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Concept-

• There are three main types of stress which include physical and environmental, psychological and social.
• It's important to understand that all of these types of stress are intertwined and that they are externally induced and result from our interactions with other people.

Important Points

• External motivation means that your motivation to achieve your goal comes from a source outside of you.
• External stressors are sources of stress that we are aware of around us, these can include trauma, life experiences or simply daily troubles.
• Feelings of discomfort or anxiety that individuals are externally motivated and experience in social situations, and are associated with an associated tendency to avoid potentially stressful social situations.
• Examples of social stress include:
• Verbal aggression from clients or superiors
• Peer conflict
• Negative group environment
• Organizational politics
• Inappropriate behaviour

Key Points

• Environmental stress refers to those aspects of one's environment that increase the mental or emotional stress in your life.
• Examples of environmental stressors include certain factors such as loud noises, extreme temperatures, large crowds, and crime.
• Spiritual stress occurs when a person is unable to find meaning, peace, comfort, strength, or connection in life.
• Physical stress occurs when a person experiences trauma such as injury, infection, surgery, environmental pollution, disease (viral, bacterial, or fungal agent)

Concept-

• Schizophrenia is a descriptive term for a group of mental disorders in which personal, social, and occupational functioning is impaired as a result of disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, abnormal emotional states, and motor abnormalities.
• It is a debilitating disorder.
• The social and psychological cost of schizophrenia is tremendous for both the patients as well as their families and society.

Explanation-

The symptoms of schizophrenia can be grouped into three categories 

• Positive symptoms (excesses of thought, emotion, and behaviour),
• Negative symptoms (lack of thought, feeling, and behaviour)
• Psychomotor symptoms.

Positive symptoms: 

• These are 'pathological excesses' or 'bizarre additions' to a person's behaviour.
• Delusions, disorganized thinking, and speech heightened perception and hallucinations, and inappropriate effects are most often found in schizophrenia.

Negative symptoms: 

• Loss or decreased ability to initiate plans, speak, express feelings, or find pleasure.
• These are 'pathological deficits' and include poverty of speech, blunt and flat effect, loss of desire, and social withdrawal.
• People with schizophrenia show alogia or poverty of speech.
• Alogia: 
• Alogia or poverty of speech, i.e. lack of speech and speech material.
• Many people with schizophrenia show less anger, sadness, joy, and other emotions than most people. Thus he has made a blunt impact.
• Some have no feeling at all, a condition known as flatulence.
• In addition, patients with schizophrenia experience apathy, or tiredness, and an inability to initiate or complete actions.
• People with this disorder may withdraw socially and focus entirely on their thoughts and fantasies.

Concept-

• Anxiety is born out of depression, despair, and sadness.
• When we ignore our feelings they become the cause of our unhappiness. Similarly, if ignored depression can take the form of anxiety.
• Whenever a thought goes beyond a certain level, it is called Anxiety.
• Fear is an emotional response to an immediate threat and is more closely related to the fight or flight response, either staying to fight or leaving to avoid the threat.

Explanation-

• ​An anxiety attack may feel like a sudden feeling of fear without any threat, but with its recurring recurrent anxiety attacks turn into panic attacks with more intense feelings of fear or restlessness.
• The person may feel a loss of control or their life may be in danger.
• Panic disorder is characterized by a sudden, intense feeling of fear that causes a panic attack. During a panic attack, a person may sweat, have chest pain, and have a rapid heartbeat. Sometimes the person may feel like he or she is suffocating or you are having a heart attack.
• Panic disorder is usually treated with psychotherapy and medication.

Key Points

• Anxiety disorders differ from normal feelings of panic or worry and involve extreme fear or worry.
• Social phobia also known as social anxiety disorder is a long-term and excessive fear of social situations.
• Generalized anxiety disorder is a long-term condition that causes you to feel anxious about a wide range of situations and issues, rather than one specific event.

Concept-

• According to Psychology states that the word behaviour means "the activity of an organism interacting with its environment."
• Someone who has good emotional self-regulation has the ability to keep their emotions under control.

