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The correct answer is It's an indigenously developed road construction technology at high altitudes.

Key Points

• REJUPAVE is an indigenously developed road construction technology designed specifically for constructing roads at high altitudes.
• The technology focuses on enhancing road durability and stability in challenging terrains, such as mountainous regions.
• It addresses the need for specialized techniques that can withstand extreme weather conditions and reduce maintenance costs.
• REJUPAVE is a significant innovation in infrastructure development aimed at improving connectivity in remote and high-altitude areas in India.

Additional Information

• Challenges of Road Construction at High Altitudes:
• Extreme weather conditions such as snow, freezing temperatures, and heavy rainfall impact road quality.
• Soil stability and erosion are significant concerns due to steep slopes and rugged terrain.
• Importance of Connectivity in High-Altitude Regions:
• Improved connectivity enhances economic development by facilitating trade and tourism.
• Better roads ensure faster access to healthcare and education for residents in remote areas.
• Indigenous Technologies in Infrastructure:
• India has been investing in developing sustainable and cost-effective road construction technologies.
• Such innovations reduce dependency on imported solutions and foster self-reliance in infrastructure development.
• Environmental Considerations:
• High-altitude road construction projects prioritize minimizing ecological disruption.
• Specialized techniques ensure that local biodiversity and natural water flow patterns are preserved.

The correct answer is 1) 1 only.

Key Points

• 'C-Bot' is an underwater vehicle specifically designed to monitor coral reefs.
• This autonomous vehicle aids in collecting data about the health, biodiversity, and environmental changes affecting coral reefs.
• Coral reefs play a crucial role in marine ecosystems, and such monitoring systems help in their conservation.
• While the technology is innovative, 'C-Bot' has not been developed by CSIR or NIO (National Institute of Oceanography).
• Thus, statement 1 is correct, and statement 2 is incorrect, making option 1 the right answer.

Additional Information

• Coral Reefs: Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. They support marine biodiversity and protect coastlines.
• Threats to Coral Reefs: Coral reefs are under threat from climate change, ocean acidification, overfishing, and pollution, making conservation efforts vital.
• CSIR: The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is a premier national R&D organization in India, focusing on various scientific and industrial research areas.
• NIO: The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) focuses on oceanographic studies, including marine biodiversity, coastal zone management, and ocean exploration.
• Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs): AUVs are robotic devices designed to operate underwater without human intervention. They are widely used in oceanography, marine biology, and underwater exploration.

The correct answer is Kaveri.

Key Points

• The Kaveri engine is an indigenous aero-engine developed by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE), a laboratory under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• It was specifically designed for India's Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas to achieve self-reliance in aviation propulsion systems.
• The Kaveri engine project was initiated in the 1980s as part of India's efforts to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers for military equipment.
• Although the Kaveri engine faced delays and challenges, its development has contributed significantly to the expertise and technological capabilities of India in the field of aero-engine manufacturing.
• The engine has a thrust rating of approximately 80 kilonewtons, which is suitable for lightweight fighter jets like the LCA Tejas.

Additional Information

• Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)
• GTRE is a laboratory under the DRDO, established in 1959, specializing in the development of gas turbine engines for military and civil applications.
• It plays a pivotal role in designing and testing advanced propulsion systems for India's aerospace sector.
• Challenges in Aero-Engine Development
• Aero-engine development is highly complex and requires advanced metallurgy, thermal management, and precision engineering.
• India faced challenges in sourcing advanced materials and overcoming technological gaps during the Kaveri project.
• Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas
• The Tejas is a multi-role lightweight fighter aircraft developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force and Navy.
• While the Kaveri engine was initially planned for Tejas, it was replaced with the GE F404 engine due to delays in the Kaveri program.
• Self-Reliance in Defence
• The Kaveri engine project aligns with India's broader goal of achieving self-reliance in defence technology under initiatives like "Make in India."
• Despite the delays, the program has contributed to India's knowledge base and will be useful for future indigenous engine development.

The correct answer is Jimmy Carter.

Key Points

• Jimmy Carter, the 39^th President of the United States (1977–1981), was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.
• The Nobel Committee recognized Carter for his efforts to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, advance democracy and human rights, and promote economic and social development.
• He played a pivotal role in negotiating the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt in 1978, considered one of the most significant peace agreements in modern history.
• Post-presidency, Carter focused on humanitarian efforts through the Carter Center, which works globally to combat disease, improve health, and promote peace.
• His work in election monitoring, conflict resolution, and disease eradication further solidified his reputation as a global humanitarian leader.

