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Concept-

• "Clean" means an area free of sources of infection and "dirty" designates an area that has a high probability of becoming a source of infection.
• Control of hospital, infection is one of the most important issues in modern medical surgical nursing practice to control infection by cleaning which removes unwanted substances, such as dirt, infectious agents, organic material, and other impurities, from an object or environment.
• Medical-surgical nursing is a nursing specialty area that deals with the care of adult patients in a wide range of settings.

Explanation

Two important issues are involved in process of cleaning.

1. There should be proper design and proper provision of medical units and wards. Various risk patients' rooms, toilet rooms, disposal rooms, entrance halls, doctors' and nurses' rooms, etc. should be in the proper position so as to maintain the above principle and equipment should be located in the right place.
2. The movement of medical staff, patients, and materials is a major source of the spread of pathogens. That's why it's important to check if the dirty stuff gets cleaned up. Particular attention is required when nurses, who have close contact with patients move from one ward to another.

Concept-

• The cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life.
• The study of the basic structure of the cell to the functions of each organelle is called cell biology.
• Animal cells and plant cells are a type of cells called eukaryotic cells.
• Both have more similarities and some dissimilarities in their functions as well as the parts present in them.

Explanation:

• The animal cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms belonging to the Animalia kingdom.
• They have specialized organs to perform all the functions of the body.
• Animal cells do not have a cell wall.
• The cell wall provides mechanical strength to the plant cell and thus protects it from harsh environmental conditions.
• The outermost covering of an animal cell is the cell membrane.
• Both cells have organelles like mitochondria, nucleus, and ribosomes.
• The plasma membrane, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus are present in the animal cell.

Key Points

• The plasma membrane of a cell is a network of lipids and proteins that border the contents of the cell and the outside of the cell.
• It is also called a simple cell membrane.
• The main function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
• The nucleus is a double-membraned organelle that contains genetic material and other materials that are necessary for cellular processes.
• The cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills each cell and is surrounded by the cell membrane.

Concept-

• Physical characteristic means any physical condition or physical characteristic of any person that is from birth, accident, disease, or any natural physical development, or any other event beyond that person's control, including height, weight, and personal physical behavior.

Important Points

• Heredity and environment are the elements that play a vital role in determining the personality development of an individual.
• Heredity is defined as total biologically transmitted factors from parents that influence the development of the person.
• It affects all parts of physical appearance, for example, length, weight, body composition, eye shadow, hair surface, and even cognition and aptitude.
• Diseases by heredity also pass on traits, for example, coronary disease, diabetes, weight, etc.
• Heredity gives us the body, structure, complexion or features, etc.

Key Points

• Sociocultural factors play an important role in shaping social development and functioning.
• A mental attitude is a complex mental state that involves beliefs and feelings and values ​​and dispositions to act in certain ways.

Concept-

• According to WHO- Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• An important implication of this definition is that mental health is much more than just the absence of mental disorders or disabilities.

Important Points

• A sense of well-being is fundamental to a person's overall health, enabling them to successfully overcome difficulties and achieve what they want from life.
• The four measure that constitutes health and contributes to your overall health is physical health. mental health. Social health and spiritual health.

Key Points

• Physical wellness includes self-care and a temperate lifestyle.
• Emotional well-being is psychological well-being that includes subjective experience and positive emotionality.
• Environmental factors affect our physical, mental, or spiritual health, and some affect our ability to carry out our work or mission.

Concept-

• A health problem means a change in the health or physical condition of the insured as a result of serious illness and/or injury, which requires diagnosis and treatment
• Health problems can be caused by a person's genetic makeup, lifestyle behaviors (such as smoking), exposure to toxins (such as asbestos), or other factors. As with many health problems, one disease or its treatment can lead to another.

Behavioral health problems

• Drinking alcohol causes behavioral changes that interfere with speaking, leading to speech and coordination disturbances. 
• It affects impulse control and the ability to form memories, leading to blackouts.
• Drinking alcohol can cause numbness, weakness, and temporary paralysis.
• Smoking is associated with worse symptoms and outcomes in people with behavioral health conditions, including greater depressive symptoms, greater likelihood of psychiatric hospitalization, increased suicidal behavior, and remission from drug and alcohol use.
• Substance abuse can change a person's habits, behaviors, and appearance.

Concept-

• Cancer is a disease of abnormal growth of a cell.
• Normally, Healthy cells grow and divide according to the needs of the body.
• When normal cells are damaged or cells become old, they die and are replaced by healthy cells.
• Cancer occurs when cells in the body begin to grow and divide abnormally. Our body is made up of trillions of cells.
• A carcinogen can be any substance such as radionuclides or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, i.e. the formation of cancer. This may be due to the potential for damage to the genome or disruption of cellular metabolic processes.

