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The Correct answer is A large landlord.

Key Points

• The Talukdars or Talukders were aristocrats who formed the ruling class during the Delhi Sultanate, Bengal Sultanate, Mughal Empire, and British times.
• They were owners of a vast amount of lands, consistently hereditary, and were responsible for collecting taxes.
• The Taluqdars played helpful roles in the progression of Indian architecture and the Indian economy during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, particularly in Bengal Subah, the most economically developed province in South Asia.
• The district or estate ruled by a Taluqdar was known as talukdari or taluqdari. That Taluq or district usually comprised over 84 villages and a central town.
• The Talukdar was required to collect taxes, maintain law and order, and provide military supplies/manpower to the provincial government (similar to the role of feudal lords in Europe).
• In most cases, the Talukdars were entitled to keep one-tenth of the collected revenue. However, some privileged Talukdars were entitled to one quarter and hence were called Chaudhry, which literally means the owner of the fourth part.

The correct answer is Benaras.

Key Points 

• The resolution of Swadeshi was adopted in the 1906 Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress.
• This session was headed by Dada Bhai Naoroji.
• Prior to this, in Banaras 1905 session, a resolution of a boycott of British goods was put forward (supported). In 1905, in the Benaras session of the Congress, Gopal Krishana Gokhale supported the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements to Bengal only.
• The resolution of Swadeshi was adopted in the 1906 Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress. This session was headed by Dada Bhai Naoroji. Prior to this, in Banaras 1905 session, a resolution of a boycott of British goods was put forward. However, it was the 1906 session at Calcutta in which four resolutions on self-government, boycott movement, Swadeshi, and national education were passed by Congress.
• Dadabhai Naoroji said in his presidential speech: “we do not ask for favors we want only justice. Instead of going into any further divisions or details of our rights as British citizens, the whole matter can be comprised in one word -  self-government or Swaraj like that of the United Kingdom or colonies.”
• 1905: Benaras. President: Gopal Krishan Gokhale, The formal proclamation of the Swadeshi movement against the government.​

Additional Information

• Karachi Session - 1931
• The Gandhi Irwin Pact was endorsed by the Congress in the Karachi Session of 1931, which was held from March 26-31. Gandhi was nominated to represent Congress in the Second Round Table Conference. Just a week back, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru had been executed. So, there was anger in the public whose point was that why Gandhi did accept to sign the pact.
• The Karachi session was presided by Sardar Patel.
• Congress adopted a resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy which represented the Party’s Social, Economic, and Political program. It was later known as Karachi Resolution.
• Belgaum - 1924
• It was the only congress session over which Mahatma Gandhi presided.
• Calcutta Session - 1906
• The extremists wanted to extend the boycott all over India and refuse cooperation so that the task of administration becomes impossible. The main extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Ray, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal. They were called Lal Bal Pal. They had become so popular that the British got alarmed. The slogan was “Swaraj is my Birthright”
• They wanted to disobey the unjust laws; they wanted to kick the loyalists out of society. They wanted all that Gandhi would take up in the future minus non-violence. This was the first phase of the passive resistance.

The Correct answer is Gurdit Singh.

Key Points

• The Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamship that sailed from Hong Kong to Vancouver, Canada via Japan in May 1914.
• It was carrying 376 passengers who were immigrants from Punjab, India. Of these, only 24 were granted admittance in Canada when the ship docked in Vancouver
• At that time, Canada had laws restricting the entry of migrants of Asian origin. Following a two-month stalemate, the ship and its 352 passengers were escorted out of the dock by the Canadian military and forced to sail back to India.
• The ship returned to Calcutta on 27 September and was stopped by the British. The passengers were put under guard and the ship was allowed to dock in Budge Budge, Calcutta. The British believed that the passengers were lawbreakers and political agitators.
• When the police sought to arrest the persons it viewed as leaders of the group, there was resistance and a riot ensued. The police fired shots and 19 passengers were killed. Baba Gurdit Singh, who was one of the persons the British wanted to arrest, escaped with some other persons. Most of the remaining passengers were either arrested or sent back to Punjab. Baba Gurdit Singh later surrendered to the police.

The Correct Answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The List of various governors-general are as below

The Correct answer is Ambika Charan Mazumdar.

