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The correct answer is Article 13.

Key Points

• Article 13 of the Indian Constitution declares that all laws inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights shall be void.
• It ensures the supremacy of Fundamental Rights by invalidating laws that contradict or encroach upon them.
• Under Article 13(1), pre-constitutional laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights shall be void to the extent of such inconsistency.
• Article 13(2) prohibits the State from making any law that takes away or abridges the Fundamental Rights, and such laws shall be void if enacted.
• This article is a key part of judicial review, empowering courts to strike down unconstitutional laws.

Additional Information

• Judicial Review: A process under which the judiciary reviews the constitutionality of legislative acts and executive decisions. It derives its authority from Articles 13, 32, and 226 of the Indian Constitution.
• Fundamental Rights: Enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution, these rights guarantee civil liberties, ensuring individuals can live with dignity and equality.
• Doctrine of Severability: If a part of a law is inconsistent with Fundamental Rights, only the offending part is declared void, not the entire law.
• Doctrine of Eclipse: Pre-constitutional laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights are not void ab initio; they are eclipsed and become unenforceable until the inconsistency is removed.
• Article 32: Known as the "Right to Constitutional Remedies," it provides individuals the right to approach the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

The Correct answer is March 7^th.

In News

• Jan Aushadhi Diwas 2025: Affordable Quality Medicines For A Healthier Future.

Key Points

• Jan Aushadhi Diwas is celebrated annually on March 7^th to promote the use of generic medicines and raise awareness about the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP).
• The celebration is part of a week-long event from March 1^st to 7^th.
• The PMBJP was launched in November 2008 by the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers.
• PMBJP aims to provide quality medicines at affordable prices through Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendras (PMBJK).
• A significant initiative under PMBJP is the launch of Jan Aushadhi Suvidha Sanitary Napkins, priced at Rs. 1 per pad.
• The Jan Aushadhi SUGAM mobile app, launched in August 2019, helps locate PMBJKs and compare the prices of generic vs branded medicines.
• Jan Aushadhi medicines are 50%-80% cheaper than branded medicines available in the open market.
• Medicines under the scheme are sourced from WHO-GMP certified manufacturers and undergo testing in NABL-accredited laboratories.
• PMBJP offers incentives, including up to Rs. 20,000 per month for Kendras based on monthly purchases and a one-time incentive of Rs. 2 lakh for Kendras in specific areas, such as Northeastern States, Himalayan regions, and backward districts.

The correct answer is Lodi Dynasty.

Key Points

• Double Dome:-
• The double dome consists of two domes, one inner and one outer, with a space between them.
• The inner dome is smaller and supports the weight of the outer dome. This design allows for taller and more slender domes, and it also creates a dramatic visual effect.
• The Lodi dynasty introduced the "double dome" feature of Indo-Islamic architecture.
• The first example of a double dome in Indo-Islamic architecture is the tomb of Sikandar Lodi (1517/18) in Delhi. Other notable examples include the tomb of Humayun (1572) in Delhi, the Taj Mahal (1648) in Agra, and the Jama Masjid (1656) in Delhi.
• Lodi dynasty:-
• It was the last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, ruling from 1451 to 1526.
• During their reign, they made significant contributions to Indo-Islamic architecture, including the introduction of the double dome.
• The Lodi style of architecture is characterized by its simplicity, elegance, and use of high-quality materials.

Additional Information

• Slave Dynasty:-
• It was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, which ruled over northern India from 1206 to 1290.
• The dynasty was founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who was a former slave of the Ghurid Sultan Muhammad of Ghor.
• Khilji Dynasty:-
• It was the second dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, ruling over northern India from 1290 to 1320.
• The dynasty was founded by Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji, who was a former slave of the Mamluk dynasty.
• Jalal-ud-din was a skilled and ambitious general, and he quickly rose through the ranks of the Mamluk military.
• In 1290, he assassinated the last Mamluk sultan and seized control of Delhi for himself.
• Tughlaq Dynasty:-
• It was the third dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, ruling over northern India from 1320 to 1413.
• The dynasty was founded by Ghazi Malik, who ascended the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.
• The Tughlaq Dynasty was a period of great expansion and consolidation for the Delhi Sultanate.

The Correct answer is Lord Canning.

Key Points

• Lord Canning was the last Governor-General and the first Viceroy of India.
• The Doctrine of Lapse, introduced by Lord Dalhousie, allowed the British to annex states where the rulers died without a male heir.
• It was widely criticized for being unjust and causing resentment among Indian princes and rulers.
• After the Revolt of 1857, Lord Canning sought to adopt a conciliatory approach and abolished the Doctrine of Lapse to ensure loyalty among Indian rulers.
• This abolition marked a shift in British policy, focusing on maintaining the support of princely states.
• Lord Canning introduced the Indian Councils Act of 1861, which aimed to increase Indian participation in governance.
• He also established the University of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, promoting education and modernization.

