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Concept-

• The most common soft tissues to be injured are muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
• These injuries often occur during sports and exercise activities, but sometimes simple everyday activities can cause the injury.
• Sprains, strains, and contusions, as well as tendinitis and bursitis, are common soft-tissue injuries.

Important Points

• A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a type of hematoma of tissue in which the capillary is damaged by trauma and is the most common cause of capillary damage, leading to localized hemorrhage that engulfs the surrounding interstitial tissue.
• A contusion injury is an injury that is not visible in our body.
• The contusion effect falls on the internal part of the body.
• A contusion is caused by direct blows to the body which can damage the surface and deeper tissues of the skin as well depending on the severity of the trauma.
• The three types of contusions are intramuscular contusions, intermuscular contusions, and bone bruises.

Concept-

• Wounds can be caused by a variety of different objects, whether blunt, sharp, or projectile.

Types 

Incisional wound-

• The clean, straight incision made by a sharp-edged knife causes heavy bleeding because many vessels can be cut directly. Connecting structures such as ligaments and tendons may also be involved.

Abrasion -

• Abrasion is a wound caused by the force of scraping or friction. Not very deep, but it often contains many foreign bodies such as dirt (ie after falling on loose ground).

Puncture -

• A deep wound caused by a sharp, prickly object (ie a nail). May appear small on the outside but can damage deeper tissues. Particularly dangerous on the chest, abdomen, or head where major organs are at risk.

avulsion-

• A wound is caused by a tearing force in which tissue is pulled away from its normal position.
• Excessive bleeding may occur depending on the size and location. The tissue often detaches completely.

Concept-

• ORS solution is given on the advice of a doctor if there is a lack of water (dehydration) in the body of any person or child.
• ORS Full Form – Oral Rehydration Solution
• O – Oral
• R – Rehydration
• S – Solution
• It is commonly found in stores in powder form. Which we can buy and bring and mix in proper quantity in water and make ORS solution easily.
• ORS solution is also called a life-saving solution.
• Drinking a solution of ORS is an economical and effective way to prevent dehydration.
• After drinking this, the body gets enough amount of electrolytes, glucose, and water.

Important Points

• Whenever there is diarrhea, diarrhea, vomiting, and lack of water in the body due to any reason, the water, glucose, and electrolyte levels become less than the normal level,
• The sodium, potassium present in it increases the ability of the human body to absorb more water, as well as the electrolytes, glucose present in it, removes the lack of water in our body and gives us energy, and prevents us from being dehydrated.
• ORS contains 4 components: These have to be dissolved in 1 liter of clean drinking water.

1. sodium chloride, 3.5 g
2. trisodium citrate, dihydrate, 2.9 g
3. potassium chloride, 1.5 g
4. Glucose, 20.0 g

Concept-

• Fracture is a medical condition in which bones become weak due to injury to the continuum of bone and pathogenic fractures—some medical conditions such as osteoporosis (osteoporosis), bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta And breaks due to minor trauma or slight injury.
• Children's bones are different from the adult bone.
• The way children get injured and the way it heals is very different from that of adults.
• Children's bones are growing bones and the ends of their bones have an open space for growth, which is called a "growth plate". Any injury to these "growth plates" can lead to disability, or growth arrest (shortening or curvature of the arm or leg).

Examination-

• A greenstick fracture is a bone-related fracture. In which the bones break and break, but the bone does not split, hence it is also called an incomplete fracture.
• When a green stick breaks, it bends but does not break. On this basis, this fracture has been named a greenstick fracture. It is also called a partial fracture.
• Children's bones are soft and flexible, so greenstick fractures are more common in children than in adults.
• Falling children are a common cause of greenstick fractures.
• Greenstick fractures occur when most children use their hands to support a fall.

Key Points

• Spiral Fracture also known as a torsion fracture, this type of fracture occurs when a rotational force or torque is applied to a bone along its axis.
• Transverse fracture in which the fracture line is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.
• Oblique Fracture- Fracture in which the fracture line obliterates the long axis of the bone.

Explanation-

• Digestion is the biological process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body
• Indigestion is a discomfort in the upper abdomen.
• When the acid that builds up in the stomach damages the protective surface of the digestive system, it causes burning and bloating in the stomach, which is extremely painful.

Symptoms of Indigestion

• Getting full quickly during a meal means feeling full without having eaten completely.
• The stomach remains full for a longer period of time than the prescribed time.
• Loss of appetite due to indigestion.
• Sometimes the patient feels nervous.
• Burning sensation in the chest.
• Nausea.
• The main symptoms of indigestion are the accumulation of plaque on the tongue, flatulence, etc.
• Lack of sleep
• Having diarrhea

Key Points

• The act of forcefully expelling the substances inside the stomach from the body is called vomiting.
• Constipation is such a problem that the stomach of the patient is not cleaned properly and there are many problems during defecation.

Concept-

• There are two types of teeth in human life, a temporary set, and a permanent set. Temporary set- Milk or deciduous teeth are replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth. Such teeth are known as diphyodont.
• The thecodont teeth are present in mammals. It is a type of tooth present in mammals where the root of the tooth is firmly attached to the socket of the jaw bone. This attachment is strongest in vertebrates. Species that have thecodont entrapment do not lose their teeth easily.
• Human teeth consist of 32 permanent teeth which are of four different types- incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. This type of dentition is known as heterodont dentition.

