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The answer is Jai Prakash Narayan.

Key Points

• Jai Prakash Narayan
• In party-less democracy, elections are not contested on party lines but on an individual basis.
• Jayaprakash Narayan proposed partyless democracy in India. Jayaprakash Narayan, commonly referred to as JP or Lok Nayak, was an Indian independence activist, theorist, socialist and political leader.
• Jayaprakash Narayanan led his socialist group out of the Congress party in 1948 and later merged it with a Gandhian-oriented party to form the People’s Socialist Party. Narayan never held a formal position in the government.
• Jayaprakash Narayanan is also known as the ‘Hero of Quit India Movement.
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna Award, the highest civilian award of India in 1999.
• He was also the recipient of the Magsaysay Award.
• Jayaprakash Narayanan was born on 11^th October 1902 in present-day Bihar and died on 8^th October 1979.
• He called for a peaceful total revolution in 1974.

Additional Information

• Jawahar Lal Nehru 
• Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian independence activist and, subsequently, the first Prime Minister of India, as well as a central figure in Indian politics both before and after independence.
• He emerged as an eminent leader of the Indian independence movement, serving India as Prime Minister from its establishment in 1947 as an independent nation, until his death in 1964.
• He was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community, while Indian children knew him better than Chacha Nehru.
• Veer Savarkar
• Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, commonly known as Swatantryaveer Savarkar or simply Veer Savarkar in the Marathi language, was an Indian independence activist and politician who formulated the Hindu nationalist philosophy of Hindutva.
• He was a leading personality in the Hindu Mahasabha.
• Savarkar joined the Hindu Mahasabha and popularized the term Hindutva (Hinduness), previously coined by Chandranath Basu, to create a collective "Hindu" identity as an essence of Bharat (India). Savarkar was an atheist and also a pragmatic practitioner of Hindu philosophy.
• Indira Gandhi
• Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress.
• She was the first and, to date, only female Prime Minister of India.
• Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. She served as prime minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father.

The answer is the Indian Council act,1892.

Key Points

• The Indian Councils Act 1892 brought the provision of bringing additional members into the Legislative Council through the indirect election. For the first time, the element of an election was introduced into the Indian political system.
• Provisions of 1892 act
• The act increased the number of additional or non-official members in the legislative councils as follows:

In 1892, out of 24 members, only 5 were Indians.

• The members were given the right to ask questions on the budget (which was barred in the Indian Councils Act 1861) or matters of public interest but had to give notice of 6 days for it.
• They could not ask supplementary questions.
• The principle of representation was initiated through this act. The district boards, universities, municipalities, chambers of commerce, and zamindars were authorized to recommend members to the provincial councils.
• The legislative councils were empowered to make new laws and repeal old laws with the permission of the Governor-General.

Additional Information

• Indian Council Act, 1861
• For the executive functions of the Council, a fifth member was added. Now there were five members for home, military, law, revenue, and finance.
• Lord Canning, who was the Governor-General and Viceroy at the time, introduced the portfolio system. In this system, each member was assigned a portfolio of a particular department.
• Lord Canning nominated three Indians to the Council in 1862 namely, the Raja of Benares, the Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao.
• Any bill related to public revenue or debt, military, religion, or foreign affairs could not be passed without the Governor-General’s assent.
• The Viceroy had the power to overrule the council if necessary.
• This Act restored the legislative powers of the Governor-in-Councils of the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay (which was taken away by the Charter Act of 1833).
• Government of India act 1909
• This Act is also known as Morley-Minto Reforms (Lord Morley was the then Secretary of State for India and Lord Minto was the then Viceroy of India).
• It considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and provincial. The number of members in the Central Legislative Council was raised from 16 to 60. The number of members in the provincial legislative councils was not uniform.
• It retained an official majority in the Central Legislative Council but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have a non-official majority.
• It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both levels. For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget, and so on.
• It provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with the executive councils of the Viceroy and Governors. Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy’s Executive Council. He was appointed as a law member.
• It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of a ‘separate electorate’. Under this, the Muslim members were to be elected only by Muslim voters. Thus, the Act ‘ legalized communalism’ and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal Electorate.
• It also provided for the separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities, and zamindars.
• Government of India act 1919
• On August 20, 1917, the British Government declared, for the first time, that its objective was the gradual introduction of responsible government in India.
• The Government of India Act of 1919 was thus enacted, which came into force in 1921.
• This Act is also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (Montagu was the Secretary of State for India and Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India).
• It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects.
• The central and provincial legislatures were authorized to make laws on their respective list of subjects. However, the structure of government continued to be centralized and unitary.
• It further divided the provincial subjects into two parts- transferred and reserved.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points   

