Search Previous Year Questions

Concept-

• Fertilization is a highly complex sexual reproduction process that requires the union and fusion between a sperm and an egg
• In test tube babies or in vitro fertilization techniques, the ovum is fertilized with sperm outside a woman's body, providing the ovum with similar environmental conditions as it would have been inside the uterus.

Important Points

• In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an option for women to have their own children who cannot reproduce naturally.
• The zygote is allowed to develop through fertilization in the laboratory for about a week and then implanted in the mother's uterus.
• In some cases, women cannot reproduce naturally due to the blockage of the oviduct. Therefore, sperm cannot reach the egg for fertilization and women become unable to give birth to children. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an option for such cases.
• During in vitro fertilization, collects the freshly released eggs and sperm and allows them to be fertilized by placing them together in laboratory conditions for a few hours.
• Fertilization takes place and the zygote is allowed to develop for about a week and then it is implanted in the mother's uterus for the full development of the embryo.
• The baby is born like any other baby and the babies born with this technique are called test tube babies.

Rational

• The formed zygote is grown inside a culture and when an embryo (having 8 or more blastomeres) is formed, it is implanted in the uterus where it develops into an embryo.

Concept-

• Kegel exercises also known as pelvic floor exercises are performed to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.
• Kegel exercises can not only help prevent leaking of urine but can also help prevent accidentally passing stool (faeces) or gas and can also help improve orgasm.

Important Points

• Doing Kegels regularly before, during, and after pregnancy can help reduce pelvic floor problems. As the baby puts on weight inside the woman's uterus during pregnancy, the pelvic floor muscles have to support more and more weight. Sometimes, the uterus is not completely ready to bear the weight, which can lead to a miscarriage

Explanation

• The pelvic floor muscles support the bladder, uterus, and other organs and control the flow of urine and contractions of the vaginal and anal sphincter
• The goal of Kegels is to contract the pelvic floor muscles for short periods of time and then relax.
• If a pregnant woman does Kegel exercises correctly and regularly, they strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and tighten the vagina and also increase pelvic muscle tone
• Try to do at least 30 to 40 Kegel exercises every day.
• You can plan to do Kegel exercises for a few minutes, about 2-3 times a day, during and after pregnancy.
• Research has also suggested that women who do pelvic floor Kegel exercises may have a slightly shorter active stage of labor than other women.

Concept-

• Counselling is a process that involves responsibility and confidentiality. Therefore, guidance and counselling experts have to follow certain ethical principles.
• Counselling is an interactive learning process in which a counsellor and sometimes called a therapist helps the counselee (help seekers). Guides them to understand the causes of difficulties and resolve the issues.
• Counselling may be concerned with addressing and resolving specific problems, making decisions, coping with crises, improving relationships, and developing personal awareness.

Levels of Counselling

Informal counselling:

• This is typically provided by a person who may be approachable and understanding, but may not be professionally qualified.
• This sympathetic person can be an aunt, uncle, friend, or co-worker.

Non-specialist counselling:

• This is the assistance provided by experts in other fields such as teachers, doctors, lawyers, and religious preachers, and their respective expertise also seeks to handle psychological problems.
• They try to provide alternative ways of dealing with people's problems
• They meet in their daily conversations at work.

Professional Counselling:

• Professional counselling is for those who have received specialized training in counselling and have the necessary qualifications.
• These counsellors deal with the individual's social, emotional, and personal problems. In the counselling process, the professional counsellor may use a variety of techniques.

Concept: -

• The birth rate is the number of individuals born in a population in a given period of time.
• The human birth rate is termed as the number of persons born per 1000 per year in the population.
• For example, if there are 40 births per 1000 persons per year, the birth rate is 40.

Explanation

• The crude birth rate is called "crude" because it does not take into account age or sex differences between populations.
• The crude birth rate is the number of live births resident for a specified geographic region (nation, state, county, etc.) during a specified period (usually a calendar year) from the total population for that region. Divided and multiplied by 1,000.
• Calculation: (Number of resident live births / Number of total population) x 1,000
• Total Resident Live Births X 1,000 Total Population

Important Points

• Crude birth rate and crude death rate are determined by taking the total number of births or deaths in a population and dividing both values ​​by a number to get the rate per 1,000.

Concept: -

• Labor means birth or giving birth to a child. After the completion of the prescribed period of pregnancy, the birth of the child without any obstruction is called simple birth.
• Labor is when a pregnant woman has regular contractions that cause the cervix to change. Contractions occur when the muscles of the uterus tighten and then relax.

Important Points

• True labor is characterized by contractions at regular intervals that increase in frequency, duration, and intensity.
• There are contractions, progressive cervical dilation, and effacement. Thus, a cervix dilated by 4 cm and eroded by 90% indicates true labor only.

Explanation

False labor

• Contractions don't come regularly and they don't come together
• They stop with walking or at rest or with a change in position
• They are usually weak and not strong, or start out strong and become weak
• Pain is usually felt only in the front

True labor

• Contractions come regularly and come closer together; each contraction lasts about 30 to 60 seconds.
• The cervix is ​​90% effaced and is 4 to 5 cm dilated which is called 100 per cent effacement.
• They continue regardless of movement or rest
• They get stronger
• Usually, they start at the back and move forward

Concept-

• Nurses and midwives are the major health care providers and make up the largest portion of the health workforce globally.
• The purpose of this act is to improve the quality of public health nurses, midwives, and nurses, and thereby expand and improve medical care and public health.