Additional Information

• Nobel Peace Prize: Established by Alfred Nobel in 1901, it recognizes individuals or organizations for their significant contributions to peace.
• Camp David Accords: A peace treaty brokered by Carter in 1978 between Egypt (led by Anwar Sadat) and Israel (led by Menachem Begin), ending decades of hostility.
• The Carter Center: Founded in 1982, its mission includes advancing human rights, eradicating Guinea worm disease, and monitoring elections globally to ensure fairness.
• Other U.S. Nobel Peace Prize Winners: Woodrow Wilson (1919, for founding the League of Nations), Barack Obama (2009, for efforts to strengthen international diplomacy), and Al Gore (2007, for climate change awareness).
• Jimmy Carter’s Legacy: He remains a symbol of diplomacy and humanitarianism, with his post-presidential work earning widespread acclaim for its transformative global impact.

The correct answer is Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO).

Key Points

• Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) is a public sector organization under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
• HUDCO plays a significant role in promoting sustainable housing and urban development through financial and technical assistance.
• The report titled 'S.A.F.E. Accommodation: Worker Housing for Manufacturing Growth' focuses on providing safe and affordable housing solutions for industrial and manufacturing workers.
• This initiative aligns with the government's mission to enhance worker welfare and boost economic growth by improving living standards in urban and industrial areas.
• HUDCO has contributed to various studies and reports aimed at addressing housing challenges and urban infrastructure development in India.

Additional Information

• HUDCO Overview
• Established in 1970, HUDCO focuses on financing housing and urban infrastructure projects in India.
• It operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
• HUDCO also provides consultancy services for sustainable urban development projects.
• Worker Housing Challenges
• Rapid urbanization often leads to inadequate housing facilities for industrial workers.
• The lack of affordable and safe housing impacts productivity and well-being.
• Government-backed initiatives like HUDCO's report aim to address these challenges systematically.
• Affordable Housing Schemes in India
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) aims to provide affordable housing to urban and rural poor.
• State governments also implement specific housing schemes tailored to local needs.
• HUDCO collaborates with these schemes to ensure effective implementation and funding.
• Sustainable Urban Development
• HUDCO promotes the adoption of green building technologies and eco-friendly construction practices.
• The organization focuses on inclusive growth by addressing housing and infrastructure needs of marginalized communities.
• HUDCO's efforts contribute to India's commitment to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The correct answer is Option 1.

Concept:

• Convex Mirror: If the outer surface of a spherical mirror is reflecting, it is called a convex mirror. It is also known as a diverging mirror.
• The image formed by a convex mirror does not depend on the object’s distance from the mirror.
• It always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image situated behind the mirror.
• Concave Mirror: If the inner surface of a spherical mirror is reflecting, it is called a concave mirror. It is also known as a converging/focusing mirror.
• The size of the image can be larger or smaller than the object depending on the object’s distance from the mirror.
• A concave mirror can form both real and virtual images.

Explanation:

• A convex mirror always forms a virtual image between the pole (P) and the focus (F).
• The image is erect and diminished.
• For any object placed in front of a convex mirror (between infinity and the pole), the image formed is virtual, diminished, and erect.

Additional Information:

Nature, position, and relative size of the image formed by a convex mirror:

Concept Used:

Potential difference (V) is the work done per unit charge.

Formula used: V = W / q

Calculation:

Using the formula: V = W / q

⇒ V = 24 J / 2 C

⇒ V = 12 V

∴ The potential difference between A and B is 12 V.

Calculation:

Let the resistance of each wire be R.

Parallel Combination:

Equivalent resistance, R_parallel = R / 2

Heat produced, H_parallel ∝ 1 / R_parallel

⇒ H_parallel ∝ 1 / (R / 2) = 2 / R

Series Combination:

Equivalent resistance, R_series = 2R

Heat produced, H_series ∝ 1 / R_series

⇒ H_series ∝ 1 / (2R)

Ratio of Heat Produced:

Ratio = H_parallel : H_series

⇒ Ratio = (2 / R) : (1 / (2R))

⇒ Ratio = 4 : 1

∴ The ratio of heat produced in parallel and series combinations is 4:1.

Concept:

Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid:

The magnetic field inside a long solenoid is uniform and parallel to the axis of the solenoid.

The field strength is given by the formula:

B = μ₀ × n × I

Characteristics:

The field inside the solenoid is uniform and does not vary along its length (except near the ends).

Outside the solenoid, the magnetic field is nearly zero for an ideal solenoid.

∴ The correct answer is Option 4: The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid carrying current is uniform.

Calculation:

Given:

Initial velocity, u = 12 m/s

Final velocity, v = 0 m/s (since the car comes to rest)

Distance, s = 45 m

Using the formula:

v² = u² + 2as

⇒ (0)² = (12)² + 2 × a × 45

⇒ 0 = 144 + 90a

⇒ 90a = -144

⇒ a = -1.6 m/s²