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Explanation:

Electromagnetic waves can be arranged in order of increasing wavelength.

The general order is: Gamma rays < X-rays < Ultraviolet < Visible light < Infra-red < Microwaves < Radio waves.

From this sequence, X-rays and ultraviolet have much shorter wavelengths.

Infra-red has a longer wavelength than visible light but is still shorter than microwaves.

⇒ Among the given options, microwaves possess the longest wavelength.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Explanation:

Static conditions refer to a situation where electric charges remain at rest.

In an insulator, charges are not free to move and hence remain localized where they are placed.

This allows an insulator to retain electric charge under static conditions.

In a conductor, charges are free to move and redistribute themselves, making it difficult to maintain localized static charge.

⇒ Under static conditions, an insulator can be charged.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Explanation

A person can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly.

This visual behavior corresponds to Myopia.

In Myopia, light rays focus before reaching the retina ⇒ distant objects appear blurred while near objects remain clear.

The given condition matches this characteristic.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3: Myopia.

Explanation

The energy of a system is always conserved when no exchange of energy or matter occurs with the surroundings.

An isolated system satisfies this condition.

In such a system, total energy remains constant over time ⇒ energy conservation is guaranteed.

Non-isolated systems may exchange energy, so conservation is not ensured for the system alone.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1: Isolated only.

Explanation:

A ball of mass M is thrown upwards from point A, reaches the highest point B, and returns to A.

At point A, the ball has kinetic energy due to its velocity.

At point B, the velocity becomes zero ⇒ kinetic energy is zero, and the ball has only potential energy due to height.

According to conservation of energy:

Total energy at A = Total energy at B

⇒ K.E. at A = P.E. at B

This energy relation is correct for the motion.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is Sahajananda Saraswati.

Key Points

• Sahajananda Saraswati presided over the first session of the All India Kisan Sabha, held in Lucknow in April 1936. He was the founding president of the organization.
• The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was established to address the issues of farmers, including their rights, grievances, and representation in the national freedom struggle.
• During this session, key objectives like improving the socio-economic conditions of farmers, abolishing feudal practices, and fighting for the redistribution of land were discussed.
• The Sabha provided a platform for farmers to unite and actively participate in the Indian independence movement, reflecting the growing awareness among the agricultural community.
• Sahajananda Saraswati was a prominent leader in the peasant movement and played a significant role in mobilizing farmers against exploitation.

Additional Information

• All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS):
• The AIKS was formed on 11 April 1936, at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress, during the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Its primary goal was to promote the welfare of farmers and advocate for their rights in the socio-political framework of the country.
• The Sabha was closely associated with the Communist Party of India, which later influenced its ideology and policies.
• Sahajananda Saraswati:
• Sahajananda Saraswati was a freedom fighter, social reformer, and leader of the peasant movement in India.
• He was born in 1889 and dedicated his life to fighting for farmers' rights and opposing feudalism and exploitation.
• He authored several books, including "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan," where he articulated the struggles and aspirations of the peasant community.
• Other notable individuals mentioned in the options:
• R.G. Ranga: Often referred to as the "Father of the Indian Peasant Movement," Ranga was a prominent leader but did not preside over the first session of AIKS.
• Ram Manohar Lohia: Lohia was a socialist thinker and leader in India's freedom struggle but was not directly connected with the first AIKS session.
• Jayaprakash Narayan: Known for his involvement in the Quit India movement and later for leading the Total Revolution, he was not involved in presiding over the AIKS session.

Important Points

• Peasant Movements in India:
• Peasant movements like the AIKS were pivotal in raising awareness about the exploitation faced by farmers under the colonial regime and zamindari system.
• These movements played a crucial role in shaping India's freedom struggle, emphasizing the inclusion of farmers in the national movement.
• Legacy of AIKS:
• The All India Kisan Sabha continues to function, advocating for farmers' rights and addressing issues like land reforms, minimum support prices, and agrarian distress.
• It remains one of the oldest and largest farmer organizations in India.

The correct answer is E. V. Ramaswami Naicker.

Key Points

• E. V. Ramaswami Naicker, also known as Periyar, founded the Self-Respect Movement in 1925.
• This movement aimed at creating a society where individuals were treated equally, irrespective of their caste, religion, or gender.
• The Self-Respect Movement challenged the caste system and Brahminical dominance in Tamil Nadu and advocated for the rights of lower-caste individuals.
• Periyar emphasized the importance of rational thinking, self-respect, and equality, making significant contributions to social reform in India.
• The movement also inspired various socio-political reforms in Tamil Nadu, including efforts to eradicate untouchability and promote women's rights.

