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The correct answer is option 4: 49

Key Points

The given number is in hexadecimal (base 16) format: 31₁₆.

To convert it to decimal (base 10):

31₁₆ = (3 × 16¹) + (1 × 16⁰) = 48 + 1 = 49₁₀

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – 49: ✅ Correct. It is the decimal equivalent of hexadecimal 31.
• Option 2 – 42: ❌ Incorrect conversion.
• Option 3 – 48: ❌ Only part of the correct sum (3 × 16), but missing +1.
• Option 4 – 41: ❌ Incorrect calculation from hexadecimal.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 1: 49

The correct answer is Option 2: (A) and (C) are correct.

Key Points

• Force of friction: Friction opposes the relative motion or the tendency of motion between two surfaces in contact. Statement (A) is correct.
• Inertia: It is the natural tendency of an object to resist changes to its state of motion or rest unless acted upon by an external force. Statement (C) is correct.
• Statement (B) is incorrect because friction does not assist motion; it always opposes it.
• The correct combination of statements is (A) and (C), making Option 2 the right answer.
• This question highlights key concepts of friction and inertia, which are foundational in classical mechanics.

Additional Information

• Friction:
• It is a contact force that resists the relative motion of objects or surfaces.
• There are different types of friction: static, kinetic, rolling, and fluid friction.
• Friction is essential for various activities, such as walking or driving, but it can also cause energy loss in the form of heat.
• Inertia:
• Inertia is directly proportional to an object's mass.
• It is described by Newton's First Law of Motion, often called the Law of Inertia.
• Three types of inertia exist: inertia of rest, inertia of motion, and inertia of direction.
• Newton's Laws of Motion:
• These laws describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting upon it.
• Newton's First Law explains inertia; the Second Law quantifies force (F = ma); and the Third Law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
• Real-life examples of friction:
• Braking in vehicles is possible due to friction between the tires and the road.
• Writing with a pen or pencil requires friction between the writing instrument and paper.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Mission SAGAR was launched by the Indian government to provide Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) to friendly countries.
• Under Mission SAGAR, the Indian Navy undertook transhipment of HADR materials to Indian Ocean Region (IOR) countries.
• The focus of Mission SAGAR has been to assist countries in the IOR during crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Statement (B) is incorrect because Mission SAGAR's HADR operations were confined to Indian Ocean Region countries and did not extend globally.
• Thus, the correct option is (A) only, as Mission SAGAR specifically targeted IOR nations for HADR operations.

Additional Information

• Mission SAGAR
• Launched in May 2020, SAGAR stands for Security and Growth for All in the Region.
• It reflects India's commitment to building closer maritime ties with Indian Ocean Region countries.
• The initiative aligns with India's broader strategic vision of being a net security provider in the region.
• The Indian Navy plays a pivotal role in delivering relief materials, medical teams, and essential supplies under this mission.
• Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
• The IOR is a strategically important region due to its critical sea lanes, which facilitate global trade.
• Countries in the IOR include Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar, and others.
• India's SAGAR initiative aims to strengthen partnerships and foster maritime security in this region.
• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
• HADR involves providing aid and assistance to countries or regions affected by natural disasters or humanitarian crises.
• It includes the delivery of food, medical supplies, and logistical support during emergencies.
• HADR operations are often conducted by armed forces, international organizations, and non-governmental entities.
• India’s Maritime Diplomacy
• India uses maritime diplomacy to foster goodwill and cooperation among IOR countries.
• Initiatives like SAGAR, joint naval exercises, and infrastructure development in smaller nations are part of this strategy.
• Such efforts enhance India's role as a responsible and reliable partner in the region.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The correct match for List I and List II is as follows:
• (A) Shri Raj Singh - (iii) Wrestling
• (B) Shri Dinesh Jawahar Lad - (iv) Cricket
• (C) Shri Jiwanjot Singh Teja - (i) Archery
• (D) Shri Mohammad Ali Qamar - (ii) Boxing
• This corresponds to Option 1, which is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Dronacharya Award:
• Instituted in 1985, the Dronacharya Award is presented by the Government of India to recognize outstanding coaches in sports and games.
• The award is named after Dronacharya, the legendary guru from the Mahabharata.
• Recipients of this award receive a bronze statuette, a certificate, a ceremonial dress, and a cash prize.
• 2022 Dronacharya Awardees:
• Shri Raj Singh was honored for his contribution to wrestling coaching.
• Shri Dinesh Jawahar Lad was recognized for his exceptional coaching in cricket.
• Shri Jiwanjot Singh Teja received the award for coaching in archery.
• Shri Mohammad Ali Qamar was acknowledged for his contributions to boxing coaching.
• Significance of the Award:
• It highlights the vital role of coaches in nurturing sporting talent in India.
• The award aims to motivate coaches to continue their dedication to producing world-class athletes.
• Other Notable Sports Awards in India:
• Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award: Now renamed as Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award, it is the highest sporting honor in India.
• Arjuna Award: Recognizes outstanding performance in sports.
• Dhyan Chand Award: Honors lifetime achievements in sports and games.