Key Points

• The INC 1916 session was held in Lucknow under the Presidentship of Ambika Charan Mazumdar. This session was important in Indian history because it paved the way for the acceptance of the extremist wing in congress.
• Lucknow Pact, (December 1916), an agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah; it was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29 and by the league on Dec. 31, 1916. The meeting at Lucknow marked the reunion of the moderate and radical wings of the Congress. The pact dealt both with the structure of the government of India and with the relation of the Hindu and Muslim communities.
• The Provisions of Lucknow pact are as below
• A majority of the members of the Legislative Councils to be elected.
• At least half the seats to be filled by Indians, in the Viceroy's Executive Council.
• The provinces should be free as much as possible from the control of Central Governments in matters of finance and administration.
• Separate electorates should be provided for all the communities until they ask for a joint electorate.
• Provision for the separation of judiciary from the executive.
• In the case of minority political representation, a system of weightage to be adopted in which minorities were to be given more representation in the government than proportional to their share in the population.
• Legislative Council term to be 5 years and the strength of the Central Legislative Council to be increased to 150.
• 4/5 of the Central and Legislative (Provincial) should be elected and 1/5 to be nominated.
• The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs not to be paid from Indian funds rather it has to be paid by the British government from their own funds.

The Correct answer is 25%.

Key Points

• The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India and is considered a historically important revolt in the Indian Independence Movement.
• It was a farmer's uprising that took place in the Champaran district of Bihar, India, during the British colonial period. The farmers were protesting against having to grow indigo with barely any payment for it.
• Gandhiji was persuaded by Raj Kumar Shukla to study the conditions of the Indigo Plantation workers in Champaran, a district in Bihar.
• The system prevalent in the Indigo Plantations was the Tinkathia System. In this system, the peasants were required to mandatorily cultivate indigo in the 3/20^th of their landholdings.
• Gandhiji did his research. At the same time, the Govt. appointed a Commission of Inquiry to go into the whole issue and nominated Gandhiji as one of its members. Needless to say, it found the Planters guilty of exploitation.
• A compromise was reached and Planters were ordered to refund 25% of the amount they had illegally taken.

The Correct answer is ​Marquess of Linlithgo.

Key Points

• Marquess of Linlithgo was the viceroy of India from 1936-1943.
• Individual Satyagraha was the resultant of the August offer.
• It was started with the mass Civil Disobedience Movement but M.K Gandhi on Individual Satyagraha.
• This was a movement not only to seek independence but also to affirm the right of Speech.
• The demand of the Satyagrahi was using freedom of speech against the war through an anti-war declaration. If government did not arrest the Satyagrahi, he or she will move repeating it in villages and start march towards Delhi (“Delhi Chalo Movement”).
• The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the Indian government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II.
• The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps. Cripps belonged to the left-wing Labour Party, traditionally sympathetic to Indian self-rule, but was also a member of the coalition War Cabinet led by Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who had long been the leader of the movement to block Indian independence.
• Cripps was sent to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist Congress leaders (including Gandhi), most of whose leaders represented the majority Hindu population, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League, who claimed to represent the minority Muslim population. Cripps worked to keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for a promise of elections and full self-government (Dominion status) once the war was over.
• The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement.
• It was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 9 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.
• After the failure of the Cripps Mission to secure Indian support for the British war effort, Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in Bombay on 8 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank Maidan.
• The All-India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "An Orderly British Withdrawal" from India.

The correct answer is Gopal Hari Deshmukh.

Key Points

• Gopal Hari Deshmukh (18 February 1823 – 9 October 1892) was an Indian activist, thinker, social reformer, and writer from Maharashtra. His original surname was Shidhaye.
• Because of 'Vatan' (right of Tax collection) that the family had received, the family was later called Deshmukh. Deshmukh is regarded as an important figure of the Social Reform Movement in Maharashtra.
• Gopal Hari Deshmukh, popularly known as Lokhitwadi, was the pioneer of all-sided reformism in Maharashtra, Lokhitwadi was active throughout his life.
• He was against the Caste distinction of the society. He said that if Religion does not sanction the social reforms then such religion should be changed.