Additional Information

• About E. V. Ramaswami Naicker:
• Born on 17 September 1879, in Tamil Nadu, he was a prominent social activist and politician.
• Periyar is often referred to as the “Father of the Dravidian Movement” due to his efforts to promote Dravidian identity and culture.
• He vehemently opposed the imposition of Hindi and advocated for Tamil pride and Dravidian nationalism.
• Objectives of the Self-Respect Movement:
• To create a society free from caste-based discrimination and untouchability.
• To promote rational thinking and scientific temper while questioning religious orthodoxy and superstitions.
• To establish gender equality and empower women by opposing practices like child marriage and dowry.
• Impact of the Self-Respect Movement:
• It led to the emergence of Dravidian political parties like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and its offshoots.
• The movement played a significant role in reforms related to caste equality and women's rights in Tamil Nadu.
• Periyar’s ideas continue to influence social and political discourse in Tamil Nadu and beyond.
• Other Leaders Mentioned in the Options:
• Jyotiba Phule: A social reformer from Maharashtra, he worked for the upliftment of lower castes and women but did not found the Self-Respect Movement.
• Swami Vivekananda: A spiritual leader and philosopher who popularized Indian philosophy worldwide, especially the teachings of Vedanta.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: The architect of the Indian Constitution and a prominent leader in the fight against caste discrimination, especially for Dalits.

Important Points

• The Self-Respect Movement was deeply intertwined with the broader anti-caste and social reform movements in India.
• Periyar’s advocacy for rationalism and equality laid the groundwork for several progressive reforms in Tamil Nadu.
• The movement remains a cornerstone of Tamil Nadu’s political and social history, continuing to inspire activism for equality and justice.

The correct answer is Shalabhoga.

Key Points

• Shalabhoga refers to land designated for the maintenance of educational institutions such as schools during the Chola dynasty.
• It was a special category of land mentioned in Chola inscriptions, highlighting the prioritization of education in ancient India.
• The Chola dynasty actively promoted education and ensured that specific land resources were allocated for the smooth functioning of schools and other learning centers.
• These lands were often donated by rulers or wealthy individuals, and the revenue generated from them was used for the upkeep of educational activities.
• Such inscriptions provide valuable insights into the administrative practices and socio-cultural priorities of the Chola Empire.

Additional Information

• Categories of Land in Chola Inscriptions:
• Tirunamattukkani: Land gifted to temples or for religious purposes, often to maintain the temple and its rituals.
• Shalabhoga: Refers to land allocated for the supply of goods or resources required for temple worship, including food offerings.
• Vellanvagai: Agricultural land used for cultivation, often granted to peasants or farmers for productive purposes.
• Pallichhandam: Land meant for the maintenance of schools, highlighting the emphasis on education during the Chola period.
• Chola Dynasty:
• The Chola dynasty ruled South India from approximately the 9^th to the 13^th century CE.
• Known for their administrative efficiency, temple architecture, and promotion of art, culture, and education.
• Their inscriptions are an essential source for understanding land revenue systems, governance, and socio-cultural priorities during their reign.
• Importance of Education in Chola Period:
• The Chola rulers actively supported education by establishing schools and providing resources for their maintenance.
• They believed in nurturing intellectual growth and ensuring the availability of educational opportunities for the people.
• Education was primarily focused on religious studies, arts, and sciences during this era.
• Role of Inscriptions in History:
• Inscriptions serve as a primary source of historical evidence for reconstructing the governance, socio-economic structures, and cultural practices of ancient civilizations.
• Chola inscriptions are particularly detailed in documenting land grants, administrative reforms, and religious donations.

Important Points

• Historical Context: The Chola dynasty emphasized education as a means to enhance societal development, reflected in their allocation of lands like Pallichhandam.
• Temple Economy: Temples served as centers of education, culture, and administration, supported by revenues from lands like Tirunamattukkani and Shalabhoga.
• Land Grants: The system of land grants ensured resources for various societal needs, including agriculture, education, and religious practices.
• Legacy: The Chola approach to governance and resource allocation set benchmarks for subsequent South Indian dynasties.

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.

Key Points

• Statement 1: Lokamanya Tilak set up the Home Rule League at the Bombay Provincial Conference held at Belgaum in April 1916.
• This statement is correct.
• Lokamanya Tilak, a prominent freedom fighter and nationalist, established the Home Rule League during the Bombay Provincial Conference in Belgaum in April 1916.
• Tilak's Home Rule League aimed at self-governance and sought to mobilize Indians for achieving Swaraj (self-rule).
• Statement 2: Annie Besant announced the formation of Home Rule League in September 1916.
• This statement is incorrect.
• Annie Besant formed her Home Rule League earlier, in September 1916, to complement the efforts of Tilak.
• However, the statement incorrectly implies that she "announced" the formation in September 1916, whereas her league was already operational by then.
• Statement 3: To avoid friction, Tilak’s League was to work in Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city), Karnataka, Central Provinces, and Berar, and Besant’s League was given charge of the rest of India.
• This statement is correct.
• To prevent overlapping efforts and avoid friction between the two leagues, Tilak’s Home Rule League focused on Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city), Karnataka, Central Provinces, and Berar, while Annie Besant’s league operated in other parts of India.
• This division of territories allowed both leaders to effectively mobilize support for the Home Rule movement.

