Search Previous Year Questions

The correct answer is The Kookaburras.

Key Points

• The nickname of the Australian National Men's Hockey Team is "The Kookaburras." This name is inspired by the iconic Australian bird, known for its distinctive laughing call.
• The Kookaburras are one of the most successful teams in international hockey, with numerous achievements in tournaments like the Olympics, World Cups, and Champions Trophies.
• Australia's men's hockey team is recognized for their dominant playing style, strategic gameplay, and consistent performance on the global stage.
• The team's nickname, "Kookaburras," symbolizes Australian heritage and reflects the pride of representing the nation in the sport of hockey.
• Over the years, the Kookaburras have produced legendary players, such as Ric Charlesworth and Jamie Dwyer, who have greatly contributed to the team's success and reputation.

Additional Information

• Other Options:
• The Kangaroos: This nickname is associated with Australia's rugby league team, not the hockey team. Kangaroos are a national symbol of Australia and are often used to represent the country in various sports.
• The Boomers: This is the nickname for the Australian men's basketball team. The term "Boomers" refers to male kangaroos, emphasizing the team’s agility and strength.
• The Dolphins: This name is not associated with any major Australian sports team. Dolphins are marine mammals and hold symbolic significance for other countries like the USA in swimming.
• Achievements of the Kookaburras:
• The Kookaburras have won multiple Olympic medals, including gold in the 2004 Athens Olympics.
• They have been crowned World Champions in hockey and have won the FIH Hockey World Cup several times.
• The team has dominated the Commonwealth Games, securing numerous gold medals since hockey was introduced to the Games.
• The Kookaburras are also consistent winners of the FIH Hockey Pro League and Champions Trophies.
• Kookaburra Bird:
• The Kookaburra is a bird native to Australia and New Guinea, known for its distinct laughing call that is emblematic of the Australian wilderness.
• It is often referred to as the "laughing bird" and is a symbol of joy and resilience in Australian culture.
• The association with the Kookaburra reflects the team's connection to Australian identity and spirit.

Important Points

• History of the Kookaburras:
• Established in 1922, the Australian Men's Hockey Team has a long history of success and is considered one of the best hockey teams globally.
• The team has consistently ranked among the top teams in the FIH World Rankings.
• Coaching and Leadership:
• The team has been led by legendary coaches like Ric Charlesworth, who is regarded as one of the best hockey coaches in history.
• Strong leadership on and off the field has been a hallmark of the Kookaburras' success.
• Significance of the Nickname:
• The nickname "Kookaburras" fosters a sense of pride and unity among players and fans, connecting the team to Australia's unique wildlife and culture.
• It serves as an inspiration for younger generations to pursue hockey and represent Australia on the global stage.

The correct answer is Survey of India.

Key Points

• The Survey of India is the oldest scientific organization in India, established in 1767 during British rule. It has played a crucial role in mapping the country and providing geospatial data.
• In 2025, the Survey of India will complete 150 years of its modern existence, as it was formally reorganized in 1875 to serve as the national mapping agency of India.
• The organization has been instrumental in conducting topographical surveys, providing accurate and updated geographic data that aids in national planning and development.
• Its functions include mapping natural resources, defining international boundaries, and providing geodetic and geospatial data for various sectors like defense, urban planning, and disaster management.
• The headquarters of the Survey of India is located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, and it operates under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.

Additional Information

• Other Key Organizations and Their Background:
• Botanical Survey of India (BSI):
• Established in 1890 under the British administration.
• Its primary goal is to explore and document the flora of India.
• It works under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
• The BSI is headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal.
• India Meteorological Department (IMD):
• Established in 1875 to provide weather forecasts and meteorological data.
• It plays a critical role in weather prediction, climate studies, and disaster management.
• The headquarters of IMD is located in New Delhi.
• Press Trust of India (PTI):
• The PTI was established in 1947, following India's independence.
• It is the largest news agency in India, providing news reports to various media outlets.
• Its primary role is to gather and distribute news and information to newspapers, websites, and broadcasters.
• Survey of India’s Contributions:
• The organization has been critical in determining India’s international boundaries, including the boundaries of Jammu & Kashmir and northeastern states.
• It contributed significantly to India’s defense mapping, aiding security and military operations.
• Survey of India is also involved in geospatial innovation, including modern digital mapping technologies like GPS and GIS.
• The organization supports national and state governments in infrastructure planning, natural disaster management, and urban development.
• Technological Advancements:
• The Survey of India has adopted modern technologies like LiDAR mapping, GIS platforms, and satellite data for high-precision mapping and analysis.
• It is also involved in projects like the Digital India initiative, facilitating the creation of a geospatial framework for the country.

