Search Previous Year Questions

The correct answer is Dubai CommerCity.

In News

• IIT Madras Global Research Foundation is set to establish its first Applied Artificial Intelligence Innovation Centre at Dubai CommerCity.
• The initiative aims to accelerate applied AI innovation and support technology-led economic growth.

Key Points

• The Centre will initially host six applied AI startups with a combined valuation of approximately US$118 million.
• Projected revenues of these startups are estimated at US$281 million over the next five years.
• The initiative is facilitated by MCA Gulf, a strategic partner of IITM Global in Dubai.
• The Centre aims to position Dubai as a regional and global launchpad for applied AI innovation.

Additional Information

• Dubai CommerCity: A leading free zone dedicated exclusively to digital commerce in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia (MEASA) region.
• IIT Madras Global Research Foundation: A strategic platform designed to take IIT Madras’s academic, research and innovation capabilities to the global stage.
• Applied Artificial Intelligence: Refers to the practical deployment of AI technologies to solve real-world business and societal challenges.
• MEASA Region: Stands for Middle East, Africa and South Asia, a rapidly growing market for digital and technology-driven enterprises.

The correct answer is Article 280.

Key Points

• Article 280 of the Indian Constitution provides for the establishment of the Finance Commission of India.
• The Finance Commission is constituted by the President of India every five years or earlier as deemed necessary.
• The primary role of the Finance Commission is to make recommendations on the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the Union and the States, and the allocation among states themselves.
• The Finance Commission also advises on matters related to grants-in-aid to the states by the Union government from the Consolidated Fund of India.
• The first Finance Commission was established in 1951 under the chairmanship of K.C. Neogy.
• The recommendations of the Finance Commission are advisory in nature and are not binding on the government.

Additional Information

• Constitutional Provisions for Finance Commission:
• Article 280: This article mandates the President to set up the Finance Commission and outlines its functions and responsibilities.
• Article 275: Provides for grants-in-aid to needy states as determined by the Finance Commission.
• Article 282: Allows both the Union and State governments to make discretionary grants for public purposes.
• Key Functions of Finance Commission:
• Distribution of net tax proceeds between the Centre and the States.
• Determination of principles governing grants-in-aid to the states.
• Recommendations regarding measures to improve the financial position of states.
• Reviewing the fiscal policies of both the Union and the State governments to ensure financial stability.
• Significant Finance Commissions:
• First Finance Commission (1951): Chaired by K.C. Neogy, it laid the foundation for federal fiscal relations in India.
• 14^th Finance Commission (2015-2020): Chaired by Dr. Y.V. Reddy, it recommended increasing the states' share of central taxes to 42%.
• 15^th Finance Commission (2020-2025): Chaired by N.K. Singh, it addressed fiscal challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Key Characteristics of Finance Commission:
• It is a quasi-judicial body established under the Constitution of India.
• Its recommendations aim to ensure fiscal equity and financial stability in the country.
• The commission is typically composed of a chairperson and four other members, with qualifications specified by Parliament.

Important Points

• Comparison of Articles:
• Article 268: Deals with duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States.
• Article 246: Specifies the subject matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
• Article 365: Deals with the effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union government.
• Evolution of Finance Commission:
• The Finance Commission has played a pivotal role in balancing the financial relations between the Centre and the States since India’s Independence.
• It ensures that states have adequate financial resources to carry out their responsibilities under the federal structure.
• Role in Governance: The recommendations of the Finance Commission significantly influence budgetary allocations and fiscal policies in India.

The correct answer is Mridangam – Hindustani classical.

Key Points

• Mridangam is primarily associated with Carnatic classical music, which is a major genre of South Indian classical music. Hence, the statement is incorrect.
• Ektara is a simple, single-stringed instrument widely used in Baul music, a traditional folk music genre from Bengal. Hence, the statement is correct.
• Tumbi is a high-pitched, single-string instrument associated with Punjabi folk music. It is often used in Bhangra performances. Hence, the statement is correct.
• Algoza is a double-flute instrument that is also closely tied to Punjabi folk music. It is commonly played during festive and celebratory events. Hence, the statement is correct.
• The incorrect pairing is Mridangam with Hindustani classical music, as it is traditionally used in Carnatic music rather than Hindustani music.