Additional Information

• Swami Vivekananda
• Swami Vivekananda (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk.
• He was a chief disciple of the 19^th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19^th century.
• He was a major force in the contemporary Hindu reform movements in India and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India. Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.
• He is perhaps best known for his speech which began with the words "Sisters and brothers of America, in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.
• B.G.Tilak
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak (or Lokmanya Tilak, 23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920), born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and an independence activist.
• He was one-third of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate. Tilak was the first leader of the Indian independence movement.
• The British colonial authorities called him "The father of the Indian unrest." He was also conferred with the title of "Lokmanya", which means "accepted by the people (as their leader)".
• Mahatma Gandhi called him "The Maker of Modern India".
• Dadabhai Naoroji
• Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) also known as the "Grand Old Man of India" and "Unofficial Ambassador of India" was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar, and writer who was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom House of Commons between 1892 and 1895 and the first Asian to be a British MP other than the Anglo-Indian MP David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre, who was disenfranchised for corruption after nine months in office.
• Naoroji is renowned for his work in the Indian National Congress, of which he was one of the founding members and thrice - in 1886, 1893, and 1906 - elected president.

The correct answer is the Thermal concept of Halley.

Key Points

• Thermal concept of Halley
• The thermal origin of monsoons was explained in detail by Sir Edmund Halley in 1686.
• This is known as the 'classical theory of the origin of the Asiatic monsoon.
• According to this concept, monsoons are land and sea breezes on a gigantic scale produced by the differential seasonal heating of continental and oceanic areas.

Additional Information

• The dynamic concept of Flohn
• This theory explains the existence of monsoon not by the temperature, contrasts between land and sea, but by the annual migration of thermally produced planetary winds and pressure belts.
• Jet stream Theory
• The easterly winds become very active in the upper troposphere and they are associated with westerly winds in the lower troposphere (south-west monsoon winds).
• This results in a more active southwest monsoon and heavy rainfall are caused. The plateau of Tibet and Central Asia becoming too hot is considered for its origin.
• Air mass theory 
• It is one modern theory that explains the mechanism of the monsoon.
• In the summer the sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Cancer and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts northwards.
• These displaced trade winds are called southwest monsoons when they blow over the Indian subcontinent.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The percentage of Indian soil in India is as below.

Additional Information

• Alluvial soil
• Mostly available soil in India (about 43%) covers an area of 143 sq. km.
• Widespread in northern plains and river valleys.
• In peninsular India, they are mostly found in deltas and estuaries.
• Humus, lime, and organic matters are present.
• Highly fertile.
• Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain, Narmada-Tapi plain, etc are examples.
• They are depositional soil – transported and deposited by rivers, streams, etc.
• Sand content decreases from west to east of the country.
• New alluvium is termed as Khadar and old alluvium is termed as Bhangar.
• Rich in: potash
• Poor in: phosphorous.
• Wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oilseed, etc are cultivated mainly.
• Red soil
• Seen mainly in low rainfall areas. Also known as Omnibus group.
• Porous, friable structure.
• Absence of lime, kankar (impure calcium carbonate).
• Deficient in: lime, phosphate, manganese, nitrogen, humus, and potash.
• Colour: Red because of Ferric oxide. The lower layer is reddish yellow or yellow.
• Wheat, cotton, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, potatoes, etc are cultivated.
• Black soil/regur soil-
• Regur means cotton – best soil for cotton cultivation.
• Most of the Deccan is occupied by Black soil.
• Mature soil.
• High water-retaining capacity.
• Swells and will become sticky when wet and shrink when dried.
• Self-plowing is a characteristic of the black soil as it develops wide cracks when dried.
• Rich in: Iron, lime, calcium, potassium, aluminum, and magnesium.
• Deficient in: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and organic matter.
• Colour: Deep black to light black.
• Laterite soil
• Name from Latin word ‘Later’ which means Brick.
• Become so soft when wet and so hard when dried.
• In the areas of high temperature and high rainfall.
• Formed as a result of high leaching.
• Lime and silica will be leached away from the soil.
• Organic matters of the soil will be removed fast by the bacteria as it is high temperature and humus will be taken quickly by the trees and other plants. Thus, humus content is low.
• Rich in: Iron and Aluminum
• Deficient in: Nitrogen, Potash, Potassium, Lime, Humus
• Rice, Ragi, Sugarcane, and Cashew nuts are cultivated mainly.
• Desert / arid soil
• Seen under Arid and Semi-Arid conditions.
• Deposited mainly by wind activities.
• High salt content.
• Lack of moisture and Humus.
• Kankar or Impure Calcium carbonate content is high which restricts the infiltration of water.
• Nitrogen is insufficient and Phosphate is normal.
• Colour: Red to Brown.