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Concept-

• The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract also called the GI tract or digestive tract and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
• The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined by a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.
• The hollow organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
• The liver, pancreas, and gall bladder are the solid organs of the digestive system.

Important Points

• Digestion is important because the body needs nutrients from food and drink to function properly and stay healthy.
• Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water are nutrients.
• The digestive system breaks down nutrients into smaller parts so that the body can absorb and use them for energy, growth, and cell repair.
• The important organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Explanation-

• When food enters the stomach, a highly muscular organ, powerful peristaltic contractions help to mash, pulverize, and churn food into chyme.
• Chyme is a semi-liquid mass of partially digested food that also contains gastric juices secreted by cells in the stomach.
• Cells in the stomach also secrete hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin, which chemically breaks down proteins into smaller molecules.
• It usually takes a few hours to completely empty the stomach contents after a meal.
• The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the pyloric sphincter.

Rational-

• Food enters the body through the mouth. Then the esophagus enters the stomach. From the stomach, semi-digested food enters the small intestine where digestion and absorption take place.
• Eventually, the food passes through the large intestine and the excess water is absorbed.

Concept-

• Ribosomes, found in all living cells, are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They are also found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nuclei. They make proteins from amino acids in a process called protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes are special because they are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells.
• Each cell or each cell requires ribosomes to make proteins. This messenger binds to the ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and reads the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) containing amino acids enters a particular ribosome called the acceptor site.

On the basis of size and sedimentation coefficient, ribosomes are of the following two types:

1. 70S Ribosomes: These are small in size and have a sedimentation coefficient of 70S. They are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, bacteria, etc.
2. 80S Ribosomes: These are somewhat larger in size and have a sedimentation coefficient of 80S. They are found in highly developed plant and animal cells.

Explanation-

• Ribosomes are generally composed of two large and small subunits that link together to form structural and functional components of a cell and play an integral role in protein synthesis.
• Magnesium plays an important role in the association of subunits of the ribosome during protein synthesis and maintains the structure and stability of the ribosome in general.

Concept-

• Fluids secreted in the stomach or intestines aid in the digestion of food and are called digestive juice.
• Digestive juice or fluid is gastric acid that is produced in the stomach and is composed of HCl i.e. hydrochloric acid, KCl i.e. potassium chloride, and NaCl i.e. sodium chloride.
• Gastric acid plays an important role in the digestion of proteins where it breaks down simpler substances by activating digestive enzymes, and ingested proteins unwind so that digestive enzymes break down long chains of amino acids.

Important Points

• The stomach is the storehouse of many digestive juices that mix with the food received and later pass into the small intestine.
• A grinding effect is induced inside the stomach, which further reduces the significant acidity of gastric juice (pH 1–3) and the size of the food material aided by constituent enzymes such as pepsin and lipase.
• After 150 minutes the food is completely removed from the stomach.
• The low pH of the stomach brings about structural changes in food such as protein aggregation, destabilization of fat droplets, etc.
• Due to the highly acidic environment in the stomach, the lumen causes the protein to lose its folded structure and become denatured and this exposes the protein's peptide bonds.
• Digestive juices break down proteins or amino acids into simpler substances.

Concept-

• Anemia is a condition in which there is a lack of enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, or anemia occurs.
• Hemoglobin is a major component of red blood cells. and binds oxygen.
• If there are too few or abnormal red blood cells, or if hemoglobin is abnormal or low. So the cells in the body will not get enough oxygen.

Due to anemia, there is anemia, which is divided into three parts. 

• Anemia due to blood loss.
• Anemia occurs due to low or defective red blood cell production.
• Due to the destruction of red blood cells.

Different Types of Anemia

• Aplastic Anemia
• Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Thalassemia
• Vitamin Deficiency Anemia
• Hemolytic Anemia

Explanation-

• The adolescent age group provides an opportunity to fine-tune the nutritional level of children. If we intervene correctly during this period we can prevent the consequences of nutrient deficiencies and anemia in the future.
• According to WHO, the adolescent age group is defined as the life span between 10-19 years. In India, the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls was 56% which is equivalent to an average of 64 million girls at any given time.
• The nutritional needs of girls are usually ignored during adolescence, leading to stunting and poor health. One of the major consequences of the physiological changes and nutritional neglect that occurs during this period is anemia.

Concept-

• The term fast food refers to food that is not good for a healthy body at all.
• It lacks nutrition and at the same time, it is also harmful to the body.
• Most fast foods are loaded with high levels of fat, sugar, salinity, and bad cholesterol, which are health hazards.
• They are deficient in nutrients and hence easily cause constipation and other digestive-related ailments.
• Fast food has gained a lot of fame due to its good taste and easy cooking. Already manufactured fast food is available in the market packed in polythene.

Explanation-

Nutritional limits of fast food

• Fast food causes dreadful diseases like typhoid, heart disease, malnutrition, and hypertension.
• If consumed regularly then it is very harmful to health.
• These decrease the energy level of the body and cause insomnia.
• It tends to decrease the level of concentration and lead to fatal diseases; For example, invites constipation, gas, hormone imbalance, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, etc.
• Fast foods are very oily and lack nutrients and the percentage of energy derived from fat is very low due to this reason, they are difficult to digest and at the same time require a lot of energy in the body for their digestive function and decrease the oxygen level in the person's body, due to which the brain does not develop properly.
• Fast food is high in bad cholesterol and at the same time, it also works to harm the body.
• Due to the lack of nutrients, there is a strain on the stomach and other digestive organs. Due to this, the problem of constipation arises.
• Due to eating fast food, we may have to face diseases like weight gain, obesity, typhoid, malnutrition, etc.