Additional Information

• Mridangam:
• Origin: The Mridangam is a percussion instrument originating from South India, where it plays a vital role in Carnatic music.
• Material: It is typically made from jackwood and features two drumheads that produce unique sounds.
• Usage: The Mridangam is considered the primary rhythm instrument in Carnatic classical music performances.
• Distinctive Feature: It produces complex rhythmic patterns and is often paired with other instruments like Veena and Flute.
• Ektara:
• Origin: This single-stringed instrument is most commonly associated with Baul singers of Bengal.
• Material: It is made using a wooden stem and a resonator, often crafted from dried gourds.
• Usage: The Ektara is used in folk music to convey spiritual and philosophical themes.
• Distinctive Feature: It is known for its simplicity and ability to produce soulful melodies.
• Tumbi:
• Origin: A traditional instrument from Punjab, it is commonly used in Punjabi folk music.
• Material: Made with a wooden stick and a resonator, often crafted from a hollowed-out pumpkin or gourd.
• Usage: It is prominently featured in upbeat Bhangra music performances.
• Distinctive Feature: Known for its sharp and rhythmic tone, it adds vibrancy to Punjabi music.
• Algoza:
• Origin: This double-flute instrument is traditionally played in Punjab.
• Material: Made from wood, with two flutes tied together to produce simultaneous melodies.
• Usage: Often used in folk songs and festive celebrations, it requires skillful breathing techniques.
• Distinctive Feature: Known for its melodious and intertwined dual tones.

Important Points

• Hindustani vs Carnatic Music:
• Hindustani classical music is predominantly practiced in North India and features instruments like Tabla, Sitar, and Harmonium.
• Carnatic classical music is primarily practiced in South India and includes instruments like Mridangam, Veena, and Violin.
• The Mridangam is exclusively used in Carnatic music, while Hindustani music often employs instruments like Tabla for rhythm.
• Baul Tradition:
• The Baul music tradition originates from Bengal and focuses on mysticism and spiritual themes.
• Bauls are wandering minstrels who use simple instruments like Ektara to convey their messages.
• Punjabi Folk Music:
• Instruments like Tumbi and Algoza are integral to Punjabi folk music.
• They are used in traditional songs, celebratory events, and Bhangra performances.

The correct answer is Vishnu Digambar Paluskar.

Key Points

• Vishnu Digambar Paluskar was a renowned Hindustani classical musician.
• He founded the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya in 1901, which was one of the first music schools in India.
• He is credited with popularizing Hindustani classical music and making it accessible to the common people.
• His book Sangeet Bal Prakash is an important contribution to the field of Indian classical music education.

Additional Information

• Hindustani Classical Music:
• Hindustani classical music is one of the two major traditions of Indian classical music, the other being Carnatic music.
• It originated in North India and has a rich history dating back thousands of years.
• It is characterized by its extensive use of improvisation and the raga system, which is a framework for composition and performance.
• Some of the well-known forms of Hindustani classical music include Dhrupad, Khayal, Thumri, and Tappa.
• Gandharva Mahavidyalaya:
• Founded by Vishnu Digambar Paluskar in 1901 in Lahore.
• It was one of the first institutions to offer formal training in Hindustani classical music.
• The institution played a pivotal role in popularizing classical music among the masses and providing a structured curriculum.
• The Gandharva Mahavidyalaya continues to be a prominent institution for music education in India.
• Contribution of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar:
• He is known for his efforts to revive and popularize Hindustani classical music in the early 20^th century.
• He introduced the concept of public concerts, which helped in making classical music accessible to a wider audience.
• His efforts in music education laid the foundation for many future musicians and music educators in India.
• Paluskar's work and legacy continue to influence the field of Indian classical music today.

The correct answer is Odisha.

In News

• The President of India approved the prestigious 'Police Colour' award for the Odisha Police in April 2026.

Key Points

• The award coincides with Odisha’s 91^st Foundation Day. Odisha was the first state in India to be formed on a linguistic basis on April 1, 1936.
• The 'Police Colour' is the highest national honor bestowed upon a police force for exceptional dedication and success in law and order.
• The recognition reinforces the Odisha Police motto: "Service and Security".
• Odisha Foundation Day (Utkala Dibasa)
• Date: April 1
• 91^st Anniversary (2026): Celebrated with a 14-day "Odia Pakhya" (fortnight) from April 1 to April 14.

