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The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Article 32
• It is one of the fundamental rights listed in the Constitution that each citizen is entitled.
• Article 32 deals with the ‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’, or affirms the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred in Part III of the Constitution.
• It states that the Supreme Court “shall have the power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part”.
• The right guaranteed by this Article “shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution”.
• The article is included in Part III of the Constitution with other fundamental rights including Equality, Freedom of Speech and Expression, Life and Personal Liberty, and Freedom of Religion. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.
• Only if any of these fundamental rights are violated can a person can approach the Supreme Court directly under Article 32. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• Equal pay for equal work for both men and women is a part of the Directive Principles of State Policy of India under Article 39. Since it is not a fundamental right, Supreme Court can deny relief under article 32. Hence Statement 2 is not correct.
• The right to property is not a fundamental right. It was removed by the 44^th Constitutional amendment act. It is a legal right and comes under article 300A. Therefore, the Supreme court of India Can deny issuing the writ.
• Since the right guaranteed by Article 32 (ie, the right to move the SC where a fundamental right is infringed) is in itself a fundamental right, the availability of alternate remedy is no bar to relief under Article 32.
• However, the SC has ruled that where relief through the high court is available under Article 226, the aggrieved party should first move the high court.
• People have the right to move the Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of their rights granted by part III of the Indian Constitution. In other words one can move to enforce his/her right to the apex court in way of proper proceedings is assured. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• In the Chandra Kumar case (1997), the SC ruled that the writ jurisdiction of both the high court and the Supreme Court constitute a part of the basic structure of the Constitution.
• Both the High Courts and the Supreme Court can be approached for violation or enactment of fundamental rights through five kinds of writs:
• Habeas corpus (related to personal liberty in cases of illegal detentions and wrongful arrests)
• Mandamus — directing public officials, governments, courts to perform a statutory duty;
• Quo warranto — to show by what a warrant is a person holding public office;
• Prohibition — directing judicial or quasi-judicial authorities to stop proceedings which it has no jurisdiction for; and
• Certiorari — a re-examination of an order given by judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative authorities.
• In civil or criminal matters, the first remedy available to an aggrieved person is that of trial courts, followed by an appeal in the High Court and then the Supreme Court. When it comes to the violation of fundamental rights, an individual can approach the High Court under Article 226 of the Supreme Court directly under Article 32. Article 226, however, is not a fundamental right like Article 32.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is formed in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act as a statutory body to deal with cases related to environmental issues and the speedy implementation of decisions relating to it.
• The Tribunal has the mandate to dispose of applications and petitions within a period of six months.
• The National Green Tribunal is responsible for giving many prominent decisions**, such as declaring the plying of diesel** vehicles over fifteen years old on the roads of Delhi as illegal in efforts to prevent air pollution.
• The tribunal in a separate order canceled the clearance of coal blocks in the forests of Hasdeo-Arand situated in Chhattisgarh state.
• The Kolkata bench of the National Green Tribunal banned construction activities and solid waste and noise pollution in the Sunderban area, being an eco-sensitive region to protect wildlife, in November 2016.

Additional Information Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

• The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the statutory organization, was constituted in September 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
• It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Principal Functions of the CPCB, as spelled out in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution**) Act, 1974,** and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,
• (i) to promote the cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States by prevention, control, and abatement of water pollution, and
• (ii) to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.

The Harappan civilization is the oldest civilization of Indian history. The discovery of this civilization marked the beginning of the dawn of a new era in Indian History. It is called Harappan civilization because the relics of this civilization were first discovered in 1921 at Harappa.

Important Points

The most famous building to be found in the Harappan excavation was the Great Bath at Mohenjodaro.

• Mohenjodaro is the second most important town of the Harappan civilization.
• It is located in the Larkana district in Sind (present-day Pakistan).
• The word Mohenjodaro means the mound of the dead.
• Great Bath is 12m long, 7m wide and 3m deep.
• There were side rooms for changing clothes.
• It is believed that the Great Bath served some sort of ritual bathing.