Explanation-

• Self-regulation is the ability to understand and manage a person's behaviour and feelings and a person's reactions to things happening around a person.
• Self-regulation refers to our ability to organize and monitor our own behaviour
• Emotional self-regulation or emotional regulation is a complex ability that is based on the ability of people to manage their emotions by controlling reactions to strong emotions such as frustration, excitement, anger, and embarrassment, and calming down after doing something funny or upsetting.
• define self-regulation as a process that can be both external and internal and that allows us to evaluate and modify our behaviour and influence our emotions, and how and when we experience them we do.
• In addition, self-regulation will be an element that clearly affects the performance of the elements necessary for learning, as well as attention, memory, planning, and problem-solving.

Key Points

• Self-efficacy is an individual judgment as to whether a person is capable of facing a particular situation based on their skills and the circumstances faced.
• Self esteem is an important aspect of ourselves in which we always judge or assess about our worth or value.

Concept-

• Social identity theory was proposed by Tajfel and his colleagues in social psychology
• in theory, they stated that social identity refers to the ways in which people's self-concepts are based on their membership in a social and cultural group.

Explanation-

• Social identity theory addresses the ways in which social identities influence people's behaviour and attitudes about their internal and external groups.
• Social identity is most influential when individuals view membership in a particular group as central to their self-concept and they feel a strong emotional connection to the group.
• Social identity groups are usually defined by certain physical, social, and mental characteristics of individuals.
• Examples of social identity can include race, gender, social class, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, abilities, religion, and religious beliefs.

Key Points

• Social security is the protection that society provides to individuals and families to ensure access to health care and to guarantee income security, especially from old age, unemployment, illness, invalidity, work injury, maternity, or earnings in cases of loss.
• Self-esteem is an overall sense of personal worth and self-worth.
• Personal identity is the concept that individuals develop about themselves that develops over the course of their lives.

Concept-

• Schizophrenia is a descriptive term for a group of mental disorders in which personal, social, and occupational functioning is impaired due to disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, abnormal emotional states, and motor abnormalities.
• It is a debilitating disorder.
• The social and psychological cost of schizophrenia is tremendous for both the patients as well as their families and society.

Explanation-

• Disorganized schizophrenia is one of five subtypes of schizophrenia.

The five most common subtypes of schizophrenia.

• Paranoid Schizophrenia
• Paranoid schizophrenia usually manifests itself in intense and nonsensical suspicion and a feeling of being followed or watched.
• Catatonic Schizophrenia
• A person with catatonic schizophrenia will either move a lot or very little.
• Residual Schizophrenia
• Residual schizophrenics are not currently experiencing any of the more severe symptoms of schizophrenia, with no signs of hallucinations, disorganized speech, or catatonic behaviour.
• Disorganized Schizophrenia
• Disorganized schizophrenia is primarily distinguished by "disorganized" symptoms such as disorganized speech, behaviour, and inappropriate behaviour.
• This can include resisting eye contact, inability to make facial expressions, incoherence, and trouble starting or finishing a task.
• Undifferentiated schizophrenia
• If a person who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia has trouble classifying themselves into any of the above subtypes, but still experiences symptoms, they will be labelled as a person with undifferentiated schizophrenia.

Additional Information

The symptoms of schizophrenia can be grouped into three categories 

• Positive symptoms (excesses of thought, emotion, and behaviour),
• Negative symptoms (lack of thought, feeling, and behaviour)
• Psychomotor symptoms.

Positive symptoms: 

• These are 'pathological excesses' or 'bizarre additions' to a person's behaviour.
• Delusions, disorganized thinking, and speech heightened perception and hallucinations, and inappropriate effects are most often found in schizophrenia.

Negative symptoms: 

• Loss or decreased ability to initiate plans, speak, express feelings, or find pleasure.
• These are 'pathological deficits' and include poverty of speech, blunt and flat effect, loss of desire, and social withdrawal.
• People with schizophrenia show alogia or poverty of speech.