The correct answer is Bengal Bahu Dur.

Key Points

• The Sahitya Akademi Award is a prestigious literary honor in India, presented annually by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.
• For the year 2022, Bengal Bahu Dur was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in the Assamese language category.
• This award recognizes outstanding literary work in any of the 24 official Indian languages, including Assamese.
• The author of Bengal Bahu Dur is acclaimed for their contribution to Assamese literature, demonstrating profound literary and cultural depth.
• The Sahitya Akademi Award aims to encourage and promote excellence in Indian literature, fostering a sense of pride in regional languages and their rich literary heritage.

Additional Information

• Sahitya Akademi Award:
• Started in 1954, it is one of the highest literary honors in India.
• It is awarded annually to writers for their outstanding books in poetry, novels, short stories, dramas, or critiques.
• The award includes a cash prize of Rs. 1,00,000, a shawl, and an engraved copper plaque.
• Assamese Literature:
• Assamese is one of the 22 official languages recognized by the Constitution of India.
• It has a rich literary history with contributions from eminent figures such as Srimanta Sankardeva, Madhav Kandali, and Lakshminath Bezbaroa.
• Modern Assamese literature continues to thrive, addressing contemporary themes and preserving cultural heritage.
• Role of Sahitya Akademi:
• The Sahitya Akademi is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• It promotes Indian literature through awards, workshops, translations, and fellowships.
• The Akademi also organizes literary festivals and book fairs to support and celebrate regional and national literary traditions.
• Other Language Awards in 2022:
• Apart from Assamese, Sahitya Akademi Awards were presented to authors in other languages such as Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, and Kannada for their literary contributions in 2022.
• This reflects the diversity and richness of Indian literature across multiple languages and genres.

The correct answer is Mizoram.

Key Points

• Mizoram was granted full statehood on 20 February 1987 following the Mizoram Peace Accord signed in 1986 between the Government of India and the Mizo National Front (MNF).
• The Mizoram Peace Accord ended two decades of insurgency led by the MNF, which had demanded independence from India.
• The accord was signed between the then Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, and MNF leader Laldenga, ensuring the disarmament of MNF cadres and their integration into mainstream politics.
• The transition to statehood was peaceful, and Mizoram became the 23^rd state of India under the 53^rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1986.
• The peace and stability following the accord have contributed significantly to Mizoram's development and socio-political harmony.

Additional Information

• Secessionist Movements in India
• India has faced several secessionist movements, particularly in its northeastern states, often driven by ethnic, cultural, or political grievances.
• Such movements include the Naga movement in Nagaland, the Mizo insurgency in Mizoram, and the ULFA in Assam.
• Peace accords, such as the Mizoram Accord, have played a pivotal role in resolving many of these conflicts.
• Mizo National Front (MNF)
• The MNF was formed in 1961 by Laldenga to demand independence for Mizoram due to dissatisfaction with the Indian government's handling of a famine in the region in the late 1950s.
• After years of armed struggle, the MNF eventually agreed to the Mizoram Peace Accord, abandoning its secessionist demands and joining Indian democracy.
• 53^rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1986
• This amendment granted Mizoram full statehood and included it as the 23^rd state of India under the Indian Constitution.
• It also provided special provisions to safeguard the cultural identity and autonomy of the Mizo people.
• Northeast India’s Statehood Journey
• Several northeastern states were initially Union Territories but were later granted statehood to address local aspirations and autonomy demands.
• Examples include Nagaland (1963), Meghalaya (1972), and Arunachal Pradesh (1987), apart from Mizoram.

The correct answer is Only (B) and (D).

Key Points

• Nanga Parbat is located in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is one of the prominent peaks of the Himalayas.
• Kamet is the second-highest peak in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India, and is part of the Zanskar Range of the Himalayas.
• Dhaulagiri is located in Nepal and is not part of Indian territory.
• Annapurna is also located in Nepal and is part of the Annapurna Mountain Range in the Himalayas.
• Thus, the peaks located in India from the given options are Nanga Parbat and Kamet.