From the above, we can conclude that Great Bath was found at Mohenjodaro.

Additional Information

Findings in the Harappan sites:

• Mohenjodaro- Pashupati seal, a Bronze image of a dancing girl, three cylindrical seals and steatite image of a bearded man, Clay figures of the mother goddess, dice, Idol of a Yogi and Granary
• Kalibangan- Black bangles, hearths, lime plastered storage pits, Saddle querns
• Chanhudaro- Metalworks, shell, ornaments
• Banawali- pottery similar to Kalibangan, Copper objects, large hoards of jewellery, cubical chert blade, beads of gold and semi-precious stones, stone blades

The correct answer is Mahatma Gandhi.

Key Points

• Khilafat Movement:
• Muslims were especially upset about the future of the Islamic places of worship after the allied powers had partitioned the Turkish Empire.
• In India Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and his brother Maulana Shaukat Ali along with some other Muslim leaders such as Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari. Raees-ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo, Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan joined hands a created an All India Khilafat Committee, at Lucknow.
• It had two main demands, which were never accepted:
• Caliph Sultan must retain sufficient territories so that he can defend the Islamic Faith.
• The places which are called Jazirat-ul-Arab, including Arabia, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine must remain under Muslim suzerainty.
• The Ali brothers were arrested during the course of the war only to be released from jail after the war was over.
• This movement reached a crescendo in Bengal, North-West Frontier Province, and Punjab. October 17, 1919, was observed as Khilafat Day.
• The Hindus also joined hands with the Muslims and a strike was called for.
• On November 23, 1919, the All India Khilafat Conference was organized at New Delhi and later a Khilafat Manifesto was published which called upon the British to protect the Caliphate.
• Mahatma Gandhi was elected as the President of All India Khilafat Conference met at Delhi in 1919. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• The leaders of the Khilafat Movement joined hands with Indian National Congress for the upcoming Non-cooperation Movement. Again March 19 1920 was observed as Khilafat Day and following that there was an all-party conference in June 1920 at Allahabad.

Additional Information

• Motilal Nehru:
• He was an Indian lawyer, activist, and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress.
• He also served as the Congress President twice, 1919–1920 and 1928–1929.
• He was a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family and the father of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
• He was a barrister, politician, and the founder of Pakistan.
• Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan's first Governor-General until his death.
• Maulana Shaukat Ali: 
• He was an Indian Muslim leader of the Khilafat Movement.
• He was the elder brother of the renowned political leader Mohammad Ali Jouhar.

The correct answer is The sanction behind the Directive Principles is legal.

 Key Points

• Directive Principles of State Policy:
• Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51.
• The phrase ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws.
• The Directive Principles resemble the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ enumerated in the Government of India Act of 1935.
• The Directive Principles constitute a very comprehensive economic, social and political programme for a modern democratic State.
• The Directive Principles are non-justiciable in nature, that is, they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation. Hence, option 3 is not correct.
• The Directive Principles, though non-justiciable in nature, help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law.
• The Directive Principles constitute certain ideals for social justice.
• Article 38: To promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by justice–social, economic and political and to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities. Hence, option 1 is correct.
• ​It aims to fulfil the objective of socio-economic justice.​
• Article 39 A: To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• ​​Directive Principles outside Part IV:
• ​Claims of SCS and STS to Services: The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of the efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or a State (Article 335 in Part XVI).
• Instruction in mother tongue: It shall be the endeavour of every state and every local authority within the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups (Article 350-A in Part XVII).
• Development of the Hindi Language: It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language and to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India (Article 351 in Part XVII).

