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Key Points

Vitamin -

• In 1911, Casimir Funk isolated a concentrate from rice polishings that cured polyneuritis in pigeons.
• He named the concentrate “vitamin” because it appeared to be vital to life and because it was probably amino vitamins are nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and work the way it should.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins -

• Fat-soluble vitamins are dissolved in fats.
• They are absorbed by fat globules that travel through the small intestines and are distributed through the body in the bloodstream.
• There are four types of fat-soluble vitamin, each of which offers different benefits -
• Vitamin A is integral to bone formation, tooth formation, and vision. It contributes to immune and cellular function while keeping the intestines working properly.
• Vitamin D aids in the development of teeth and bone by encouraging the absorption and metabolism of phosphorous and calcium.
• Vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps fight infection and keeps red blood cells healthy.
• Vitamin K is central to blood clotting and also keeps bones healthy. Hence option 3 is correct.

Water-Soluble Vitamins -

• Water-soluble vitamins are those that are dissolved in water and readily absorbed into tissues for immediate use.
• Because they are not stored in the body, they need to be replenished regularly in our diet.
• Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
• Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
• Vitamin B3 (niacin)
• Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
• Vitamin B7 (biotin)
• Vitamin B9 (folate or folic acid)
• Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

The correct answer is Leprosy.

Key Points

Leprosy:

• It is also known as Hansen's disease.
• It is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
• The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes.
• Leprosy is known to occur at all ages ranging from early infancy to very old age.

Additional Information

Cholera:

• It is a bacterial disease.
• Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera.

Some common Bacterial diseases -

• Cholera.
• Leprosy.
• Tuberculosis.
• Plague

The correct answer is option 3, i.e. CH₃COOH.

The chemical formula for acetic acid is CH₃COOH.

The correct answer is Earthworm.

Key Points

• Phylum Annelida's main features:
• The body is long, thin, soft, and metamerically segmented.
• Locomotion takes place through Setae made up of Chitin.
• The alimentary canal is well developed.
• The nervous system is normal and blood is red.
• Excretion by nephridia.
• Both unisexual and bisexual.
• Example: Earthworm.

Additional Information

• The five-kingdom system was proposed by R.H. Whittaker.
• The kingdom defined by him was named- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
• Kingdom Animalia is divided into sub-groups which is known as Phylum. There are 11 phyla in the kingdom Animalia.
• Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata.​

Important Points

• Unique features of different phyla- 
• Porifera- also known as spores because they have pores.
• Coelenterata- also known as cnidaria because they have cnidoblasts.
• Ctenophora- also known as sea walnuts or comb jellies. And they have comb plates.
• Platyhelminthes- also known as flatworms because they have a flat body.
• Aschelminthes- also known as roundworms because the body has a circular cross-section.
• Annelida- Body segmentation
• Arthropoda- They have joint appendages.
• Mollusca- Body covered with a calcareous shell.
• Echinodermata- Water vascular system.
• Hemichordata- The body is made up of proboscis, collar, and trunk.
• Chordata- Notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve, and paired pharyngeal gill slits.

The correct answer is 1928.

Key Points

• The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928 was a movement launched by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against illegal tax increases during the independence war.
• On June 12, 1928, the Bardoli Satyagraha took place in Gujarat, India, during the British Raj, and was a major act of civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian Independence Movement.
• Vallabhbhai Patel eventually headed the movement, and its success helped pave the way for Patel to become one of the most prominent leaders of the independence struggle.
• Initially, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel wrote to the Governor of Bombay, demanding a reduction in taxes for the year in which the tragedies occurred. The Governor, on the other hand, ignored the letter and announced the collection as a response.
• The Bombay Presidency overlooked the farmers' misery and increased tax rates by 22%.
• The movement was primarily concerned with the plight of wealthy and middle-class farmers, and it mostly ignored the plight of impoverished farmers. It did not bring up the issue of Hali Pratha (a kind of bonded labour system).

The correct answer is Hiuen Tsang.

Key Points

• Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, and traveler who visited India during King Harsha's reign (606–647 CE).
• He arrived in India around 631 CE and spent over 15 years studying Indian culture, religion, and philosophy.
• Hiuen Tsang documented his travels in the renowned text "Si-Yu-Ki" (Records of the Western Regions), which offers valuable insights into Indian society during Harsha's era.
• He visited Harsha's court at Kannauj and was warmly received by the king, who organized debates and discussions on Buddhist philosophy.
• Hiuen Tsang's accounts provide detailed descriptions of cities, universities like Nalanda, political administration, and the socio-economic conditions in India during the 7^th century.

Additional Information

• Fa-Hien
• Fa-Hien was another Chinese traveler who visited India earlier (399–414 CE) during the Gupta period.
• He primarily focused on Buddhist texts and monastic practices and documented his travels in "A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms."
• I-Tsing
• I-Tsing was a Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler who visited India in the 7^th century, primarily to study Buddhism at Nalanda University.
• He wrote extensively about Buddhist practices and translated several Indian texts into Chinese.
• King Harsha
• Harsha was a ruler of northern India known for his patronage of Buddhism and other religions.
• Under his rule, Kannauj became a center of learning and culture.
• Nalanda University
• An ancient center of learning located in Bihar, India, which attracted scholars like Hiuen Tsang and I-Tsing.
• It was a hub for Buddhist studies, offering extensive libraries and accommodations for international students.

