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Basic education was introduced in India by Gandhiji.

Key Points

• Mahatma Gandhi was the founding father of Basic Education.
• The founding father of Basic education is the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi.
• Mahatma Gandhi introduced Basis education in his ashram in the year 1946.
• Basic education is a principle that states that knowledge and work aren't separate.

Additional InformationMahatma Gandhi promoted an academic curriculum with the same name based on this pedagogical principle. It can be translated with the phrase 'Basic Education for all. The term ‘Basic’ is critical in Basic Education. Basic comes from the term “Base”. which means bottom or foundation. so, in the literary sense, Basic Education is the foundation of education or education at the primary level on which the edifice of the structure of higher education can be built.

Basic Education theme pattern:

• Pre-basic (up to six years )
• Basic (from seven to fourteen years)
• Post-Basic (from fifteen to 18)
• University education
• Social and adult education

Key Points

• Paulo Freire (1921–1997) was a champion of what’s known today as critical pedagogy
• The belief is that teaching ought to challenge learners to look at power structures and patterns of inequality within the status quo.
• Freire emphasized how necessary it is to remember what it's to be human and saw education as a way to rework oppressive structures.
• His perspective stemmed from the values of affection, care, and solidarity.
• Critical pedagogy is a philosophy of education social movement that combines education with critical theory critical Pedagogy is teaching, an approach that attempts to help students question and challenge domination and the practices that dominate them.
• It tries students to become critically conscious.
• In critical pedagogy, a tutor uses his or her own enlightenment to encourage students to question and challenge inequalities that exist in families, schools, and societies.

Hence, the correct answer is Paulo Freire.

Key Points

• Spatial intelligence, or visuospatial ability, has been defined “the ability to generate, retain, retrieve, and transform well-structured visual images”.
• Visual intelligence involves skills related to the ways of visualizing and perceiving the world effectively.
• This cognitive process is known as an aptitude for understanding visual information in the real and abstract world as well as an innate ability to envision information.

Anu shows comparatively better performance in designing and preparing sketches. She is dominant in Visuospatial Intelligence.

Additional Information

Hence, the correct answer is Visuospatial Intelligence.

Key PointsArticle 21A of the Constitution of India was inserted by the Constitutional 86^th Amendment Act which made basic education a fundamental right for children in the age group of 6 to 14 years and has imposed a duty upon the state to provide the same.

Important Points What is the Act about?

• The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 inserted Article 21-A in the Constitution of India to provide free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right in such a manner as the State may, by law, determine.
• Every child between the ages of 6 to 14 years has the right to free and compulsory education. This is stated as per the 86^th Constitution Amendment Act via Article 21A. The Right to Education Act seeks to give effect to this amendment
• The government schools shall provide free education to all the children and the schools will be managed by School Management Committees (SMC). Private schools shall admit at least 25% of the children in their schools without any fee.
• The National Commission for Elementary Education shall be constituted to monitor all aspects of elementary education including quality.

​Hence, the correct answer is 21 A.

Key PointsRabindranath Tagore, recipient of the honor for Literature in 1913, is internationally known as a good writer. He was born in the year 1861, in Calcutta, Bengal.

Tagore's Philosophy of Education:

• Tagore laid great stress and emphasis on the aesthetic development of the senses in his philosophy of education.
• He argued that the development of the senses was as important as intellectual development.
• He, therefore, gave prominence to music, literature, art, dance, and drama in the standard of living of daily life.
• Tagore believed in all-around development of personality and in his institution education continues to address the all-around development of the students.
• Tagore's theory of education is marked by naturalistic & aesthetic values. He had a belief that "The widest road leading to the answer of all our issues is education."
• Education can develop a brand new pattern of life that culminates in the realization of Universal man.
• Tagore's system of education emphasizes the intellectual, physical, social, ethical economic, and spiritual aspects of human life by which a person can develop an integrated personality.
• Tagore believed that along with education, economic upliftment is also necessary.

Hence, the correct answer is Education.

Key PointsMartin Seligman is a pioneer of Positive psychology, not just because he has a systematic theory about why happy individuals are happy, but because he uses the scientific method to explore it.