Important Points

• Significance of 150 Years:
• The 150^th anniversary of the Survey of India in 2025 marks a milestone in its contributions to the nation’s development and security.
• The organization has established itself as a global leader in surveying and mapping.
• It continues to play a pivotal role in making India a hub for geospatial technology and innovation.
• Global Impact:
• The Survey of India’s methodologies and advancements are recognized globally, contributing to international standards in cartography and geospatial data management.

The correct answer is 1) 1 only.

Key Points

• ‘Jalvahak’ is a newly commissioned naval ship that has been recently inducted into the Indian Navy. It is designed to support naval operations and logistics. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• ‘Jalvahak’ is not a policy for cargo promotion by the Government of India. It is specifically related to the Indian Navy’s fleet expansion and operational enhancement. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• The main role of the naval ship ‘Jalvahak’ is to assist in logistical operations, transportation, and providing support for naval combat and humanitarian missions.
• The induction of such vessels strengthens the operational capabilities of the Indian Navy, especially in maintaining maritime security and addressing logistical challenges.
• ‘Jalvahak’ is part of India’s initiative to modernize its naval fleet to safeguard its maritime interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

Additional Information

• Indian Navy Fleet Expansion:
• The Indian Navy has been focusing on fleet expansion to strengthen maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.
• New vessels such as ‘Jalvahak’ are being introduced to enhance logistical support, ensuring that operational readiness is maintained even in distant waters.
• The addition of such vessels aligns with India’s strategy of becoming a net security provider in the region.
• Role of Logistics in Naval Operations:
• Logistical support is crucial for ensuring the operational efficiency of naval forces during combat, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief missions.
• Ships like ‘Jalvahak’ play a pivotal role in transporting equipment, supplies, and personnel to areas of operation.
• Such vessels also contribute to maintaining the operational endurance of warships during extended deployments.
• Modernization of Indian Navy:
• The Indian Navy is undergoing modernization with the induction of advanced ships, submarines, and aircraft to counter emerging maritime threats.
• The modernization program includes the development of indigenous vessels such as destroyers, frigates, and support ships like ‘Jalvahak’.
• This initiative is part of the Indian Government’s ‘Make in India’ campaign, focusing on self-reliance in defense production.
• Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Region:
• The Indian Ocean Region is of strategic importance to India, as it is a key trade route and an area of geopolitical interest.
• India’s naval capabilities, including ships like ‘Jalvahak,’ are essential to maintaining security and countering threats such as piracy, smuggling, and territorial disputes.
• The Indian Navy also engages in joint exercises and collaborations with other countries to promote regional stability.

The correct answer is 600.

Key Points

• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is one of the largest social security and public works programs in the world.
• As per the latest available data for the year 2024-25, MGNREGA covers 600 rural districts across India.
• The program was enacted in 2005 and guarantees at least 100 days of wage employment annually to every rural household willing to do unskilled manual work.
• MGNREGA ensures livelihood security for rural households and also focuses on the creation of durable assets such as irrigation canals, roads, and water conservation structures.
• As per the act, social inclusion and poverty alleviation are primary objectives, targeting vulnerable groups such as women, Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST).