Additional Information

• There are 32 teeth in an adult's mouth.
• There are 16 teeth in the upper jaw and 16 teeth in the lower jaw, with 8 on the right and 8 on the left.
• The teeth in the upper and lower jaws are arranged in the form of an arch.
• Both the upper and lower dentitions have two incisor teeth in front. Their main job is to gnaw and cut food items.
• There is a canine tooth outside them. It works for tearing. Behind it are two premolar teeth.
• Behind them are three broad molar teeth, which in common language are called wisdom teeth. The function of these five teeth is to chew food.
• A molar comes out at the end, which is called a wisdom tooth.
• Children have fewer teeth. These are called milk teeth or temporary teeth.
• These begin to fall from the age of six. Permanent teeth come out after they fall out.
• After six years, a child has 20 teeth in his mouth.

Concept-

• The cell is the structural and functional unit of living organisms.
• Cells usually have the ability to reproduce on their own. It is the smallest organized form of various substances in which all those activities take place which collectively we call life.

Explanation-

• The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the external environment (extracellular space) that protects the cell from its environment.
• The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, which includes cholesterol (a lipid component) that sits between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures.
• The plasma membrane was discovered by Robert Hooke.
• The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of living cells, physically separated from the extracellular components.
• The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix and holding other cells together to form tissues.
• Fungi, bacteria, most archaea and plants have a cell wall, which provides a mechanical support to the cell and prevents the passage of large molecules.

Important Points

• The plasma membrane protects the cell from its external environment, mediates cellular transport, and transmits cellular signals.
• Plasma Membrane is the semipermeable barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell.

Concept-

• The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, appetite, and every process that controls our bodies.
• The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum. It is the thinking part of your brain, as well as it controls voluntary muscles.
• The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum.
• The cerebrum (front of the brain) consists of gray matter (cerebral cortex) and white matter in its center.

Important Points

There are three parts of the brain

1. Forebrain- It has two parts.
2. Cerebrum
3. Diencephalon
4. Midbrain- It has two parts. 
5. Cerebral Ingot
6. Corpora Cavardigemina
7. Hindbrain- The posterior brain has three parts.
8. Cerebellum
9. Medulla Oblongata
10. Ponce Varoli

Explanation-

The cerebrum is also known as the cerebral cortex, which is divided into four lobes:

Frontal Lobe:

• Its main function is a cognitive tendency.
• For example, it is related to thinking, attention, memory, learning, judgment, and reasoning, etc.

Parietal Lobe:

• It mainly coordinates with cutaneous sensations and their visual and auditory sensations.

Temporal Lobe:

• It is mainly concerned with the processing of auditory information.
• The memory of symbolic words and sounds remains here. Understanding of speech and knowledge of written language etc.

Occipital Lobe:

• These lobes, mainly concerned with visual information, are in sync with the interpretation of impulses, the memory of visual stimuli, color, visual orientation, etc.

Concept-

• The gastro-oesophageal sphincter allows contents to pass from the esophagus to the stomach but acts as a barrier to reflux of gastric contents in a relaxed state.
• The neural control of the sphincter function is not fully understood.
• The gastro-oesophageal sphincter is found between the esophagus and the stomach.

Explanation-

• The oral cavity drains into a small pharynx present in the neck region, where the esophagus originates.
• The esophagus is a thin, long tube that runs through the neck, chest area, and diaphragm, and leads to a 'J'-shaped pouch-like structure called the stomach.
• The muscular gastro-oesophageal sphincter controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach.
• This is where the bulk of digestion begins.
• Hence A cardiac sphincter also called gastroesophageal sphincter that controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach.

Key Points

Pancreas 

• The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen.
• The pancreas is a long gland behind the stomach and near the small intestine.
• The pancreas has two main functions - an exocrine function that helps with digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar levels.

large intestine

• The long, tube-like organ is attached to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other end.
• The large intestine consists of four parts: the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Liver

• The liver is the largest solid organ of the body.
• The location of the liver is mostly in the right upper part of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm.

Concept-

• The nervous system is made up of nerve cells Nerve cells known as neurons are the largest cells in the body.
• Nerve cells have the least capacity to regenerate, that is, the brain has the least capacity to regenerate.
• The liver is the part of the human body in which the number of regeneration is highest.

The nervous system in humans is divided into the following parts:-

1. Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System

Central nervous system:-

• The part of the nervous system that controls the whole body and the nervous system itself is called the central nervous system.
• The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
• The sensations received from the nerves in these organs are analyzed.

Peripheral nervous system-

• The peripheral nervous system is the part of the nervous system made up of sensory neurons and other neurons that connect the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system.
• It has only a group of nerves, which extends from the spinal cord to the organs on both sides of the body.
• The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves that originate from the brain and spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts-

1. Somatic Nervous System-In this comes to the nerves that control the functions of various parts of the body. It includes two types of nerves-
2. Sensory Nervous System
3. Motor Nervous System
4. Autonomous Nervous System- It has two parts-
5. Sympathetic Nervous System
6. Parasympathetic Nervous System