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The correct answer is Debugging.

• Debugging is the process of detecting and removing of existing and potential errors (also called as ‘bugs’) in a software code that can cause it to behave unexpectedly or crash.
• To prevent incorrect operation of a software or system, debugging is used to find and resolve bugs or defects.
• When various subsystems or modules are tightly coupled, debugging becomes harder as any change in one module may cause more bugs to appear in another.

Key Points

• The process of debugging is as follows:
• Reproduce the problem.
• Describe the bug. Try to get as much input from the user to get the exact reason.
• Capture the program snapshot when the bug appears. Try to get all the variable values and states of the program at that time.
• Analyze the snapshot based on the state and action. Based on that try to find the cause of the bug.
• Fix the existing bug, but also check that any new bug does not occur.

Additional Information

• NOTE:
• Compiling a program means to translate it into a more useful language. The compiler scans the entire program and translates the whole of it into machine code at once.
• In computer hardware and software development, testing is used at key checkpoints in the overall process to determine whether objectives are being met. For example, in software development, product objectives are sometimes tested by product user representatives.
• Execution is a process of running a computer software program, script, or command. For example, each time you open your Internet browser, you are executing the program.

Local Area Networks (LAN) is widely used to share resources and exchange information by connecting personal computers and workstations in the company offices and factories. A LAN is a network that is limited to an area such as a building or school. In a LAN, computers, and hardware such as printers can be connected by cable (copper wiring), fiber optic cabling (glass fibers), or using a wireless (radio waves) connection.

Embedded System 

• It is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system with software that is designed to perform a dedicated function, either as an independent system or as a part of a large system.
• At the core is an integrated circuit designed to carry out computation for real-time operations.

Router 

• It is the piece of network hardware that allows communication between your local home network—like your personal computers and other connected devices—and the internet.
• The router used in home and small networks is more accurately called a residential gateway.
• It is a combination of hardware and software which links two parts of the same LAN by directing messages to the correct node.

A hybrid computer

• It is a computing system that combines both digital and analog components.
• Traditionally, the analog components of the computer handle complex mathematical computations.
• The digital components take care of logical and numerical operations, in addition to serving as the controller for the system.

A microprocessor

• It is an integrated circuit (IC) that incorporates core functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).
• It is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip, clock-driven, register-based, accepts binary data as input, and provides output after processing it as per the instructions stored in the memory.

Hence, it is clear from the above points that a combination of hardware and software which links two parts of the same LAN or two compatible LANs by directing messages to the correct node is called Router.

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), is the original high-speed internet service. Much like its predecessor, the dial-up internet service, ISDN utilizes a phone line and set the standard for telephone data service.

• ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system that transmits both data and voice over a digital line. It as a set of communication standards to transmit data, voice, and signaling. These digital lines could be copper lines. It was designed to move outdated landline technology to digital.
• ISDN connections have a reputation for providing better speeds and higher quality than traditional connections. Faster speeds and better connections allow data transmissions to travel more reliably.
• It can transmit data and phone conversations digitally over normal telephone wires. This makes it both faster and of higher quality than dial-up internet service.

Additional Information

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is the industry term for the company that is able to provide you with access to the Internet, typically from a computer. In other words, you can have a computer with a built-in modem and could have a router for networking, but without a subscription with an ISP, you won't have a connection to the Internet.

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination. Data traversing the Internet is divided into smaller pieces, called packets. IP information is attached to each packet, and this information helps routers to send packets to the right place. Every device or domain that connects to the Internet is assigned an IP address, and as packets are directed to the IP address attached to them, data arrives where it is needed.

MIPS Stands for "Million Instructions Per Second".

• It is a method of measuring the raw speed of a computer's processor.
• MIPS itself is not any standard benchmark but it is as a parameter for comparing processor speed.
• The basic concept is measuring the instructions which can be processed by the processor within one second. The more instructions it can process, the faster it is.