Additional Information

• Key Features of MGNREGA:
• MGNREGA is a rights-based program, ensuring legal entitlement to work for rural households.
• The act mandates that wages must be paid within 15 days of work completion to avoid delays.
• The program emphasizes the use of local resources and promotes sustainable development.
• It includes provisions for worksite facilities such as drinking water, first aid, and childcare.
• Budget Allocation:
• MGNREGA is one of the largest budgetary allocations under the Ministry of Rural Development.
• In the financial year 2023-24, the program received an allocation of approximately ₹60,000 crores.
• Impact of MGNREGA:
• It has significantly contributed to poverty alleviation and rural employment generation.
• The program has been instrumental in empowering women, with their participation exceeding 50% in many states.
• MGNREGA also supports natural resource management, aiding in water conservation, afforestation, and land development.
• Challenges and Criticisms:
• Issues such as delayed payments, corruption, and ineffective implementation have been raised.
• There have been demands for increasing the number of guaranteed workdays from 100 to 150 in drought-prone areas.

Important Points

• Social Audits: MGNREGA mandates social audits to ensure transparency and accountability in the implementation of the program.
• Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Wages are directly credited to the workers' bank or post office accounts under the DBT scheme.
• Technology Integration: The use of Geotagging and Aadhaar-based payment systems has been implemented to monitor projects and ensure timely payments.
• Coverage of Vulnerable Sections: SC/ST households and women are given preference under the program, ensuring their inclusion in the rural workforce.

The correct answer is NITI for States Platform.

Key Points

• The NITI for States Platform is an initiative by the NITI Aayog to provide guidance and support to states in establishing a State Institution for Transformation (SIT), which operates as a state-specific version of NITI Aayog.
• This initiative focuses on enhancing the policy-making capacity of states, enabling them to undertake reforms and developmental activities aligned with their unique needs and priorities.
• The objective is to replicate the model of the NITI Aayog at the state level for better implementation of policies and strategies, ensuring effective decentralization.
• The SITs are expected to collaborate closely with the NITI Aayog to ensure that the best practices, innovations, and policy frameworks developed at the national level are implemented successfully at the state level.
• This platform encourages states to adopt a more data-driven approach for decision-making, aimed at improving governance and achieving sustainable development goals.

Additional Information

• State Institution for Transformation (SIT):
• A SIT aims to strengthen states' capabilities in planning and implementing policies tailored to their regional and cultural contexts.
• It acts as a think tank at the state level, providing research-based policy advice and supporting implementation.
• The SIT is structured to facilitate collaboration between the Centre and the states, ensuring cohesive governance.
• NITI Aayog:
• The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) was established on January 1, 2015, replacing the Planning Commission.
• It serves as the premier policy think-tank for the Indian government, promoting cooperative federalism and fostering sustainable development.
• NITI Aayog focuses on a bottom-up approach, emphasizing state-specific solutions.
• Other Initiatives by NITI Aayog:
• Aspirational Districts Programme: Aims to rapidly transform 112 of the most underdeveloped districts in India in terms of health, education, and infrastructure.
• Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Promotes a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship by supporting startups and innovation hubs across the country.
• India Innovation Index: Aims to measure and improve the innovation capabilities of Indian states and union territories.
• Importance of State-Centre Collaboration:
• Collaboration between the Centre and states ensures that national policies are effectively implemented at the local level.
• It helps address regional disparities and fosters inclusive development across India.

Important Points

• The State Support Mission aims to support states in implementing reforms but is more focused on specific sectors, unlike the broader mandate of SITs under the NITI for States Platform.
• Aspirational Block Programme is a more localized initiative focusing on improving the performance of blocks in areas such as health, education, and agriculture.
• Bharat Ke Badhte Kadam is a campaign to create awareness about government initiatives and schemes but is not related to the establishment of SITs.
• The NITI for States Platform is a unique initiative specifically designed to help states establish SITs and align their goals with national development objectives.

The correct answer is Odisha.