• The drain of Wealth Theory
• Dadabhai Naoroji's work focused on the drain of wealth from India to Britain during the period rule of British rule in India.
• The constant flow of wealth from India to England for which India did not get an adequate economic, commercial or material return has been described as the drain of wealth from India.
• Dadabhai Naoroji gave 'drain of wealth theory' in his book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
• Swaraj is my birthright - B. G. tilak
• Lokmanya Tilak's slogan 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it's caught the imagination of a country fighting to free itself from the colonial rule. Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak died on August 1, 1920 in Mumbai. Bal Gangadhar Tilak tirelessly contributed to help the country break free from British rule.
• In April 1916, Bal Gangadhar Tilak launched the Indian Home Rule League with the rousing slogan “Swarajya is my birthright and I will have it.” In September 1916, Annie Besant launched the Home Rule League at Madras.
• Tilak was charged with incitement to murder and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. When he emerged from prison in present-day Mumbai, he was revered as a martyr and a national hero.
• ​​Separate Communal electorate - Moh. Ali Jinnah
• The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India.
• In 1928, an All Parties Conference was convened to solve the constitutional problems for Muslims. A committee was set up under Moti Lal Nehru. That committee prepared a report which is known as the "Nehru Report".
• This report demanded "Dominion Status" for India. Separate electorates were refused and the reservation of seats for the Muslims of Bengal and Punjab was rejected. In this report, not a single demand of the Muslims was upheld.
• Entry into legislation - C. R. Das
• Legislation is a law or a set of laws that have been passed by Parliament. The word is also used to describe the act of making new law.
• Das and Nehru thought of contesting elections to enter the legislative council with a view to obstructing a foreign government
• As a result of the Bengal Partition, the Swaraj Party won the most seats during elections to the Bengal Legislative Council in 1923. The party disintegrated after the death of C. R. Das.
• The Swaraj Party or the Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party was formed on 1 January 1923 by C R Das and Motilal Nehru.
• The formation of the Swaraj Party came after various significant events like the withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement, the government of India act 1919, and the 1923 elections.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Directive Principles of State Policy are the instrument of instructions to the state.
• Articles 36-51 under Part-IV of the Indian Constitution deal with Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). The provisions contained in this Part cannot be enforced by any court, but these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws
• They are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland, which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution.

Additional Information

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

• A money bill is defined by Article 110 of the Constitution, as a draft law that contains only provisions that deal with all or any of the matters listed therein​.
• The imposition, abolition, remission, alteration, or regulation of any tax.
• The regulation of the borrowing of money by the Union government.
• The custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or the contingency fund of India, the payment of money into or the withdrawal of money from any such fund
• The appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
• Declaration of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or increasing the amount of any such expenditure.
• The receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India or the custody or issue of such money, or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a state.

The correct answer is 368.

Key Points

• The Constitution of India provides for a distinctive amending process as compared to the. Article 368, which has been amended by the Constitution.
• The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article 368) of the Constitution of India. This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on the arbitrary power of the Parliament of India.
• There are three ways in which the Constitution can be amended
• Amendment by a simple majority of the Parliament.
• Amendment by a special majority of the Parliament.
• Amendment by a special majority of the Parliament and the ratification of at least half of the state legislatures.
• As per the procedure laid out by article 368 for amendment of the Constitution, an amendment can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament.
• The Bill must then be passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting.
• There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement between the two Houses.
• Indian Constitution is neither rigid nor flexible because, under Article 368, the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority or by the special majority and by the majority of not less than 2/3 members of each house.