Important Points

• When someone has cancer, the cells stop doing their role in this way.
• Old and damaged cells survive instead of dying, and new cells continue to be made even when they are not needed. These extra cells divide uncontrollably, resulting in a tumor.
• Most cancers are tumors, but blood cancer is not a tumor.
• However, not every tumor is cancerous.
• Cancer can develop in any part of the body. Usually, it spreads to the surrounding tissues.
• Abnormal and damaged cancer cells reach other parts of the body and start forming new malignant tumors.

Key Points

• Leukemia is a cancer of the blood, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal blood cells.
• A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumors) that lack the ability to either invade neighboring tissue or metastasize (spread throughout the body).
• Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system

Concept-

• Personal health refers to the mental, physical and social well-being of an individual, whereas community health is about enhancing and maintaining the health of the entire community.
• Stress is a disorder stemming from a mental state.
• Stress arises due to imbalance and confusion between the state of mind and the state.
• Stress is the gateway to many other disorders. Generally speaking, stress is a mental illness.

Important Points

• Stress persists for a long period of time which can lead to anxiety and depression. Experiencing a very stressful or traumatic event can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Stress can make existing mental illnesses worse. As such becomes the cause of psychotic relapse.
• To deal with stress, people start consuming alcohol or drugs. But if you do it regularly then you may need to take support. In the short term, trying to cope with alcohol or drug use can be helpful. But if it stays for a long time, it can worsen mental health, making you vulnerable to stress.
• Stress can be relieved by paying attention to mental health because stress is linked to mental health, if mental health is good and optimal, the stress in daily life can be relieved.

Additional Information

• For Personal health, it is very important to pay regular attention to physical cleanliness along with pure water, pure air, balanced diet.
• In the external cleanliness of the body, it is necessary to pay special attention to the regular cleaning of skin, hair, nails, mouth, gums, teeth, tongue, eyes, ears, nose, etc.

Concept-

• Mother's milk is all that a baby needs in the first six months.
• Breast milk is an ideal or complete food for a baby as it contains all the nutrients that the baby needs for the first 6 months of life.
• The fat part of milk contains fat-soluble vitamins.
• Milk contains proteins, carbohydrates, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals in addition to fat, and this helps to make milk one of nature's best foods.

Important Points

• Breast milk is quickly and easily digested and contains fats, lactose, proteins, vitamins, minerals (including iron), immunoglobulins, and water that are essential for a baby's development.
• One of the reasons why breast milk is considered the most suitable food for a newborn baby is that in the early days after delivery, the mother's milk is called colostrum. It contains abundant antibodies (IgA) which protect the newborn from many diseases.
• Mother's milk is specially made for her own baby. It is the right nutrition for the development of the child.
• It is easy to digest and contains protective substances that help prevent infection

Concept-

• Food is a substance consumed to help in nutritional support for any organism.
• Food can be divided into many types, such as energy food, bodybuilding food, and protective food, the major energy we get in our daily life are carbohydrates, and vitamins and minerals like rice, bread, etc. come under protective.

Explanation-

Carbohydrates: 

• There are three types of macronutrients present and one of them is carbohydrates.
• The body gets maximum energy from carbohydrates.
• And the RDA for carbohydrates for the average adult body is 130 grams per day, according to the NIH, and these carbohydrates protect the protein from energy production.

Proteins: 

• Proteins are also one the macronutrients and are also called the body building blocks of food.
• Proteins have structural and functional amino acids.
• Proteins help build muscle, so they are called building blocks, They are used to build and repair tissues.
• Apart from these, proteins have many roles, they act as enzymes and they are helpful for oxygen transport and antibodies produced in the body are proteins.
• The RDA for protein is 0.8 grams per kg body weight.

Fat: 

• Fat also serves as one of the macronutrients, the structural and functional units of fat are fatty acids and they are of several types such as triglycerides, cholesterol, etc.
• The important function of fat is to serve as storage energy and to insulate the body and to act as a messenger for proteins.

Concept-

• The Mid-Day Meal Scheme in India was launched on 15 August 1995 under the name 'National Program for Nutritional Support for Elementary Education (NP-NSPE)'.
• In October 2007, NP-NSPE was renamed as 'National Program for Mid-Day Meal in Schools', popularly known as Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
• On 1^st September 2021, the name of the mid-day meal scheme was changed to 'PM Poshan' or Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman.
• PM Poshan will extend hot cooked meals, already covered under the mid-day scheme, to students studying at the pre-primary level or Bal Vatika of government and government-aided primary schools.

Explanation-