Key Points

• Odisha accounts for the maximum production of minerals like iron ore, bauxite, chromite, and manganese in India. It is one of the leading mineral-producing states in the country.
• The state is rich in mineral resources, with its vast deposits of iron ore, coal, bauxite, and chromite, which are key contributors to India's mining sector.
• The districts of Keonjhar, Sundergarh, and Jajpur in Odisha are known for their abundance of minerals, especially iron ore and chromite.
• According to the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), Odisha alone contributes over 50% of India’s total iron ore production, making it the leader in mining production.
• Additionally, Odisha is home to the National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO) and several other mining and industrial facilities, which highlight its prominence in the extraction and processing of minerals.

Additional Information

• Andhra Pradesh:
• Andhra Pradesh is known for its reserves of barytes, limestone, and mica. It is also a significant producer of natural gas and has a strong presence in the mining of precious stones.
• The state contributes significantly to the production of barytes and other non-metallic minerals in India.
• Madhya Pradesh:
• Madhya Pradesh is rich in coal, diamond, and limestone reserves.
• The state is home to the Panna diamond mines, which are among the only diamond reserves in India.
• Jharkhand:
• Jharkhand is known for its coal and iron ore production, contributing significantly to India’s energy and steel sectors.
• The state houses the Jharia coalfields, one of the richest coal deposits in the country.
• Odisha:
• Odisha stands out as the largest producer of iron ore and chromite in India. It also has significant reserves of bauxite and coal.
• The state is a hub for mineral-based industries and hosts large steel and aluminium plants.
• Key industrial projects like the POSCO steel plant and the Vedanta Aluminium Plant further underline Odisha's importance in India's industrial landscape.

Important Points

• India is one of the leading producers of minerals globally, with states like Odisha, Jharkhand, and Madhya Pradesh playing a major role in the mining and mineral industry.
• The Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) and the Ministry of Mines regulate mining activities and ensure sustainable mineral development in the country.
• Odisha's rich mineral resources make it a critical player in India's overall economic growth and industrial development.

The correct answer is 1 only.

Key Points

• Statement 1: National Technology Day commemorates the momentous events of 11^th May 1998, when India conducted successful nuclear tests under Operation Shakti in Pokhran, Rajasthan. This day is celebrated to recognize the achievements of Indian scientists, engineers, and technologists who contributed significantly to the nation's technological advancements. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Statement 2: The official theme for National Technology Day 2025, as mentioned in the statement, is incorrect. The themes for National Technology Day are decided annually and announced closer to the celebration. As of now (October 2023), the theme for National Technology Day 2025 has not been officially declared. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Additional Information

• National Technology Day:
• Declared by the Government of India in 1999, it is celebrated every year on 11^th May to honor technological advancements and achievements.
• The day marks the anniversary of India’s nuclear tests conducted in Pokhran, Rajasthan, under the leadership of then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
• The nuclear tests, codenamed Operation Shakti, made India the sixth country in the world to join the elite nuclear club.
• Operation Shakti:
• It consisted of a series of five nuclear bomb tests conducted at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998.
• The operation showcased India’s capabilities in nuclear technology and reaffirmed the country's commitment to using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
• Annual Themes:
• Each year, a unique theme is selected to focus on a particular aspect of science and technology. For example, the theme for 2023 was "School to Startups – Igniting Young Minds to Innovate."
• These themes are aimed at inspiring innovation and promoting the use of technology in various sectors.
• Significance of National Technology Day:
• The day highlights the role of technology in the development of the nation and encourages the youth to engage in scientific research and innovation.
• It is also a platform to honor Indian scientists and engineers who have contributed to the country’s progress in science and technology.

Important Points

• Historical Context:
• The 1998 nuclear tests were conducted after a gap of 24 years, as the last test was conducted in 1974 under the codename Smiling Buddha.
• These tests attracted global attention and led to economic sanctions by countries like the United States and Japan.
• Other Technological Achievements:
• Besides nuclear technology, National Technology Day also celebrates advancements in fields like space exploration, IT, biotechnology, and defense technology.
• For instance, in 1998, India also successfully tested the Hansa-3, an indigenously developed aircraft.
• Role of Organizations:
• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) played a key role in Operation Shakti.
• Similarly, organizations like ISRO, BARC, and CSIR contribute significantly to India’s technological advancements celebrated on this day.

