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The correct answer is - Warranted growth; natural rate of growth and actual growth

Key Points

• Warranted growth
• It is the growth rate at which the economy will grow when planned savings are equal to planned investments.
• This rate ensures that the economy remains on a steady growth path without any inflationary or deflationary pressures.
• Natural rate of growth
• This rate is determined by the growth of the labor force and technological progress.
• It represents the maximum sustainable rate of growth that an economy can achieve without generating inflationary pressures.
• Actual growth
• It is the real growth rate observed in the economy at any point in time.
• This rate can deviate from both the warranted and natural rates of growth due to various factors like demand fluctuations, policy interventions, etc.

Additional Information

• Perceived growth
• This term is not part of the Harrod-Domar model and generally refers to how growth is viewed or perceived by the public or policymakers.
• It can vary based on subjective factors and may not have a concrete economic definition.
• Uncertain growth
• This is not a standard term in economic growth models.
• It might refer to unpredictable growth patterns, but it is not a defined concept in the Harrod-Domar model.
• Specific rate of growth
• This term does not specifically relate to the Harrod-Domar model.
• It could be interpreted in various ways depending on the context but is not a key concept in the model.

The correct answer is Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency

Key Points

• Micro stands for micro enterprises, which are the primary focus of the MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency) Yojana.
• MUDRA Yojana was launched by the Government of India to provide funding to the non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises.
• The scheme aims to support the growth and development of micro-enterprises in India by providing financial assistance up to Rs. 10 lakh.
• MUDRA loans are categorized into three products: Shishu (covering loans up to Rs. 50,000), Kishor (covering loans above Rs. 50,000 and up to Rs. 5 lakh), and Tarun (covering loans above Rs. 5 lakh and up to Rs. 10 lakh).
• The initiative is aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and employment generation at the grassroots level.

Additional Information

• MUDRA Bank was established as a subsidiary of SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India).
• The scheme also focuses on providing financial literacy and credit counseling to micro-entrepreneurs.
• MUDRA Yojana is part of the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), which was launched on 8^th April 2015.
• It aims to achieve financial inclusion by extending credit to micro-businesses, which often face difficulties in accessing formal banking channels.
• The scheme has been instrumental in empowering women entrepreneurs and promoting inclusive growth.

The correct answer is Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

Key Points

• Mudumalai National Park:
• Mudumalai National Park is located in Tamil Nadu.
• It is located at the tri-junction of three states,  Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• During World War II, the forests interior served as a training camp for soldiers destined for Burma.
• Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1942 in the Mudumalai forest area.
• Mudumalai is a Tamil word that means "ancient hill range."
• Mudumalai was designated as a tiger reserve by the Tamil Nadu state govemment April 2007.
• Moyar River flows also the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve and serves as a national boundary between Mudumalai and Bandipur Sanctuary
• The Reserve has tall grasses called Napier grass and are commonly referred to as ‘Elephant Grass'.
• UNESCO World Heritage Committee is considering the Westem Ghats Nilqiri Sub-Cluster, which encompasses a" of Mudumalai National Park, for designation as a World Heritage Site.
• Tiger and Asian Elephant are the two flagship species.

The correct answer is 50.6.

Key Points

• As per the Census of India 2011, the adult literacy rate for women in rural areas was recorded at 50.6%.
• This figure highlights the gender disparity in literacy rates, especially in rural India, where educational opportunities for women are limited.
• The overall literacy rate in India, as per the Census 2011, was 74.04%, with male literacy at 82.14% and female literacy at 65.46%.
• The lower literacy rate among rural women underscores the need for targeted educational policies and programs.
• Government initiatives like Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao and Saakshar Bharat aim to address this gap by promoting the education of girls and women in rural areas.

Additional Information

• Literacy Rate: Literacy rate is the percentage of people aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language.
• Census 2011: The Census of India 2011 was the 15^th National Census of the country and provided comprehensive data on population, literacy, and other demographic indicators.
• Challenges in Rural Areas: Factors like poverty, cultural norms, gender bias, and lack of infrastructure have contributed to lower literacy rates among rural women.
• Government Schemes: Initiatives like Saakshar Bharat Mission, focused on adult literacy, and Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, aimed at improving the education of girl children, have been instrumental in addressing this issue.
• UNESCO's Role: Global organizations like UNESCO have also highlighted the importance of women's education as a means of achieving gender equality and sustainable development.

The correct answer is 17.7.

Key Points

• The decadal growth rate of India's population, as per the 2011 Census, was 17.7% (or 0.177 in decimal terms).
• This was a decline from the previous decadal growth rate of 21.5% recorded in the 2001 Census.
• The total population of India in 2011 was 1.21 billion, accounting for 17.5% of the global population.
• The decline in the decadal growth rate is attributed to increased awareness about family planning and government initiatives targeting population control.
• The Census of India is conducted every 10 years, and the 2011 Census was the 15^th such exercise since its inception in 1872.

Additional Information

• Decadal Growth Rate:
• It represents the percentage increase in population over a decade.
• The formula used is: [(Population in Current Census - Population in Previous Census) / Population in Previous Census] × 100.
• It is a key indicator of demographic trends and is crucial for planning resources, infrastructure, and services.
• 2011 Census Highlights:
• The sex ratio of India improved to 943 females per 1000 males, compared to 933 in 2001.
• The literacy rate increased to 74.04%, with male literacy at 82.14% and female literacy at 65.46%.
• Uttar Pradesh remained the most populous state, with 199 million people.
• Population Control Initiatives:
• Government programs such as the National Population Policy (2000) focus on stabilizing the population by 2045.
• Promotion of family planning methods, education, and health awareness contribute to controlling population growth.
• Future Projections:
• India is expected to surpass China as the world's most populous country by 2027, according to the United Nations.
• Population growth trends highlight the need for sustainable development and resource management.