Additional Information

• Home Rule Movement in India:
• The Home Rule Movement was inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement and sought self-governance for Indians within the British Empire.
• It gained momentum during 1916-1918, with leaders like Tilak and Annie Besant spearheading the campaign.
• The movement emphasized constitutional reforms and mobilized Indians through speeches, pamphlets, and newspapers.
• Key Objectives of Home Rule League:
• The primary goal was to achieve self-rule for India.
• It aimed to promote political education and awareness among Indians about their rights and responsibilities.
• The movement also sought to unite Indians across different regions and communities under the common cause of Swaraj.
• Role of Lokamanya Tilak:
• Tilak’s league operated in western and central India and focused on grassroots mobilization.
• He used newspapers like Kesari and Mahratta to spread the message of self-rule.
• Tilak’s slogan, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it," became a rallying cry for the movement.
• Role of Annie Besant:
• Annie Besant’s league focused on southern and eastern India, targeting educated Indians and urban elites.
• She extensively used her newspapers, "New India" and "Commonweal," to advocate for Home Rule.
• Her efforts brought international attention to India’s struggle for self-rule.
• Impact of the Home Rule Movement:
• The movement laid the foundation for future mass movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• It helped in uniting Indians across regions, religions, and communities.
• The British government responded by introducing limited reforms, such as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919.

Important Points

• The Home Rule Movement marked the beginning of a more organized and systematic approach to India’s struggle for independence.
• It highlighted the importance of political education and public participation in the freedom struggle.
• The movement also played a crucial role in popularizing the demand for Swaraj among ordinary Indians.
• Although the movement eventually faded, it left a lasting impact on India’s political landscape.

The correct answer is He was the founder of Widow Remarriage Association.

Key Points

• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar served as the Principal of the Sanskrit College, Calcutta, where he introduced several reforms, including the admission of students from lower castes. Hence, this statement is correct.
• He was a Government Inspector of Schools and made significant contributions to modernizing education in Bengal during his tenure. Hence, this statement is correct.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar also served as the Secretary of the Bethune School, the first institution for women's education in India, which aligned with his belief in promoting women's education. Hence, this statement is correct.
• While Vidyasagar was a strong proponent of widow remarriage and worked tirelessly for the passage of the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, he did not formally establish a "Widow Remarriage Association." This was a separate organization formed by Mahadev Govind Ranade. Hence, this statement is NOT correct.

Additional Information

• Contributions to Education:
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar introduced significant reforms in the education system, especially for women and underprivileged communities.
• He played a pivotal role in modernizing the curriculum at Sanskrit College, making it inclusive and encouraging the study of modern subjects alongside traditional Sanskrit education.
• He was instrumental in the establishment of numerous schools, especially for girls, in Bengal.
• Advocacy for Widow Remarriage:
• Vidyasagar advocated for widow remarriage at a time when it was considered a social taboo.
• His tireless efforts and lobbying with the British administration led to the passing of the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856, which legally allowed widow remarriage in India.
• Role in Social Reforms:
• Vidyasagar worked for the abolition of child marriage and promoted women's education.
• He believed in rationalism and humanism and used these principles to challenge societal norms and superstitions.
• Legacy:
• Known as the "Father of Bengali Prose," his contributions to the Bengali language and literature were immense. His simplified Bengali prose style made literature and education more accessible to the masses.
• He remains one of the most respected figures in Indian history, celebrated for his contributions to education and social reform.

Important Points

• Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856:
• This act was a landmark legislation that permitted Hindu widows to remarry, which was a revolutionary step in 19^th-century India.
• The act was passed on July 26, 1856, thanks to Vidyasagar's relentless lobbying and advocacy.
• Bethune School:
• Founded in 1849 by John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune, it was the first girls' school in India.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar became its Secretary and worked to promote female education through the institution.
• Sanskrit College, Calcutta:
• Vidyasagar served as the Principal of this prestigious institution.
• He introduced reforms to modernize the education system, such as incorporating English and science into the curriculum.
• He also allowed students from all castes to enroll, challenging the caste-based discrimination prevalent at the time.
• Recognition:
• For his remarkable contributions, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar is often remembered as one of the pioneers of the Bengal Renaissance.
• His efforts laid the foundation for social and educational reforms in India, inspiring future reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Mahatma Gandhi.