The correct answer is 1 and 4.

Key Points

• Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary: This sanctuary located in Tamil Nadu was designated as a Ramsar Site in the year 2025. It is known for its rich biodiversity and as a habitat for a variety of migratory and native bird species. Hence, this statement is correct.
• Udhwa Lake: Udhwa Lake, located in Jharkhand, is a twin lake system and holds ecological importance, especially as a bird habitat. However, it was not added as a Ramsar Site in the year 2025. Hence, this statement is incorrect.
• Rudrasagar Lake: Situated in Tripura, Rudrasagar Lake is an important wetland. Although it is recognized as a Ramsar Site, it was not added in 2025. Hence, this statement is incorrect.
• Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Uttar Pradesh, this sanctuary was designated as a Ramsar Site in 2025. It serves as a crucial stopover for migratory birds and supports diverse aquatic biodiversity. Hence, this statement is correct.
• Based on the above analysis, the Ramsar sites added in 2025 are Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary. Hence, the correct answer is 1 and 4.

Additional Information

• Ramsar Convention:
• The Ramsar Convention, signed in 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar, is an international treaty aimed at conserving wetlands of international importance.
• Wetlands designated under this convention are referred to as Ramsar Sites.
• India currently has a total of 75 Ramsar Sites, making it one of the countries with the highest number of such wetlands.
• Significance of Ramsar Sites:
• They are vital for maintaining ecological balance and supporting biodiversity.
• They play a key role in groundwater recharge, flood control, and carbon sequestration.
• Ramsar Sites also contribute to local livelihoods, tourism, and education.
• Criteria for Ramsar Designation:
• A wetland must meet at least one of the nine criteria, which include criteria based on waterbird population, biodiversity, and ecological significance.
• For example, sites that support a significant population of endangered species or are crucial for migratory birds often qualify.
• India's Recent Ramsar Additions:
• In recent years, India has increased its focus on wetland conservation, adding multiple sites to the Ramsar list, such as Pala Wetland in Mizoram and Sakhya Sagar in Madhya Pradesh.
• This is part of India's commitment to achieving sustainable development goals and biodiversity conservation targets.

Important Points

• Ecological Importance of Wetlands: Wetlands act as natural sponges, absorbing excess rainfall and reducing the risk of floods. They are also vital for water purification and groundwater recharge.
• Role of Wetlands in Climate Change Mitigation: Wetlands are significant carbon sinks, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
• Conservation Challenges: Indian wetlands face threats from urbanization, pollution, and invasive species. Effective management and strict enforcement of conservation laws are necessary to protect these ecosystems.
• Public Awareness: Community involvement and awareness campaigns are critical for the long-term conservation of wetlands.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

• Statement 1: Virat Kohli is the only captain to have scored seven double centuries in Test Cricket. This statement is correct.
• Virat Kohli achieved a unique milestone as a captain by scoring seven double centuries in Test cricket, a record not held by any other Test captain.
• His double centuries include innings against teams like West Indies, New Zealand, England, Sri Lanka, and South Africa.
• Statement 2: He is the only Indian cricketer with the most centuries as a captain. This statement is correct.
• Virat Kohli holds the record for the most centuries by an Indian captain in international cricket, surpassing other legendary captains like MS Dhoni and Sourav Ganguly.
• He has scored 20 centuries in Tests and numerous ODI centuries while leading the team.
• Statement 3: He is the first Indian captain to achieve twin centuries on captaincy debut. This statement is incorrect.
• While Virat Kohli made a significant impact as a captain, the record for twin centuries on captaincy debut does not belong to him.
• Such an achievement has not been recorded for Kohli during his captaincy debut.
• Statement 4: He holds the record for the most double centuries by an Indian in Test Cricket. This statement is incorrect.
• Although Kohli has scored multiple double centuries, the record for the most double centuries by an Indian in Test cricket is held by Sachin Tendulkar, who scored 6 double centuries in his career.