Additional Information

• Lord William Bentinck
• Lord William Bentinck served as Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835.
• He is known for his social reforms, including the abolition of Sati in 1829.
• Bentinck introduced policies to improve education and administration, such as the promotion of English education.
• He is often regarded as the first reformist Governor-General of India.
• Lord Hardinge
• Lord Hardinge served as Governor-General of India from 1844 to 1848.
• He played a significant role in the First Anglo-Sikh War, resulting in the annexation of Punjab.
• Lord Hardinge emphasized military reforms and improved infrastructure in India during his tenure.
• Lord Ellenborough
• Lord Ellenborough served as Governor-General of India from 1842 to 1844.
• He is remembered for his role in the Afghan wars and the retrieval of the gates of Somnath temple.
• His administration faced criticism for its lack of stability and abrupt policy changes.

The correct answer is Fraternity.

Key Points

• The term Fraternity in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution signifies a sense of brotherhood among all citizens of India.
• It aims to promote the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.
• Fraternity ensures the feeling of mutual respect and compassion, transcending barriers of caste, religion, language, and region.
• The concept of fraternity aligns with the fundamental duty of every citizen to promote harmony and brotherhood under Article 51A(e) of the Indian Constitution.
• The framers of the Constitution were inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution, which emphasized Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

Additional Information

• Preamble of the Indian Constitution:
• The Preamble declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, and Republic nation.
• It guarantees Justice (social, economic, and political), Liberty (of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship), Equality (of status and opportunity), and Fraternity.
• Fraternity and National Integration:
• Fraternity helps in fostering national integration by eliminating prejudices and promoting inclusiveness.
• It emphasizes the concept of "Unity in Diversity," which is a cornerstone of Indian culture and society.
• French Revolution Influence:
• The ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity originated during the French Revolution (1789-1799).
• These principles have significantly influenced modern democratic constitutions, including India’s.
• Article 51A of the Constitution:
• It lays down Fundamental Duties for Indian citizens, including the duty to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood.
• This article complements the spirit of fraternity mentioned in the Preamble.

The Correct answer is The Constitution (Forty-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.

Key Points

• The Right to Property was originally enshrined as a Fundamental Right under Article 31 of the Indian Constitution.
• However, the Constitution (Forty-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 repealed the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights and reclassified it as a legal right under Article 300A in Part XII of the Constitution.
• This amendment was introduced during the tenure of the Janata Party government, headed by Prime Minister Morarji Desai.
• The primary reason for this change was to prevent the judiciary from interfering with the government's land reform policies, especially regarding the abolition of zamindari and redistribution of land to the landless.
• This amendment protects the citizens from being deprived of their property except by the authority of law, but it no longer enjoys the status of a Fundamental Right.
• The reclassification of the Right to Property ensured that the government could implement socialist land reforms without facing constitutional challenges.
• This change marked a significant shift in India's constitutional and political landscape, reflecting its commitment to socio-economic justice.

 Additional Information

• The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976
• Known as the Mini Constitution, this amendment made significant changes to the Indian Constitution.
• It added the words "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity" to the Preamble.
• It also strengthened the position of the Directive Principles of State Policy over Fundamental Rights.
• This amendment was enacted during the Emergency period (1975-1977) under the leadership of Indira Gandhi.
• The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951
• This amendment introduced changes to restrict the misuse of Fundamental Rights, especially the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19).
• It also added Articles 31A and 31B to safeguard agrarian reforms and protect laws included in the Ninth Schedule from judicial review.
• This amendment was enacted to address judicial challenges to land reform legislation.
• The Constitution (Twenty-Fifth Amendment) Act, 1972
• This amendment was passed to ensure that the Directive Principles of State Policy could not be challenged on the grounds of inconsistency with Fundamental Rights.
• It also amended Article 31 to enable the government to acquire property for public purposes without full compensation.
• This was primarily aimed at facilitating land acquisition for developmental projects.

Alauddin Khalji  was the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate when it faced the Mongol onslaught.

