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The correct answer is 10 - 50 km.

Key Points

• The ozone layer is a natural layer of gas in the upper atmosphere that protects humans and other living things from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
• The ozone layer is typically thicker over the poles than over the equator.
• The ozone layer exists in the stratosphere, a layer 10 to 50 km above the Earth’s surface.
• The reasons for ozone depletion are a wide range of industrial and consumer applications, mainly refrigerators, air conditioners (hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)), and fire extinguishers.
• Ozone depletion is greatest at the South Pole (Antarctica).

Important Points

• Earth's atmosphere has a series of layers, these layers have named the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, Ionosphere, and exosphere.
• Troposphere:
• The troposphere is the lowest layer of our atmosphere.
• Starting at ground level, it extends upward to about 10 km above sea level.
• Humans live in the troposphere, and nearly all weather occurs in this lowest layer.
• Most clouds appear here, mainly because 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere.
• Stratosphere:
• The next layer up is called the stratosphere.
• The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 km above the ground.
• The infamous ozone layer is found within the stratosphere.
• Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride.
• Mesosphere:
• Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere.
• It extends upward to a height of about 85 km above our planet.
• Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere.
• The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -90° C (-130° F), are found near the top of this layer.
• Thermosphere:
• The layer of very rare air above the mesosphere is called the thermosphere.
• The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers high.
• High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere.
• Raising its temperature to hundreds or at times thousands of degrees.
• Many satellites actually orbit Earth within the thermosphere.
• The aurora, the Northern Lights, and Southern Lights occur in the thermosphere.
• Exosphere:
• This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.
• It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km.

The correct answer is He founded a new religion called 'Din - e llahi'.

Key Points

• Din - e Ilahi also known as the "Religion of God".
• It was founded by The Mughal Emperor, Akbar(1556-1605) in 1582.
• It has the combined elements of Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism.
• Akbar's full name was "Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar".

Additional Information

• Akbar was the son of Emperor Humayun. Initially, his regent and guardian was Bairam Khan.
• The third battle of Panipat was fought between the Maratha Empire led by Sadashivrao Bhau and the Durrani Empire led by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• The third battle of Panipat was won by the Durrani Empire and is known as one of the bloodiest wars of the 18^th century.
• Akbar did not receive formal education, he could not read or write but could communicate in Persian, Arabic, and Hindi.
• Akbar established Ibadat Khana(House of Worship) for Scholars and Intellectuals in Fatehpur Sikri.
• Akbar court featured the Navratnas(Nine Jewels), a group of talented advisors.

The correct answer is London.

Key Points

• The First Round Table Conference was held from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931 in London.
• It was organized by the British government to discuss constitutional reforms in India and address issues surrounding the Government of India Act of 1919.
• The conference was attended by representatives from various Indian communities, including Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and others, along with British political leaders.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and other prominent leaders from India participated in the conference, advocating for the rights of oppressed classes.
• The Congress did not participate in this conference as it was boycotting British initiatives following the Civil Disobedience Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.

Additional Information

• Round Table Conferences:
• There were a total of three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932 to discuss India's constitutional future.
• The Second Round Table Conference (1931) was notable for the participation of Mahatma Gandhi as the representative of the Indian National Congress.
• The Third Round Table Conference (1932) was less significant as it lacked representation from major Indian political parties like the Congress.
• Government of India Act, 1919:
• This act introduced diarchy in provincial governance, dividing administrative responsibilities between elected Indian ministers and British officials.
• It laid the foundation for constitutional reforms leading to the Round Table Conferences.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Role:
• Ambedkar played a key role in highlighting the plight of the Dalits and marginalized communities during the conferences.
• He demanded separate electorates for Dalits to ensure their political representation and safeguard their rights.
• Civil Disobedience Movement:
• Launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, this movement aimed to challenge British rule through nonviolent means like boycotting British goods and laws.
• The movement resulted in the Congress boycotting the First Round Table Conference.