• “Positive psychology is the scientific study of what makes life most worth living”.
• It is a comparatively new form of psychology. It emphasizes the positive influences in a person’s life. These might embody character strengths, optimistic emotions, and constructive institutions.
• It focuses on the positive events and influences in life, including:

1. Positive experiences (like happiness, joy, inspiration, and love).
2. Positive states and traits (like feeling, resilience, and compassion).
3. Positive institutions (applying positive principles within entire organizations and institutions).

Hence, the correct answer is Martin Seligman.

Key PointsJawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, said, ‘You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women’. 

• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru once famously said that “if you educate a man you educate an individual, however, if you educate a woman you educate a whole family.
• The government has adopted numerous regulations and laws in favor of women.
• The Indian government launched a slew of initiatives aimed at empowering women in the country.
• Each of these plans is created with a focus on women and their needs in mind, so that Indian women, like women all around the world, can achieve all of their goals and enjoy a life of equal status.

Among the most well-known schemes are:

• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
• Women Helpline Scheme
• Nari Shakti Puraskar
• Nirbhaya
• Mahila Police Volunteers
• Mahila Shakti Kendras (MSK)

Hence, the correct answer is Jawaharlal Nehru​.

Key PointsUtility and change are the basic principles of Pragmatism.

This school of thought accepts only those things or situations that can be experienced or observed. ‘Pragmatism offers us a theory of truth of knowledge and a theory of reality.’ The pragmatism school of thought has some basic principles. They are:

• Truth is dynamic in nature or it keeps on changing.
• It is relational and contextual at times as it is formed by the results it gives.
• The motive force for all the truth-seeking is the problems of life and with the solution of the problem, the motive of the search for truth diminishes.
• Pragmatism emphasizes the social and democratic values of a society as humans are social beings and s/he has to ultimately give his/her service to the society.
• A person without any socially desirable value is unfit for society, in other words, any truth found if is not beneficial for the society will not be useful and practical for a long time.

Additional Information

Hence, the correct answer is Pragmatism.

India, also known as Bharat, is a Union of States. It is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Republic is governed in terms of the Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26^th November 1949 and came into force on 26^th January 1950. The Constitution provides for a Parliamentary form of government which is federal in structure with certain unitary features.

Key Points

Article 51 (A): Fundamental duties

It shall be the duty of every citizen of India:

• to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem
• to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
• to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India;
• to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
• to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
• to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
• to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures;
• to develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
• to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
• to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
• to provide opportunities for education by the parent the guardian, to his child or a ward between the age of 6-14 years as the case may be.

Additional Information

• Article 48 of the Constitution of India directs the Protection and improvement of the environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.
• Article 13 of the Indian Constitution describes the means for judicial review. It enjoins a duty on the Indian State to respect and implement the fundamental right. And at the same time, it confers a power on the courts to declare a law or an act void if it infringes the fundamental rights.
• Article 30 in the Constitution Of India is the Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

Therefore, to safeguard public property and to abjure violence is a fundamental duty contained in article 51A  of the Indian constitution.

The triarchic theory of intelligence originated as an alternative to the concept of the general intelligence factor.

Key Points

• Triarchic theory of intelligence was proposed by psychologist Robert J. Sternberg,
• Sternberg proposed his theory in 1985 as an alternative to the idea of the general intelligence factor.
• The general intelligence factor, also known as g, is what intelligence tests typically measure. It refers only to “academic intelligence.”
• Sternberg argued that practical intelligence—a person’s ability to react and adapt to the world around them—as well as creativity are equally important when measuring an individual's overall intelligence.
• He also argued that intelligence isn’t fixed, but rather comprises a set of abilities that can be developed.
• There are three types of intelligence:
• practical (the ability to get along in different contexts)
• creative (the ability to come up with new ideas)
• analytical (the ability to evaluate information and solve problems).
• The theory is comprised of three sub-theories: contextual, experiential, and componential.
• Each sub theory corresponds to one of the three proposed types of intelligence.

Therefore, the triarchic theory of intelligence was put forward by Robert J. Sternberg.