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh

Key Points

• Malwa Plateau is primarily located in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
• The plateau is bounded by the Aravalli Range to the northwest, the Vindhya Range to the south, and the Bundelkhand region to the east.
• It is known for its rich history and was a significant part of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada.
• The region is also notable for its black cotton soil, known as Regur, which is highly suitable for cotton cultivation.
• Malwa Plateau is rich in mineral resources and has significant deposits of coal and limestone.

Additional Information

• The region plays a crucial role in India's agriculture and economy, contributing significantly to the production of crops like wheat, soybeans, and pulses.
• Indore, the largest city in Madhya Pradesh, is located on the southern edge of the Malwa Plateau and serves as a major commercial and educational hub.
• The historical city of Ujjain, located on the eastern side of the plateau, is one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and hosts the famous Kumbh Mela every 12 years.
• Malwa Plateau has a rich cultural heritage with numerous forts, palaces, and temples that attract tourists from all over the world.
• The region has also contributed significantly to Indian classical music, particularly the Malwa School of Dhrupad.

World Water Day is an annual event celebrated on March 22. The day focuses attention on the importance of freshwater and advocates for the sustainable management of freshwater resources. This year’s theme of World Water Day is ‘Water and Jobs.’

The correct answer is Assam.

Key Points 

• Satriya Nritya is the classical dance form of Assam which represents the Satriya culture, the basis of the religious and cultural fabric of Assam.
• It is a dance-drama performance art with origins in the Krishna-centered Vaishnavism monasteries of Assam and attributed to the 15^th-century Bhakti movement scholar and saint Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardev.
• Dance historian Dr. Sunil Kothari has recently been bestowed with the Madhabdev Award by the Government of Assam for popularising Sattriya dance.
• Sattriya was given the status of classical dance in the year 2000 by the Sangeet Natak Akademi.

Important Points 

• Other classical dances of India are:
• Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathakali (Kerala), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Kathak (North India), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Manipuri (Manipur) and Odissi (Odisha).

Additional Information 

• Chhau:
• Chhau is a folk dance of the Rarh region.
• The Chhau dance is mainly performed during festivals in the region of Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha, especially the spring festival of Chaitra Parva and in which the whole community participates.
• The Purulia Chhau dance is celebrated during the Sun festival.
• Rouf:
• Rouf dance is a traditional and rhythmic folk dance of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Amidst the beauty of Kashmir, amidst the rows of blossoming tulips, you will find women wearing colourful dresses rhythmically celebrating spring.
• The celebration is grand and includes this charismatic tradition.
• Gotipua:
• Gotipua is a traditional dance form in the state of Odisha, India, and the precursor of Odissi classical dance.
• It has been performed in Orissa for centuries by young boys, who dress as women to praise Jagannath and Krishna.

The correct answer is Article 74.

Key Points

• Article 74 of the Indian Constitution states that there shall be a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President.
• The President is bound to act in accordance with the advice provided by the Council of Ministers as per this Article.
• This provision ensures that the executive authority of the President is exercised in alignment with the elected government, upholding the parliamentary system.
• The advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President is not subject to judicial review, ensuring confidentiality and political stability.
• The Prime Minister plays a pivotal role as the head of the Council of Ministers, orchestrating the functioning of the executive branch of the government.

Additional Information

• Parliamentary System of Government:
• India follows the parliamentary system of government where the real executive powers rest with the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
• The President acts as the nominal executive head of the state.
• Council of Ministers:
• It consists of the Prime Minister, Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers.
• The Council of Ministers collectively holds accountability to the Lok Sabha.
• Prime Minister:
• The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and is usually the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha.
• The Prime Minister acts as the chief advisor to the President and leads the executive branch of the government.
• Judicial Review:
• While Article 74 excludes the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers from judicial review, other executive actions based on this advice can be reviewed by courts.
• This ensures a balance between confidentiality and accountability in governance.

Cotopaxi in the Andes Mountains, is the active stratovolcano which is located in Ecuador, South America. It is one of the highest volcanic mountains of the world. Till date, it has erupted 50 times since 1738.