Additional Information

• Virat Kohli’s Achievements as Captain:
• Under Kohli's leadership, India achieved historic Test series wins in Australia (2018-19) and consistently ranked as the number one Test team in the ICC rankings.
• He is known for his aggressive captaincy style and fitness regime, setting a benchmark for Indian cricketers.
• Double Centuries in Test Cricket:
• Virat Kohli's seven double centuries include standout performances like 254 against South Africa* in 2019 and 243 against Sri Lanka in 2017.
• His ability to convert hundreds into double hundreds highlights his consistency and hunger for big scores.
• Most Centuries as Captain:
• Virat Kohli has scored a total of 41 international centuries as captain (20 in Tests and 21 in ODIs), making him one of the most prolific captains in cricket history.
• His ODI centuries as captain are second only to Ricky Ponting, who has 22 ODI centuries as a captain.
• Comparison with Other Indian Captains:
• MS Dhoni, another legendary Indian captain, is known for his leadership in limited-overs cricket, but he does not match Kohli’s record for centuries.
• Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid also made significant contributions but fell short of Kohli’s numbers in terms of centuries as captain.

Important Points

• Virat Kohli’s Captaincy Records:
• Kohli became India’s most successful Test captain with 40 wins in 68 matches.
• He also holds the record for the highest win percentage among Indian Test captains.
• Consistency in Batting:
• Kohli is known for his ability to score runs across all formats, with an average of over 50 in Tests, ODIs, and T20Is.
• He is one of the few players to have achieved 70+ international centuries in his career.
• Fitness Revolution:
• Kohli’s emphasis on fitness and discipline revolutionized the Indian cricket team’s approach to physical conditioning.
• He introduced a culture of high fitness standards, including the mandatory Yo-Yo Test for team selection.

The correct answer is Crypto currency.

Key Points

• Ethereum, Tether, Solana, and Cardano are all types of cryptocurrencies, which are digital or virtual currencies based on blockchain technology.
• Cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized systems, utilizing blockchain technology to ensure secure and transparent transactions.
• Ethereum: It is a decentralized platform enabling smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps). It is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization.
• Tether: Known as a stablecoin, it is pegged to fiat currencies like the US Dollar, ensuring price stability.
• Solana: It is a high-performance blockchain supporting decentralized apps and crypto projects, known for its scalability and fast transaction speeds.
• Cardano: A blockchain platform focusing on sustainability, scalability, and security, it uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism.

Additional Information

• Cryptocurrency Overview:
• Definition: A cryptocurrency is a form of digital asset that uses cryptography for secure financial transactions and control of new unit creation.
• Blockchain Technology: Cryptocurrencies rely on blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, to record transactions securely and transparently.
• Global Reach: Cryptocurrencies are used globally, transcending national boundaries and offering decentralized financial systems.
• Notable Cryptocurrencies:
• Bitcoin: The first cryptocurrency launched in 2009 by an individual or group named Satoshi Nakamoto.
• Ethereum: Introduced in 2015, focusing on smart contracts and decentralized applications.
• Binance Coin: A cryptocurrency used to pay fees on the Binance platform and in other projects.
• Uses of Cryptocurrencies:
• Facilitating peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries.
• Enabling smart contracts for automated and secure agreements.
• Providing investment opportunities through crypto trading and staking.
• Concerns and Challenges:
• Volatility: Cryptocurrencies are subject to market fluctuations, leading to unpredictable value changes.
• Regulation: Many governments are in the process of regulating cryptocurrencies due to concerns about money laundering and security.

Important Points

• Ethereum: Launched by Vitalik Buterin in 2015, it introduced smart contracts, revolutionizing blockchain technology.
• Tether: Established in 2014, it bridges the gap between cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies, offering stability for traders.
• Solana: Founded in 2020 by Anatoly Yakovenko, it is recognized for its high-speed transactions and scalability.
• Cardano: Created by Charles Hoskinson in 2017, it emphasizes sustainability and research-driven development.
• Global Trends: As of 2023, there are over 23,000 cryptocurrencies in circulation, with Bitcoin and Ethereum leading the market by capitalization.