International Nurses Day.

Concept-

• Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not is a book first published by Florence Nightingale in 1859, after Nightingale became a celebrity for her nursing reforms during the Crimean War.
• Its purpose was to hint at nursing to those who were entrusted with the health of others.
• Florence Nightingale stressed that it was not meant to be a comprehensive guide to teaching oneself to be a nurse but to help in the practice of treating others.
• First published in 1860, "Notes on Nursing" is a guide on how to think like a nurse.
• The definition of a nurse was very different than it is today. The figures of Florence Nightingale show that there were two types of nurses.
• Domestic servants, who also looked after someone in the household, and professional nurses who worked in hospitals.

Concept-

• Nursing, as an integral part of the health care system, encompasses the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of physically ill, mentally ill, and disabled people of all ages, in all health care and other community settings.

​Explanation-

Patient method-

• The case method or total patient care method of nursing care delivery is the oldest method of providing care to the patient.
• In this method, the nurses take full responsibility for meeting all the needs of the assigned patient during their time on duty.
• The nurse provides all the nursing work for the patient.
• This method is based on the concept of 'My Patient-My Nurse'.
• In this nursing care delivery system, each registered nurse is assigned to care for a group of patients, for whom she plans care throughout the 24 hours and writes the nursing care plan.

Key PointsTeam method-

• Team nursing is a system that distributes a patient's care among a team that works together to provide care to a patient.
• This team consists of a maximum of 4 to 6 members with a team leader who gives tasks and directions to the group.

Individual method

• The Individual method corresponds to the situation where a single nurse takes full responsibility for providing care to a group of patients during a shift

Functional method

• In the functional method, nurses are assigned some tasks, such as taking TPR, taking medicine, sponge, maintenance, duty, etc.