The correct answer is Diarchy.

Key Points

• The Government of India Act 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, introduced the administrative system of Diarchy (dual government) specifically at the Provincial level.
• Under this arrangement, provincial executive subjects were bifurcated into two distinct categories: Reserved Subjects and Transferred Subjects.
• Reserved Subjects included critical portfolios such as Finance, Police, Land Revenue, and Justice, which were administered by the Governor and his Executive Council without accountability to the local legislature.
• Transferred Subjects encompassed areas like Education, Health, Agriculture, and Local Self-Government, managed by the Governor with the advice of Indian Ministers who were responsible to the Legislative Council.
• The reforms were named after Edwin Montagu, the then Secretary of State for India, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy of India, aiming to increase Indian participation in administration.

 Additional Information

• Separate Electorates
• While first introduced for Muslims via the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, the 1919 Act extended this system to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.
• Direct Elections
• The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms introduced Direct Elections in India for the first time, although the franchise was severely restricted by property, tax, and education qualifications.
• Bicameralism
• The Act replaced the Imperial Legislative Council with a bicameral legislature at the center, consisting of the Council of State (Upper House) and the Central Legislative Assembly (Lower House).
• Statutory Commission
• The Act provided for the appointment of a Statutory Commission ten years after its implementation to evaluate its working, which led to the formation of the Simon Commission in 1927.

The correct answer is National defense and foreign affairs.

Key Points

• The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India deals with the division of powers between the Union government and State governments. It contains three lists: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List, as per Article 246.
• National defense and foreign affairs are subjects of paramount national importance that require a unified approach across the country. These are listed under the Union List (List I), giving the Parliament of India exclusive power to legislate on them. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Police and public order are subjects that fall under the State List (List II). This allows each State to maintain its own law enforcement agencies to address local security needs. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Education was originally in the State List but was moved to the Concurrent List (List III) through the 42^nd Amendment Act in 1976. Local government is a subject under the State List, enabling states to manage municipal and panchayat functions. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Agriculture and rural development are primarily State List subjects. This ensures that agricultural policies can be customized according to the specific location, soil type, and climate of different regions. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

Additional Information

• The Union List (List I): It originally contained 97 subjects, but currently, it has 100 subjects. Key examples include Atomic Energy, Railways, Post and Telegraph, Census, Banking, and Currency. Only the Central Government can make laws on these matters.
• The State List (List II): It originally had 66 subjects, which has been reduced to 61 subjects. Important subjects include Public Health, Sanitation, Markets and Fairs, Betting and Gambling, and Fisheries.
• The Concurrent List (List III): It originally had 47 subjects and now contains 52 subjects. Both the Union and State governments can legislate on these, but in case of a conflict, the Central law usually prevails. Examples include Forests, Trade Unions, Marriage, and Adoption.
• Residuary Powers: Under Article 248, the Parliament has the exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List. This includes modern subjects like Cyber Law.
• 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976: This significant Act transferred five subjects from the State List to the Concurrent List: Education, Forests, Weights and Measures, Protection of Wild Animals and Birds, and Administration of Justice.

Important Points

• Defense of India: This is the very first entry (Entry 1) in the Union List. It encompasses the preparation for defense and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution.
• Foreign Affairs: Covered under Entries 10 to 21 of the Union List, it includes Diplomatic representation, United Nations Organisation, Treaties, and War and Peace.
• Role of the President: While the Parliament legislates, the President of India is the supreme commander of the Defense Forces.
• Sarkaria Commission: This commission, set up in 1983, examined the relationship and balance of power between state and central governments regarding these lists and recommended that residuary powers should remain with the Union.

The correct answer is Provides special status to Jammu and Kashmir state.

Key Points

• Jammu and Kashmir was administered by India as a state from 1954 to 31 October 2019, and Article 370 gave it the power to have a separate constitution, a state flag, and autonomy of internal administration.