Explanation

• With the consent of the British government, an important law to regulate nursing training and practice was passed by the Legislature, which was created on 7 May 1926 and signed by the Governor General on 9 June 1926.
• It was published in the Fort St George Gazette on 29 June 1926.
• The Madras Nurses and Midwives Act III of 1926 came into force on the 14^th day of February 1928.
• This is called the Madras Nurses and Midwives Act III of 1926, which aims to promote the recruitment of registered midwives to serve during labor.

Important Points

• The state succeeded in doing so by enacting the Madras Registration of Nurses and Midwives Act, 1926, to promote a registered midwife for service during childbirth.

Concept:-

• The menstrual cycle is a process that involves a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.
• These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, usually between 21 and 35 days in adult females, with an average length of 28 days, and continuing for approximately 30–45 years.
• Each cycle occurs in stages depending on the events taking place in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or uterus (uterine cycle).

Explanation

• In a woman's reproductive years, those years of life between menarche and menopause, are roughly 12 to 49 years of age. The term is not accurate, as some women may become pregnant and have children at a younger or older age.
• The end of the menstrual cycle at the end of a woman's reproductive period is called menopause.
• The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, with anywhere between 45 and 55 being normal.
• Menopause before the age of 45 is considered premature.

Key Points

Amenorrhea

• Amenorrhea is a term for the absence of menstruation during the reproductive years of a woman's life.
• The physiological state of amenorrhea is most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation.

Menorrhagia

• Menorrhagia is menstrual bleeding that lasts for more than 7 days.
• It can also be bleeding that is very heavy.

Menarche

• Menarche is defined as the first period in a female adolescent.
• Menarche usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 16, with the average age of onset being 12 years.

Concept: -

• The lower part of the abdomen is located between the hip bones in a woman.
• The female pelvis is generally more delicate, wider, and not as high as the male pelvis.

Explanation

• The pelvis consists of paired hipbones, connected in front by the pubic symphysis and behind by the sacrum.
• Each is made up of three bones—
• The blade-shaped ilium is responsible for the width of the hips.
• The ischium, at the back and the bottom, bears the burden of sitting.
• The pubis is on the front.

Four Common Types of Pelvic Shape According to the Caldwell-Malloy Classification

Gynecoid

• This site is the most common female pelvic size with a wide intrauterine distance that is ideal for vaginal delivery.
• It has a rounded pelvic inlet, shallow pelvic cavity, and short, slender ischial spine.
• The rounded edge encourages fatal rotation.

Android

• This pelvic anatomy is the most common masculine pelvic shape with a curved coccyx, prominent ischial spine, short AP diameter, and heart-shaped inlet.
• Overall, the internal dimensions of the pelvic cavity and pelvic outlet are small, and therefore vaginal delivery is relatively difficult.

Anthropoid

• This pelvic size is more common in men with an AP diameter greater than the transverse diameter.
• The inlet and outlet are oval-shaped, and thus, the shape is generally suitable for vaginal delivery.

Platypeloid

• This pelvic shape is abnormal in both male and female patients.
• The small AP diameter and wide transverse diameter make vaginal delivery very difficult.
• This pelvic size is usually associated with the arrest of labor and thus requires surgical intervention.

Concept: -

• A community is a group of living things and a social unit that has similarities such as place, norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities can share a sense of location in a given geographic area such as a country, village, town, or virtual space through communication platforms.
• Community health centres, also known as community clinics, are community-run, non-profit clinics located in medically under-served areas or serving populations that are medically under-served.
• Health services provide medical treatment and care to the public or a particular group. Cost-effective delivery of health services in remote areas.

Important Points

• Community assessment tools are a systematic process that involves identifying and analyzing the community health needs of the community.
• This process provides a way for communities to prioritize health needs, and to plan and act on unmet community health needs.
• Community assessment tools are a popular way to collect information and opinions.
• In the context of a community appraisal, assessment tools can be an effective way of assessing the perceived strengths, weaknesses, needs, and existing assets of the community.
• Assessment tools can be general or targeted to specific sections of a community.

Concept-

• The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
• The WHO Emergency Use listing process assesses the quality, safety, and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines as a prerequisite for the supply of the COVAX vaccine.
• It also allows countries to accelerate their own regulatory approvals for the import and administration of COVID-19 vaccines.

WHO emergency use listing

• The Emergency Use listing (EUL) process assesses the suitability of novel health products during public health emergencies.
• It aims to make available medicines, vaccines and diagnostics as quickly as possible to deal with emergencies while adhering to stringent norms of safety, efficacy, and quality.

Key Points

• Life-saving drugs are drugs that save one's life when needed, requiring immediate administration in most cases, as lifesaving drugs help to maintain life, and prevent complications.
• Lifesaving drugs are top priority healthcare needs, which need to be available and organized at all times. e.g- Epinephrine
• Vaccine effectiveness is a measure of how well the vaccines actually work and their effectiveness is dependent on the target factor.