Concept-

• Digestion is one of the longest processes taking place in the human body.
• The process of digestion involves several stages along with the organs.
• It starts from the mouth and ends at the anus. The track is also called the alimentary canal.
• The organs involved in the alimentary canal are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
• Digested food is absorbed by the small intestine into the blood in the human body.
• Digested food travels through the walls of the small intestine into our bloodstream.

Important Point

• The process by which digested food passes through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream is called absorption. This happens through diffusion.
• On the inner wall of the small intestine are found innumerable nectar. They have a network of blood vessels and lymph vessels. By diffusion, the protein, glucose, minerals, vitamins, etc. of the food are absorbed into the blood.
• The absorption of fatty acids and glycerol takes place in the lymph duct.
• In addition to the above, the speed of contraction and dilatation of the small intestine also helps to a certain extent in the absorption of food.

Concept-

• Burns from fire, heat or hot liquids are one of the most common injuries to infants and children.
• No hot drink or object may be too hot for an adult, but a baby can burn it, so a baby's skin can easily burn because her skin is more delicate than an adult's.
• Burns are very painful, so it is natural for your baby to be scared and crying. But before silencing and relieving him, focus on his treatment.

Treatment to be given if baby burns-

• Move the baby away from heat sources and dangerous areas. If his clothes are on fire, put a towel, heavy blanket, or whatever else available over the flames to put them out.
• Cool the burn as soon as possible, and place the burned area in cold running water for 10 to 20 minutes.
• The water should be cold and the water pressure should be low. A strong current can damage the burned skin.
• Do not use ice or icy water as this can limit blood supply to the injured area. Also, it will not help your baby's skin tissue to heal properly.
• If the baby is wearing tight clothing around the burn, you should remove them before the swelling starts.
• If any cloth or other object is stuck to the burn wound, do not try to remove it.
• If possible, keep the burned part of the baby's body at a slightly elevated level to reduce swelling.
• Put a sterile bandage on the injury, but take care that if there are blisters, they do not burst.
• You can use cotton gauze, but do not apply cotton as it can stick to the wound.
• Do not apply skin cream, oil, or butter to the wound of the baby.
• Due to this, the heat does not come out, due to which the injury takes longer to heal.
• Apply the appropriate cream only after consulting your baby's doctor.

Concept-

• According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, first aid refers to the measures taken immediately after an accident to avoid further loss of life.
• First aid requires human resources and initial care for the victim and does not provide optimum health and medical care until she is taken to the hospital.
• Its purpose is to make such arrangements with the least amount of resources so that the time taken to bring the injured person to a position of proper treatment is minimized.
• Therefore, first aid is a simple treatment done by trained or untrained persons with the least amount of means.
• Sometimes it even proves to be a lifesaver.
• The main objectives of first aid are as follows:
• Protection and preservation of life.
• Relieve pain
• To prevent further deterioration of the condition of the victims and the injured.
• The recovery of the victims after treatment.
• Immediate care to protect the injured from further harm

Field of first aid

• Heavy bleeding
• On suffocation
• On fire
• Drowning in water
• When a tendon breaks or sprains
• In case of electric shock
• Because of a blockage in the eye, ear, or nose
• After consuming poison or intoxicant
• Venomous animal bites

Concept-

• Bones are classified according to their shape – such as long, short, flat, and irregular. Primarily, they are called tall or short.
• Bone gives shape and support to the body, as well as provides protection to certain organs.
• Bone also serves as a storage site for minerals and provides a medium for the growth and storage of blood cells.

Explanation-

• There are a total of 80 bones in the axial skeletal system of an adult human and 126 bones in the appendicular skeletal system which makes up a total of 206 bones in the entire human skeletal system.
• The axial skeletal system includes the skull (22 bones), rib cage (25 bones), vertebrae (26 bones), ear bones (6 bones), and hyoid bone (1).
• The appendicular skeleton consists of the shoulder girdle (4 bones), hand and forearm (6 bones), hand (54 bones), pelvis (2 bones), thigh and foot (8 bones), and foot and ankle (52 bones).
• ​There are about 300 bones in a baby's body at birth. These eventually fuse (grow together) to form the 206 bones that adults possess.

Concept-

• Body temperature is defined as a measure of the heat inside the body: the balance between the heat produced and the heat lost.
• Temperature is the specific degree of heat or coolness of the body.
• It is usually measured with a thermometer.
• Normal human body temperature (normothermia, euthermia) is the specific temperature range found in humans.
• The normal human body temperature range is usually stated as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F).
• In general, the body temperature keeps on increasing and decreasing, so a rise in temperature up to 99 ° F cannot be considered a fever. But when the temperature is 100.4°F (i.e. 38°C), the condition of fever arises. In this state, a person starts feeling weak in the body and needs bed rest.

Explanation-

• Hypothermia is a condition in which the body's heat conservation mechanism stops working and the body temperature drops rapidly.
• In this, the body temperature falls below 35 °C (95 °F)
• There are three types of hypothermia on the basis of body temperature. Mild (35 to 32 °C), moderate (32 to 28), and severe (less than 28 °C).
• When body temperature is low, the heart, nervous system, and other organs cannot function normally, And finally, a person can even die due to the failure of the heart and respiratory system.
• In low temperatures, shivering will likely be the first, because that's when the temperature starts to drop. This is the body's automatic response to cold temperatures.

Additional Information

• Hyperthermia is the opposite of hypothermia. Hyperthermia occurs when the core body temperature rises too high.
• Hyperthermia also occurs gradually and begins with heat cramps and then turns into heat exhaustion and eventually heat stroke if left untreated.