Additional Information

• Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
• The MHA conveys the Presidential approval for such honors to the State's Chief Secretary.
• Symbolism
• The force's flag will be formally adorned with an emblem of distinction during a ceremonial event.
• Linguistic Basis
• Odisha became a separate province in 1936, carved out of the Bihar and Orissa Province and the Madras Presidency.

Confusion Points

• Andhra Pradesh was the first state to be created on a linguistic basis after India's independence. But before our independence, Odisha was created on a linguistic basis.

The correct answer is When the government expenditure exceeds revenue.

Key Points

• A deficit budget occurs when the government's expenditure exceeds its revenue.
• This situation leads to the government borrowing money to cover the gap between expenditure and revenue.
• Deficit budgeting is often used by governments to stimulate economic growth, especially during periods of recession.
• It can also lead to an increase in public debt if the deficit is persistent over time.

Additional Information

• Government Revenue:
• It includes all the money received by the government from taxes, non-tax sources like fees, fines, grants, and investments.
• Tax revenue is the major source and includes income tax, corporate tax, sales tax, etc.
• Government Expenditure:
• It includes all the spending by the government on goods, services, and public projects.
• Major components include spending on defense, education, health, infrastructure, social security, and interest payments on debt.
• Budget Deficit:
• A budget deficit occurs when spending exceeds revenue and indicates the financial health of a government.
• It is a common economic phenomenon and is typically measured as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• Public Debt:
• It is the total amount of money that a government owes to external lenders and domestic creditors.
• It includes all the borrowings from domestic and international sources.

The correct answer is ₹3,000.

Key Points

• The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana (PM-KMY) is a government-backed pension scheme introduced to provide social security to small and marginal farmers in India.
• Under this scheme, eligible farmers receive a monthly pension of ₹3,000 after attaining the age of 60 years.
• The scheme primarily targets farmers who own cultivable land of up to 2 hectares and are aged between 18 and 40 years at the time of enrolment.
• Farmers are required to make a monthly contribution (ranging from ₹55 to ₹200 depending on their age) towards the pension fund, which is matched by an equivalent contribution from the Government of India.
• The scheme is voluntary and contributory, ensuring long-term financial security for farmers during their old age.

Additional Information

• Eligibility Criteria:
• The beneficiary must be a small or marginal farmer owning up to 2 hectares of cultivable land.
• The farmer should be aged between 18 to 40 years and not be a member of any other pension scheme like EPFO, ESIC, or NPS.
• The individual should not be an income taxpayer.
• Features of PM-KMY:
• After the age of 60, a beneficiary is entitled to receive a monthly pension of ₹3,000.
• In the event of the farmer's death, the spouse is eligible to receive 50% of the pension amount as a family pension.
• If the beneficiary opts out of the scheme before the age of 60, their contributions will be returned along with interest or the equivalent savings bank interest rate.
• Implementation:
• The scheme is administered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
• The Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) of India functions as the pension fund manager for PM-KMY.
• Farmers can enroll in the scheme through Common Service Centres (CSCs) across the country.
• Importance:
• The scheme is designed to secure the livelihood of small and marginal farmers during their old age.
• It aims to reduce dependency on family members and provide financial independence to farmers.
• By ensuring a steady source of income, the scheme helps improve the overall quality of life for farmers in their later years.

Important Points

• The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana was launched on 12^th September 2019 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• Farmers can join the scheme by submitting their details like Aadhaar number, bank account details, and other relevant information at the nearest Common Service Centre (CSC).
• The contribution amount varies based on the age of the farmer at the time of joining. For example, an 18-year-old has to pay ₹55 per month, while a 40-year-old pays ₹200 per month.
• The government matches the farmer’s contribution, ensuring that the pension fund is sufficient to provide the promised payouts after retirement.
• The scheme is part of a larger effort by the Indian government to support the agricultural sector and enhance the economic well-being of farmers.

The correct answer is 7.