Key Points

• Alauddin Khalji was the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate from 1296 to 1316.
• During his reign, he faced the Mongol onslaught, which was a series of invasions by the Mongols into the Indian subcontinent.
• The Mongols were a powerful nomadic group from Central Asia who had conquered much of Asia in the 13^th century.
• They were feared for their military prowess and their ruthlessness.
• Alauddin Khalji was a brilliant military strategist and a ruthless ruler.
• He took a number of measures to defend the Delhi Sultanate from the Mongols, including:
• ​Building a new capital city, Siri, which was heavily fortified.
• Raising a large standing army.
• Imposing strict economic controls to ensure that the state had the resources to fight the Mongols.
• Using spies and informants to gather intelligence on the Mongols.
• As a result of these measures, Alauddin Khalji was able to defeat the Mongols in a series of battles.
• He also forced the Mongols to pay tribute to the Delhi Sultanate.
• This effectively prevented the Mongols from conquering India.
• Alauddin Khalji's victory over the Mongols was a major achievement.
• It helped to ensure the survival of the Delhi Sultanate and it protected India from Mongol rule.

​Therefore the correct answer is Alauddin Khalji.

The correct answer is Sansad Bhashini.

In News

• The Lok Sabha Secretariat and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) signed an MoU to develop the Sansad Bhashini initiative.

Key Points

• Sansad Bhashini aims to integrate AI-driven translation and speech-to-text conversion for parliamentary content.
• The initiative supports real-time translation of debates, committee meetings, and agenda files into multiple languages.
• An AI-powered chatbot will assist MPs and officials in retrieving parliamentary rules and procedural documents.
• The project includes automatic summarization of lengthy debates for improved decision-making and record-keeping.

Additional Information

• The initiative leverages Bhashini, a MeitY initiative, for advanced AI-based translation capabilities.
• Sansad Bhashini will improve linguistic accessibility for MPs, researchers, and the general public.
• It integrates noise reduction and customizable vocabulary for enhanced speech-to-text accuracy.
• The initiative aligns with India’s push for technology-driven governance and inclusive policymaking.

The correct answer is Mark Carney.

In News

• Mark Carney was sworn in as the 24^th Prime Minister of Canada, succeeding Justin Trudeau.
• He emphasized a willingness to work with U.S. President Donald Trump despite past tensions.

Key Points

• Mark Carney is a former Governor of the Bank of Canada (2008-2013) and Governor of the Bank of England (2013-2020).
• He won the leadership of the ruling Liberal Party, replacing Trudeau after nine years in office.
• Carney reshaped his cabinet, reducing ministerial positions and appointing Francois-Philippe Champagne as Finance Minister.
• He signed an order eliminating the carbon tax in his first cabinet meeting.

Additional Information

• Canada's Political Landscape:
• Justin Trudeau led Canada for over nine years before stepping down.
• Carney’s appointment comes amid uncertainty over Canada-U.S. relations and economic concerns.
• The opposition Conservative Party remains a strong contender in upcoming elections.
• Mark Carney’s Economic Expertise:
• He managed economic crises during his tenure as a central banker in Canada and the UK.
• His policies as Prime Minister focus on economic stabilization and diplomatic cooperation.

The correct answer is Part VI.

Key Points

• The provisions related to the "Subordinate Courts" in the States are mentioned in Part VI of the Indian Constitution.
• It falls under Chapter VI (Articles 233 to 237), which deals with the structure, appointment, and jurisdiction of Subordinate Courts.
• The Subordinate Courts include District and Sessions Courts, along with other lower courts such as Magistrate and Civil Judge Courts.
• The High Court has supervisory authority over Subordinate Courts under its jurisdiction, ensuring proper administration of justice.
• The provisions ensure the independence of the judiciary by laying down guidelines for the recruitment and conditions of service of judicial officers.

Additional Information

• Subordinate Courts:
• Subordinate Courts function under the supervision of the respective High Courts in their states.
• They are primarily responsible for handling cases related to civil, criminal, and revenue matters at the district level and below.
• The District Judge is the highest judicial authority in a district.
• Articles 233 to 237:
• Article 233: Deals with the appointment of District Judges.
• Article 234: Relates to the recruitment of persons other than District Judges to the judicial service.
• Article 235: Grants control over Subordinate Courts to the High Court.
• Article 236: Defines the term "District Judge" and "Judicial Service".
• Article 237: Provides for the application of these provisions to certain classes of Magistrates.
• Independence of Judiciary:
• The Constitution ensures the independence of Subordinate Courts by entrusting control over the judiciary to the High Courts.
• Appointments, promotions, and disciplinary actions are supervised by the High Court to maintain impartiality and efficiency.
• Hierarchy of Courts:
• The Subordinate Courts are part of a judicial hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts, and then Subordinate Courts.
• This hierarchy ensures the streamlined delivery of justice.