Additional Information

• The possibility for providing reservation to these people was allowed for in Article 15(4) and Article 16(4), which states the government can provide reservation to "backward classes."
• The Women's Reservation Bill or the Constitution (108^th Amendment) Bill, March 9, 2010, is a bill pending in the Parliament of India, proposing to amend the Constitution of India to reserve 1/3 of all seats in the lower house of Parliament. of India, for women in the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of all states.

The Correct answer is Article 231.

Key Points

• Article 231 of the Indian Constitution provides the power to establish a common High Court for two or more states or for two or more states and a Union Territory.
• This provision ensures the efficient administration of justice in regions where separate High Courts might not be feasible.
• The decision to establish a common High Court is made by the Parliament through legislation.
• For example, the Punjab and Haryana High Court serves both Punjab and Haryana states, as well as the Union Territory of Chandigarh.
• Article 231 is part of the provisions dealing with the Judiciary under Chapter V of Part VI of the Constitution.
• It helps in optimizing resources, reducing costs, and addressing cases more efficiently in regions with smaller jurisdictions.
• This provision is significant in ensuring that the judicial framework is flexible and adaptable to the needs of different regions in India.

Additional Information

• Article 232
• Article 232 is related to the appropriation of revenue between states and covers provisions for the allocation of certain funds to specific states.
• This article does not pertain to the judiciary or the establishment of High Courts.
• Article 229
• Article 229 deals with the officers and servants of a High Court.
• It focuses on the appointment, conditions of service, and independence of the High Court staff.
• This article ensures that the Chief Justice of a High Court has full control over its administration.
• Article 230
• Article 230 provides for the extension of the jurisdiction of a High Court to any Union Territory.
• It allows the Parliament to make laws for extending the jurisdiction of a High Court to a Union Territory without establishing a separate High Court for it.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Option A: The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) does not measure poverty only on the basis of income. It goes beyond income-based poverty measurement. Hence, Option A is incorrect.
• Option B: MPI captures multiple deprivations faced by people in areas such as health, education and standard of living. Hence, Option B is correct.
• Option C: MPI is not limited to unemployment among urban households. It covers broader household-level deprivations. Hence, Option C is incorrect.
• Option D: MPI is not used to calculate wholesale price inflation. Wholesale inflation is measured through WPI, not MPI. Hence, Option D is incorrect.
• Therefore, MPI captures multiple deprivations related to health, education and standard of living.

Additional Information

• MPI reflects the idea that poverty is not only about low income.
• It includes indicators related to nutrition, schooling, sanitation, housing, electricity and assets.
• It helps identify both the incidence and intensity of poverty.
• MPI is useful for designing targeted welfare policies.

The correct answer is Article 266.

Key Points

• The provision of Consolidated Funds is given in Article 266(1) of the Constitution of India.
• Each state can have its own consolidated fund with similar provisions.

Additional Information

• ​The revenue received by the government and the expenditure incurred by the government is part of it.
• It is one of the three parts of the annual financial statement. The other two are the Contingency Fund and the Public Account.
• Most of the government expenditure comes from the Consolidated Fund of India.
• Article 256 -
• According to this, the executive powers of the state should be used in such a way that the laws passed by the Parliament can be followed.
• In this way, the laws can be followed under the law of Parliament.
• Article 269 -​
• Taxes on the purchase or sale of goods and taxes on the consignment of goods shall be levied and collected by the Government of India.

The correct answer is Rabindra Nath Tagore.

Key Points

• Rabindra Nath Tagore was a renowned Bengali poet, writer, and philosopher who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
• He returned his Knighthood in 1919 as a protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that took place on April 13, 1919.
• The Jallianwala Bagh massacre involved the killing of hundreds of unarmed civilians by British troops under the command of General Dyer.
• Tagore's gesture was a significant act of defiance against British colonial rule and highlighted the atrocities committed by the British authorities in India.

Additional Information

• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• Occurred on April 13, 1919, when British troops opened fire on a large gat