Additional Information

• Article 361
• Article 361 is an exception to Article 14 (Right to Equality) of the Indian Constitution.
• The President or the Governor is not answerable to any court for the exercise of the powers and duties of his office.
• No criminal proceedings shall be conducted against the President or the Governor during his term of office.
• No arrest or imprisonment shall be made against the President or Governor during his term of office.
• Article 364
• Article 364 of the Constitution empowers the President to issue a public notice specifying, “Any law made by Parliament or by the state legislature of a state shall not apply to any major port or aerodrome or shall apply thereto subject to such exceptions or modifications as may be specified in the notification.
• Article 370
• Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir, a region located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent which was administered by India as a state from 1954 to 31 October 2019, conferring it with the power to have a separate constitution, a state flag, and autonomy over the internal administration of the state. The Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir is part of the larger region of Kashmir which has been a subject of dispute since 1947 between India, Pakistan, and, partly, China.
• Article 370 was drafted in Part XXI of the Indian constitution titled "Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions".
• It stated that the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir would be empowered to recommend the extent to which the Indian constitution would apply to the state.
• The state assembly could also abrogate Article 370 altogether, in which case all of the Indian Constitution would have applied to the state.

The correct answer is 91^st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.

Key Points

• This Act may be called the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003. Short title of article 75.
• The total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council of Ministers, shall not exceed 15 percent.
• In article 75 of the Constitution, the following clauses shall be inserted, namely
• “The total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed fifteen percent. of the total number of members of the House of the People.

Additional Information

• 89^th Constitutional Amendment 
• The 89^th Amendment of the Constitution came into force on 19 February 2003, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes has been set up under Article 338A on bifurcation of erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution.
• With this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was replaced by two separate Commissions namely
• The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
• The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)
• 90^th Constitutional Amendment
• Constitution (90^th amendment) act 2003 Article 332 of the Constitution of India provides for reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
• 93^rd Constitutional Amendment
• The 93^rd Constitutional Amendment allows the government to make special provisions for "advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens", including their admission in aided or unaided private educational institutions.

The correct answer is Rs. 15,000 each.

Key Points

• President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs 15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled. Before 1997, the number of proposers and seconders was ten each and the amount of security deposit was Rs 2,500. In 1997, they were increased to discourage the non-serious candidates.

Additional Information

• A person to be eligible for election as President should fulfill the following qualifications
• He should be a citizen of India.
• He should have completed 35 years of age.
• He should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
• He should not hold any office of profit under the Union government or any state government or any local authority or any other public authority.
• A sitting President or Vice-President of the Union, the Governor of any state, and a minister of the Union or any state is not deemed to hold any office of profit and hence qualified as a presidential candidate
• A candidate who contests election for the posts of President and Vice President of India has to tender the security deposit amount is Rs 15,000 each.

The correct answer is Article 72.

Key Points

• Article 72
• ​The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offense.
• Article 72 of the Indian Constitution deals with the pardoning powers of the President of India. When the President of India takes an action over the case of punishment or the sentence of any person convicted for an offense, it takes the form of his pardoning powers. They are of five types
• Pardon
• Reprieve
• Remit
• Respite
• Commute

Additional Information

The correct answer is None of the above.

Key Points

• Article 360 empowers the president to proclaim a Financial Emergency if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened. Article 360 in The Constitution Of India 1949.
• Provisions as to financial emergency
• If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by a Proclamation make a declaration to that effect.
• A Proclamation issued under clause 
• May be revoked or varied by a subsequent Proclamation
• Shall be laid before each House of Parliament
• Shall cease to operate at the expiration of two months unless before the expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions of both Houses of Parliament: Provided that if any such Proclamation is issued at a time when the House of the People has been dissolved or the dissolution of the House of the People takes place during the period of two months referred to in sub-clause (c), and if a resolution approving the Proclamation has been passed by the Council of States, but no resolution with respect to such Proclamation has been passed by the House of the People before the expiration of that period, the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the date on which the House of the People first sits after its reconstitution unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution approving the Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the People
• Untill now no Financial Emergency has been imposed in India by any president.