The correct answer is To benchmark logistics efficiency across Indian States and Union Territories.

In News

• Union Minister Piyush Goyal launched LEADS 2025, a logistics benchmarking initiative aimed at improving logistics efficiency across all Indian States and Union Territories.

Key Points

• LEADS 2025 introduces corridor-level assessments, waiting time metrics, and API-enabled road-section speed tracking to identify logistics bottlenecks and improve efficiency.
• Key metrics include journey time, truck speed, and waiting periods, which will help reduce delays and lower logistics costs across India.
• The initiative aligns with India’s goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and global competitiveness by 2047.
• LEADS 2025 aims to strengthen India’s supply chain competitiveness and provide data-driven insights for better infrastructure investment and policy-making.

Additional Information

• LEADS 2025 Components
• It evaluates logistics efficiency across different corridors, with parameters like truck speed, waiting time, and journey time.
• API-based speed monitoring of road sections will provide real-time, high-resolution data for better planning and monitoring.
• Strategic Implications
• The initiative will help enhance manufacturing competitiveness, reduce logistics costs, and foster global trade efficiency.
• It promotes transparency in logistics performance and infrastructure, contributing to accountability and efficiency in the supply chain.

The Correct Answer is August 19, 2025.

In News

• Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan: World’s Largest Tribal Leadership Programme for Responsive Governance Launched.

Key Points

• Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on August 19, 2025.
• It is the world’s largest tribal leadership programme, aimed at mobilizing 20 lakh change leaders in 1 lakh tribal-dominated villages.
• The initiative supports inclusive development and aligns with the vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047.
• The core philosophy is based on Sewa (Service), Sankalp (Resolve), and Samarpan (Dedication).
• The initiative supports the Government’s motto “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Prayas, Sabka Vishwas” for tribal upliftment.
• Part of the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh, celebrating the legacy of tribal communities in India.

The Correct Answer is To regulate online betting and money gaming platforms.

In News

• Union Cabinet Approves Online Gaming Bill to Regulate Betting Platforms.

Key Points

• Online Gaming Bill: The Union Cabinet approved the Online Gaming Bill aimed at regulating online betting and money gaming platforms.
• Legislation: The bill is expected to be presented in the Lok Sabha on Wednesday.
• Fraud Concerns: The move addresses rising cases of fraud linked to online betting apps and issues with celebrity endorsements.
• Government Action: Over 1,400 betting websites and apps were blocked between 2022 and February 2025.
• Taxation:
• 28% GST applied on online gaming since October 2023.
• 30% tax on winnings from online games starting in 2024–25.
• Offshore gaming platforms also brought under the tax net.
• Revenue Surge: Online gaming revenue increased by 412%, reaching Rs 6,909 crore in six months (from Rs 1,349 crore).
• Criminal Provisions: Unauthorized betting can lead to up to seven years in jail and fines.
• Supreme Court Rejoinder: The Centre proposed that the entire stake amount in gaming should be taxed.

The Correct Answer is ​Ayushman Arogya Mandir.

In News

• Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) to be called ‘Ayushman Arogya Mandir’.

Key Points

• The Union Government has decided to rename the existing Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) as ‘Ayushman Arogya Mandir’ with the tag-line ‘Arogyam Parmam Dhanam’.
• In a letter to all States and Union Territories, the Union Health Ministry has issued guidelines to suitably replace the existing title across all operationalized Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres.
• The funds required for renaming the existing facilities has been proposed at Rs. 3,000 per facility.
• AB-HWC aims to provide comprehensive primary healthcare, including both maternal and child health services, and free essential drugs and diagnostic services close to people’s homes through AB-HWCs.

The correct answer is option 3.

In News

• Kozhikamuthi, a Malasar tribal settlement in the core area of the Anamalai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu, is known for the occupation of capturing, taming and handling wild elephants for the Forest Department.

Key Points

Anamalai Tiger Reserve:

• It is one of the four Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.
• It forms part of the Southern Western Ghats.
• The ranges found in this reserve include Amaravathi, Udumalpet, Pollachi, Ulandy, Valparai and Manamboli.
• It is surrounded by Parambikulam Tiger Reserve on the East, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Eravikulam National Park on the South Western side (all belonging to Kerala).

Mudumalai Tiger Reserve:

• Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is located in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu state at the tri-junction of three states, viz, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Hence, pair 2 is not correctly matched.
• It is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve along with Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) in the West, Bandipur National Park (Karnataka) in the North, Mukurthi National Park and Silent Valley in the South.
• The name Mudumalai means the ancient hill range.

Bandipur Tiger Reserve:

• It is situated in two contiguous districts (Mysore and Chamarajanagar) of Karnataka and is located at the tri-junction area of the States of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hence, pair 3 is correctly matched.
• It forms a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
• It was established in 1973 under Project Tiger.
• In 1985, by including adjacent areas from Venugopala Wildlife Park, it was enlarged and named as Bandipur National Park.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve:

• It is a protected area in the Palakkad district of Kerala. It was established in 1973. Hence, pair 4 is correctly matched.
• Parambikulam Tiger Reserve also includes erstwhile Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary.
• It lies in the Sungam range of hills between Anaimalai Hills and Nelliampathy Hills.
• Buddha Peacock or Buddha Mayoori is the State butterfly of Kerala, found in this tiger reserve.