Key Points

• The Sun Temple at Konark, located in Odisha, India, is renowned for its unique architectural design resembling a giant chariot.
• The chariot has 24 wheels (12 pairs), symbolizing the 24 hours of a day or the 12 months of the year.
• It is pulled by 7 magnificently sculpted horses, representing the seven days of the week.
• The temple was built in the 13^th century by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty and is dedicated to the Sun God (Surya).
• The 7 horses signify the strength and spiritual energy needed to traverse the cosmic journey of life. Hence, the correct answer is 7.

Additional Information

• History and Architecture of the Sun Temple:
• The Sun Temple at Konark was constructed in 1250 CE during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I.
• The temple is designed in the shape of a massive chariot with 24 wheels and 7 horses, symbolizing the Sun God’s chariot that traverses the heavens.
• The wheels act as sundials, showcasing ancient Indian expertise in astronomy and timekeeping.
• The temple follows the Kalinga architectural style, characterized by its towers and elaborate stone carvings.
• The temple was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.
• Significance of Horses in the Sun Temple:
• The 7 horses of the Sun Temple symbolize the seven days of the week or the seven colors of light (VIBGYOR).
• The horses are sculpted to convey a sense of motion, depicting the energy of the Sun as it moves across the sky.
• They also represent strength, speed, and vitality, qualities associated with the Sun.
• Tourism and Cultural Importance:
• It hosts the annual Konark Dance Festival, which celebrates classical Indian dance forms like Odissi.
• The temple is often referred to as the "Black Pagoda" due to its dark color and magnetic properties (historically).

Important Points

• Location: The Sun Temple is situated in Konark, Odisha, near the Bay of Bengal.
• Chariot Design: The temple represents a cosmic journey, pulled by 7 horses and supported by wheels that function as sundials.
• Symbolism: The temple reflects ancient Indian beliefs in the cycle of time and the Sun’s universal power.

The correct answer is Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS).

In News

• The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) conducted "Jal Mahotsav 2026" from March 8 (International Women’s Day) to March 22 (World Water Day).

Key Points

• The campaign aims to strengthen Jan Bhagidari (people's participation) in rural drinking water management under the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM).
• It features a three-tier framework: Jal Mahotsav (National), Rajya Jal Utsav (State), and Lok Jal Utsav (Village/Panchayat).
• A National Mega Event was held on March 11, 2026, at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, with the President of India as the Chief Guest.
• Key activities include "Jal Arpan"—the symbolic handing over of water supply schemes to Gram Panchayats and Village Water & Sanitation Committees (VWSCs).

Additional Information

• Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)
• Launched in 2019, it envisions providing safe and adequate drinking water through individual household tap connections to all households in rural India.
• Sujal Gram
• Refers to water-secure villages that have sustainable drinking water governance and adequate water supply.
• Nal Jal Mitra Programme
• An initiative to provide multi-skilling training to village youth to help maintain water supply infrastructure at the local level.
• Vigyan Bhawan
• A premier convention centre of the Government of India in New Delhi, used for hosting national-level events and conferences.

The correct answer is Umri Village, Guna district, Madhya Pradesh

In News

• The Samriddh Gram: Integrated Phygital Service Delivery Model Enabled by BharatNet, an initiative of the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), has been nominated for the prestigious WSIS Prizes 2026.

Key Points

• Union Minister of Communications Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia inaugurated India’s First Samriddhi Kendra at Umri Village in Guna district of Madhya Pradesh.
• The Samriddh Gram initiative aims to establish Samriddhi Kendras as one-stop community hubs for integrated “phygital” services (physical + digital).
• These centers leverage the BharatNet backbone to provide rural citizens access to healthcare, education, agriculture, governance, financial inclusion, and e-commerce.
• The nomination for the WSIS (World Summit on the Information Society) Prizes 2026 is under the category Action Line AL C6: Enabling Environment.
• While other options mention districts in Madhya Pradesh, the first center was specifically established in Guna district at Umri Village.

Additional Information

• The WSIS Forum 2026 is scheduled to be held from 6–10 July 2026 in Geneva.
• The public voting phase for the WSIS Prizes is open until 03 May, 2026.
• Key technologies utilized in the model include High-speed broadband, FTTH connectivity, and public Wi-Fi.

Important Points

• The model is driven through a community-based entrepreneurial framework, making it scalable and replicable.
• Phygital services facilitate transformative use cases such as telemedicine, smart classrooms, and technology-enabled agriculture.