Additional Information

• Nanga Parbat is the ninth-highest mountain in the world, standing at 8,126 meters (26,660 feet). It is known as the "Killer Mountain" due to its challenging climbing history.
• Kamet is the 29^th highest peak in the world, with an elevation of 7,756 meters (25,446 feet). It is less accessible compared to other Indian Himalayan peaks, making it a secluded climb.
• The Dhaulagiri Mountain, located in Nepal, is the seventh-highest mountain globally, with an elevation of 8,167 meters (26,795 feet).
• The Annapurna Range in Nepal includes Annapurna I, which is the tenth-highest mountain in the world at 8,091 meters (26,545 feet). It is part of the Annapurna Conservation Area.
• The Himalayas form a significant mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau and hosting some of the world's highest peaks, including Mount Everest.

The correct answer is Bacteria

Concept:

• Organisms are classified into two main categories based on their cell structure: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
• Prokaryotic organisms lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic organisms have a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contain membrane-bound organelles.
• Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms, their genetic material is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane.

Explanation:

• Fungi: Fungi are eukaryotic organisms which have complex cell structures with a true nucleus and various organelles. Examples include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.
• Chimpanzee: Chimpanzees are also eukaryotic organisms. They are mammals and part of the animal kingdom, possessing highly organized cell structures with a true nucleus.
• Protozoa: Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms. They are diverse and include organisms such as amoebas and paramecia. They have a distinct nucleus and cellular structures.
• Bacteria: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms. They do not have a nucleus; instead, their DNA is located in a nucleoid region within the cell. They lack membrane-bound organelles, making their cell structure simpler than that of eukaryotes..

The correct answer is 1) (A) is correct but (B) is wrong.

Key Points

• Fundamental Duties were not part of the original Constitution of India adopted in 1950.
• The concept of Fundamental Duties was introduced by the 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
• These duties were added based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee, which was constituted by the government in 1976.
• Initially, 10 Fundamental Duties were added under Article 51A in Part IV-A of the Constitution.
• An additional duty was added through the 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, increasing the total number of Fundamental Duties to 11.

Additional Information

• 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976:
• This amendment is also known as the "Mini-Constitution" due to its wide-ranging changes to the Constitution.
• It added the concept of Fundamental Duties to the Indian Constitution.
• It also introduced the words "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity" into the Preamble.
• Fundamental Duties under Article 51A:
• These duties are non-justiciable, meaning they are not legally enforceable by the courts.
• They serve as a moral obligation for Indian citizens to promote a sense of patriotism and uphold the unity of India.
• Swaran Singh Committee:
• This committee was constituted by the Indian government in 1976 to make recommendations on Fundamental Duties and constitutional reforms.
• Based on its recommendations, Fundamental Duties were incorporated into the Constitution.
• 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002:
• This amendment added the 11^th Fundamental Duty, which obligates parents or guardians to provide opportunities for education to their children aged 6 to 14 years.
• This duty aligns with the Right to Education under Article 21A.

The correct answer is Vande Mataram.

Key Points

• Vande Mataram was a journal started by Aurobindo Ghosh, not Mahatma Gandhi.
• M.K. Gandhi founded several publications during his lifetime, including Indian Opinion, Young India, and Nav Jeevan.
• Indian Opinion was launched in South Africa in 1903 to promote the struggle for Indian rights.
• Young India and Nav Jeevan were key publications used by Gandhi to disseminate ideas of Swaraj and non-violence during India's freedom struggle.
• The journal Vande Mataram was associated with revolutionary nationalism and not with Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence.

Additional Information

• Indian Opinion:
• Published in four languages: English, Tamil, Gujarati, and Hindi.
• Played a crucial role in Gandhi's initial activism against racial discrimination in South Africa.
• The newspaper was used to unite the Indian diaspora and amplify their grievances.
• Young India:
• A weekly journal published by Gandhi in 1919.
• Served as a platform to express Gandhi's views on various political and social issues.
• The journal inspired Indians to join the non-cooperation movement.
• Nav Jeevan:
• Initially a Gujarati weekly started by Gandhi in 1919.
• Later, it expanded to include editions in Hindi and English.
• Focused on promoting self-reliance, ethics, and the ideals of Swaraj.
• Vande Mataram:
• Started by Aurobindo Ghosh in 1905 during the Swadeshi movement.
• The journal opposed British colonial rule and supported revolutionary nationalism.
• The name was inspired by the famous national song "Vande Mataram" written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.