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The correct answer is option 1 i.e., State.

• Maclver says 'Kinship creates society and society at length creates' State.
• Robert Morrison MacIver was a sociologist, political scientist, and educator.
• He expressed belief in the compatibility of individualism and social organization.
• He was a University Lecturer in Political Science and Sociology at the University of Aberdeen.
• MacIver was the vice-chairman of the Canada War Labor Board.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e., Phosphate group.

• The hydrophilic nature of DNA is due to the presence of phosphate groups.
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
• DNA is also called "the molecule of life".
• DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands.
• The two strands are called polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides.
• Each nucleotide is composed of:
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)
• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)

The correct answer is Virus.

Key Points

• Interferons are synthesized in response to the Virus.
• Cells infected by viruses produce interferon which is an antiviral protein.
• It spreads to neighboring cells and makes them resistant to virus infections by inhibiting viral growth.
• A virus is an infectious agent of a small size.
• It is a simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria.
• Most viruses vary in diameter from 20 nanometres to 250–400 nm.

Concept:

• 1^st law of thermodynamics:
• The first law of thermodynamics is simply the case of the law of conservation of energy.
• The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant.
• Energy can be transformed from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed.
• According to 1^st law of thermodynamics, Q = U + W
• Newton's law of cooling:
• It states that the temperature of a body changes at a rate proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and its surroundings.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e., Cerebellum equilibrium.

• The sense of balance is achieved by Cerebellum equilibrium.
• The cerebellum controls the aspects of balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone.
• The ear is a sensory organ that picks up sound waves, allowing us to hear.
• The thalamus relays info between pons, motor cortices, and insula.
• The thalamus is composed of different nuclei that each serve a unique role.
• The thalamus regulates consciousness and alertness.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Nitrate

• Nitrogen in water is commonly found in the form of Nitrate.
• The main source of nitrogen compounds in water is fertilizer.
• Fertilizers mainly contain nitrate, it also contains ammonia, ammonium, urea, and amines
• Some fertilizers also contain certain "micronutrients".
• Micronutrients are necessary for plant growth, such as zinc and other metals.
• Nitric oxide is a colorless gas.
• Nitric oxide has an unpaired electron**(so it is called free radical)**.

The correct answer is  Magadha 

Key Points

• The Magadha kingdom first used elephants in wars.
• The rulers of Magadha employed elephants as a weapon of large-scale destruction.
• Magadha was an ancient Indian kingdom in southern Bihar.
• Magadha was counted as one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas.
• Magadha also played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism.

Additional Information

• The kingdom of the Magadha covers the modern districts of:
• Patna
• Jehanabad
• Nalanda
• Aurangabad
• Arwal
• Nawada
• Gaya.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e.  Part III 

• Part III in the Indian Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to the people.
• Fundamental rights are essential for the intellectual, moral development of citizens of India.
• As these rights are fundamental all-round development of individuals, they are called Fundamental rights.
• It covers Articles 12 to 35 of the Constitution of India.
• They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions.

Some important parts of the Indian Constitution:

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. Cheap money policy.

• A low-interest policy is also known as Cheap money policy.
• Cheap money policy involves loan or credit with a low-interest rate
• Cheap money is good for borrowers but bad for investors.
• It was one of the primary reasons for the 2008 recession.
• Dear money policy refers to monetary policy by the central bank.
• Dear money policy to decrease the real income and hence the purchasing power of the people.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e., The reversible engine is greater than the irreversible engine.

• A reversible and an irreversible engine are working between the same limits of temperature. The efficiency of the reversible engine is greater than the irreversible engine.
• Reversible engines are the ones that can be reversed or whose process if reversed will not cause any loss of energy. For example the Carnot cycle.
• Irreversible engines are the ones that undergo loss of energy in due course of operation.
• As the losses in case of irreversible engines are present so naturally, its efficiency will be less as compared to reversible engines.
• It is necessary to increase the temperature of the combustion chamber, to increase the thermal efficiency of a gas power turbine.

Carnot Engine Principles:(Operating between the same two reservoirs.)

• The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency of a reversible.
• The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating are the same.