A transmission path is also referred to as a transmission channel, the path between two nodes of a network that a data communication follows. The term can refer to the physical cabling that connects the nodes on a network, the signal that is communicated over the pathway, or a subchannel in a carrier frequency.

An encoder

• It is a sensing device that provides feedback.
• Encoders convert the motion to an electrical signal that can be read by some type of control device in a motion control system, such as a counter.
• The encoder sends a feedback signal that can be used to determine position, count, speed, or direction.

A decoder

• It is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals.
• It is called a decoder because it does the reverse of encoding, but we will begin our study of encoders and decoders with decoders because they are simpler to design.
• Image result for Bandwidth describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or Internet connection. It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time.

A channel 

• It is a medium used to transport information from one network device to another.
• Wired channels transport data through wires and cables.
• Wireless channels transport data from one device to another without the use of cable or wires.

Bandwidth

• It describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or Internet connection.
• It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time.

Based on the above definition one can conclude that data transmission occurs only in the channel.

A = Number of Students in Physics = 30

B = Number of students in chemistry = ?

C = Number of students in Mathematics = 40

p = 12 = Students are studying Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics.

r = 16 = Students are studying Chemistry and Mathematics but not Physics.

s = 4 = Students are studying Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.

q = 10

Let, 

x = Students who are studying only Physics.

y = Students who are studying only Mathematics.

A = p + s + q + x 

x = 30 - 12 + 10 + 4  

x = 30 - 26 = 4

For C,

C = q + s + r + y 

y = 40 - 10 + 4 + 16 

y = 40 - 30

y= 10

Required ratio = x ÷ y = 4 ÷ 10 = 0.4

Hene, 0.4 is the correct answer.

A = Number of Students in Physics = 30

B = Number of students in chemistry = ?

C = Number of students in Mathematics = 40

p = 12 = Students are studying Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics.

r = 16 = Students are studying Chemistry and Mathematics but not Physics.

s = 4 = Students are studying Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.

q = 10

Let, 

x = Students who are studying only Physics.

y = Students who are studying only Mathematics.

A = p + s + q + x 

x = 30 - 12 + 10 + 4  

x = 30 - 26 = 4

For C,

C = q + s + r + y 

y = 40 - 10 + 4 + 16 

y = 40 - 30

y= 10

Total number of Student's = p + q + r + s + x + y = 12 + 10 + 16 + 4 + 4 + 10 = 56

Required Percentage = \((30/56)×100=53.57\)

Hence, 53% is the correct answer.

A = Number of Students in Physics = 30

B = Number of students in chemistry = ?

C = Number of students in Mathematics = 40

p = 12 = Students are studying Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics.

r = 16 = Students are studying Chemistry and Mathematics but not Physics.

s = 4 = Students are studying Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.

q = 10

Let, 

x = Students who are studying only Physics.

y = Students who are studying only Mathematics.

A = p + s + q + x 

x = 30 - 12 + 10 + 4  

x = 30 - 26 = 4

For C,

C = q + s + r + y 

y = 40 - 10 + 4 + 16 

y = 40 - 30

y= 10

Total number of Student's = p + q + r + s + x + y = 12 + 10 + 16 + 4 + 4 + 10 = 56

hence, the Total number of Students = 56.

A = Number of Students in Physics = 30

B = Number of students in chemistry = ?

C = Number of students in Mathematics = 40

p = 12 = Students are studying Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics.

r = 16 = Students are studying Chemistry and Mathematics but not Physics.

s = 4 = Students are studying Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.

If, students studying Physics and Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics are 14,

q + s = 14 

q = 14 - 4 = 10

hence, 10 is the correct answer.

A = Number of Students in Physics = 30

B = Number of students in chemistry = ?

C = Number of students in Mathematics = 40

p = 12 = Students are studying Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics.

r = 16 = Students are studying Chemistry and Mathematics but not Physics.

s = 4 = Students are studying Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.

If no student is studying Chemistry alone,

B = p + s + r = 16 + 12 + 4 = 32

hence, 32 is the correct answer.