Concept-

• One of the most important theorists of the study of personality is Hans Eysenck.
• Eysenck, a German-born psychologist, settled at the age of 18 in the United Kingdom where he grew professionally and conducted many investigations, although he became famous for personality theory.

Explanation-

• Eysenck proposed that personality can be reduced to two dimensions.
• These dimensions are believed to be biologically and genetically based.
• They are opposites of each other.
• These dimensions include a number of distinctive traits.
• He stated that “Personality is a more or less stable and permanent organization of a person’s character, disposition, intelligence and physique which determines his unique adjustment to the environment.
• Eysenck classified personality into four types in his classification of the human behavioural dimension.
• Introverts
• Extroverts
• Neurotics
• Psychotics

Concept-

• The immune system is that protects the body from external infection like virus, bacteria or pathogen invades the body, this system automatically gets activated and starts the process of defense against them.

Explanation

• Psychoneuroimmunology, also called psychoendoneuroimmunology or psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology, is the study of psychological processes and the interactions between the nervous and immune systems of the human body.
• The main interests of Psychoneuroimmunology are the interactions between the nervous and immune systems and the relationship between mental processes and health.
• The nerves to the brain and spinal cord make up the CNS, while the immune system is made up of organs and cells that protect the body from infection. Both systems produce small molecules and proteins that can act as messengers between the two systems, so psychoneuroimmunology focuses on the links between the mind, brain, and immune system.

Key Points

• The system of the human body that works to thinking, understand and remember something, as well as establish harmony and balance in the functions of different parts of the body, is called nervous system.
• Digestion is the process of breaking down the food eaten by the body into small pieces and burning it in the presence of oxygen to produce the energy required by the body.

Concept-

• Oxygen is the most abundant element in the substance of living organisms. It is used as one of the most essential processes i.e. respiration.
• Organic molecules exist in three-dimensional space, and the same set of atoms can be put together in many different ways, the resulting molecules forming the bodies of living organisms.
• The properties of different biological molecules depend on certain specific groups of atoms called functional groups.
• Oxygen is the most abundant element contained in living things, accounting for about 65% of the total body mass.
• The presence of oxygen within the body is essentially stored in the form of water molecules, employed to supply the energy within the body needed to sustain life.​

Important Points

• Biological molecules, or biomolecules, are formed by joining atoms together through covalent bonds. Although about 25 types of elements can be found in biomolecules, six of them are the most common: these are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

Oxygen:

• Oxygen will make up to 52 kg of that human being and is the most abundant element present in our body.

Carbon:

• Carbon will form up to 14.5 kg and is the second most abundant element in the body.
• It is the structural element of all our compounds and thus we are known as carbon-based life forms.

Hydrogen:

• Hydrogen will make 8 kg and it forms hydrocarbon with carbon which makes up our body.

Nitrogen:

• Nitrogen is also very important as it is a major component of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones.

Confusion Points

• The air in Earth's atmosphere is made up of about 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen.

Concept-

• The book of accounts in which the day-to-day activities are written in a systematic manner date wise and serial wise is called Journal.

Explanation-

Diet Journal:

• It helps to keep a weekly journal of food and beverage intake as well as time spent watching television, playing video games, and exercising.
• Diet Journal takes the guesswork out of getting fit! With information including BMI, exercise, nutrition, and fat and calorie food charts the personal diet journal makes it very easy to track your progress.
• Simply write down your stats every day, check your results on the weekly goal progress chart, and see yourself becoming slimmer, stronger and healthier.

Key Points

• Fitness Journal allows you to keep track of what health activities you are doing so you can focus on where your health is going.
• Fitness Journal Magazine can create a customized exercise schedule based on the schedule that works best for you.
• Scientists use field journals to record what they want to find, observe, and collect. They often include sketches, diagrams, observations and questions.
• A research journal is a journal containing articles written by experts in a particular field of study that report the results of research in that area.