The correct answer is Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Key Points

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent Indian freedom fighter, was imprisoned in Mandalay Jail, Burma, from 1908 to 1914.
• He was arrested on charges of sedition for his writings in the newspaper "Kesari", where he criticized British colonial policies.
• During his imprisonment, Tilak wrote his famous work, "Gita Rahasya", a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita.
• Mandalay Jail, located in present-day Myanmar, was used by the British to imprison Indian freedom fighters due to its isolation and harsh conditions.
• Tilak's imprisonment further galvanized the Indian independence movement, earning him the title "Lokmanya" (accepted by the people).

Additional Information

• Sedition under British Rule:
• Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, introduced by the British in 1870, was used to suppress freedom fighters and curb dissent.
• Freedom fighters like Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, and Bhagat Singh were charged with sedition for their anti-colonial activities.
• Kesari Newspaper:
• Founded by Tilak in 1881, "Kesari" was a Marathi newspaper advocating self-rule (Swaraj).
• Tilak's articles in Kesari were instrumental in spreading nationalist ideas among the masses.
• Gita Rahasya:
• While imprisoned in Mandalay Jail, Tilak penned "Gita Rahasya", emphasizing selfless action (Karma Yoga) as a path to liberation.
• The book remains a significant contribution to Indian philosophy and nationalist thought.
• Other Contributions of Tilak:
• Tilak was one of the first leaders to call for Swaraj (self-rule) as a birthright of Indians.
• He played a key role in popularizing Ganesh Chaturthi and Shivaji Jayanti as public festivals to unite people against colonial rule.

The Correct answer is Singapore.

Key Points

• The Azad Hind Fauj (INA), also known as the Indian National Army, was formed in Singapore in 1942.
• It was initially founded by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer in the British Indian Army, with the help of the Japanese during World War II.
• Later, the INA was reorganized and led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who gave the call of "Dilli Chalo" (On to Delhi).
• The INA aimed to secure India's independence from British rule with the help of Japan and other Axis powers during the war.
• Singapore served as a strategic location for the INA due to its proximity to Malaya (modern-day Malaysia), where a significant number of Indian expatriates and prisoners of war were based.
• The INA was a symbol of India’s struggle for independence and inspired many Indians back home through its vision of an armed rebellion against colonial rule.
• The Provisional Government of Free India (Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind) was also established in Singapore on October 21, 1943, under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose.
• The INA had its own currency, civil code, and stamps, signifying its vision of a free and sovereign India.

Additional Information

• Tokyo
• Tokyo, the capital city of Japan, was an important center for the Axis powers during World War II.
• Although Tokyo played a significant role in providing support to the INA, the formation of the INA took place in Singapore.
• Subhas Chandra Bose had close ties with Japanese leadership, and he traveled to Tokyo to strengthen the INA's alliances.
• Berlin
• Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany, was where Subhas Chandra Bose sought initial support for India’s independence from Adolf Hitler.
• Bose formed the Free India Centre and the Indian Legion in Berlin in 1941 to garner support from Indian prisoners of war in Europe.
• While the Indian Legion was a precursor to the INA, the latter was formally established in Singapore.
• Rangoon
• Rangoon (modern-day Yangon, Myanmar) served as a major operational base for the INA during its military campaigns in Burma.
• The INA carried out notable operations in Rangoon as part of its effort to advance towards India through the eastern front.
• Although Rangoon was significant in the INA's military strategy, the army itself was formed in Singapore.

The correct answer is Directive Principles of State Policy.

Key Points

• The principle of separation of the executive from the judiciary is enshrined in the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), specifically under Article 50 of the Indian Constitution.
• Article 50 states that the State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in public services of the State.
• It aims to ensure judicial independence, which is a cornerstone of democracy and vital for upholding the rule of law.
• The directive is not enforceable by law but serves as a guideline for the government in framing policies and laws.
• Separation of powers between the judiciary and executive ensures impartiality in legal proceedings and minimizes executive interference in judicial matters.

Additional Information

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP):
• DPSPs are enumerated in Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36-51).
• These principles are not legally enforceable but are fundamental in the governance of the country.
• They aim to establish social and economic democracy and provide guidelines to the State for promoting welfare policies.
• Judicial Independence:
• Judicial independence refers to the ability of the judiciary to make decisions free from external influences, including interference by the executive or legislature.
• This ensures a fair and unbiased justice system, critical for upholding constitutional values.
• Separation of Powers:
• The separation of powers is a governance model that divides the government into three branches: executive, legislature, and judiciary.
• It ensures that each branch functions independently and prevents the concentration of power in one entity.
• Rule of Law:
• The rule of law is a principle under which all individuals, institutions, and entities are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated.
• It guarantees legal protection and equality before the law for all citizens.

The Correct answer is Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Key Points

• The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) operates under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
• The Act was enacted to provide better protection of consumer interests and to establish consumer councils and authorities for the settlement of consumer disputes.
• The NCDRC is a quasi-judicial body at the national level, established in 1988 under the provisions of the Act.
• The primary function of the NCDRC is to address consumer grievances and ensure the enforcement of consumer rights.
• It handles cases where the value of goods, services, or compensation claimed exceeds ₹1 crore.
• The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, introduced the concept of a three-tier consumer dispute redressal mechanism, which includes:
• District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum (DCDRF) at the district level.
• State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (SCDRC) at the state level.
• National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) at the national level.
• The Act was a significant milestone in India's legal framework to promote consumer rights, including the right to safety, information, choice, representation, redressal, and education.
• The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, was replaced by the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, which came into effect in July 2020. However, the NCDRC continues to function under the principles established in the 1986 Act.