Search Previous Year Questions

The correct answer is ₹12 lakh.

In News

• The Union Budget 2025-26 has introduced major reforms in the income tax structure under the new tax regime.

Key Points

• The new tax structure aims to provide relief to the middle class by reducing tax liability and increasing disposable income.
• The revised tax structure provides a zero-tax slab up to ₹12 lakh for all taxpayers.
• For salaried taxpayers with a standard deduction of ₹75,000, the effective exemption extends up to ₹12.75 lakh.
• New income tax slabs under the revised regime:
• 0 - 4 lakh rupees: Nil
• 4 - 8 lakh rupees: 5%
• 8 - 12 lakh rupees: 10%
• 12 - 16 lakh rupees: 15%
• 16 - 20 lakh rupees: 20%
• 20 - 24 lakh rupees: 25%
• Above 24 lakh rupees: 30%
• The aim is to boost household consumption, savings, and investment.

Additional Information

• Union Budget
• A budget is an elaborate statement of the expenditure and income of the government for the given financial year, which begins on April 1 and ends on March 31.
• The Constitution uses the term Annual Financial Statement instead of "Budget," as enshrined under Article 112 of the Constitution.
• New vs. Old Tax Regime
• The old tax regime includes exemptions and deductions like HRA, LTA, and 80C benefits.
• The new tax regime offers lower tax rates but eliminates most exemptions.
• Standard Deduction
• Employees and pensioners get a standard deduction of ₹75,000 under the new regime.
• This increases the effective exemption to ₹12.75 lakh for salaried individuals.

The correct answer is Sodium bicarbonate.

Key Points

• Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), commonly known as baking soda, is a white crystalline compound that is widely used in cooking and baking as a leavening agent.
• When combined with an acid (like vinegar or lemon juice), it releases carbon dioxide gas, causing dough or batter to rise and become light and fluffy.
• It is also used for neutralizing acids, making it a common ingredient in antacids for treating heartburn and indigestion.
• Baking soda has mild abrasive properties, making it effective for cleaning and deodorizing surfaces.
• It is a naturally occurring compound and can also be produced synthetically through the Solvay process.

Additional Information

• Sodium chloride (NaCl): Commonly known as table salt, it is used in food seasoning and preservation. It is not the same as baking soda.
• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH): Also known as caustic soda or lye, it is a strong alkali used in soap making and industrial cleaning, but it is highly corrosive and not safe for consumption.
• Sodium peroxide (Na₂O₂): It is a strong oxidizing agent used in bleaching and as an oxygen source in chemical reactions. It has no role in cooking or baking.
• Leavening agents: Substances like baking soda and baking powder are categorized as leavening agents as they help baked goods rise by producing carbon dioxide gas during cooking.
• pH and Baking Soda: Sodium bicarbonate is alkaline in nature with a pH of around 8-9, which allows it to neutralize acidic substances and act as a gentle cleaning agent.

The correct answer is John Newlands.

Key Points

• John Newlands was an English chemist who proposed the 'Law of Octaves' in 1864.
• He observed that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, every eighth element had properties similar to the first.
• This pattern was one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements and showed a periodicity in their properties.
• Newlands' Law of Octaves was initially not accepted by the scientific community, but it laid the groundwork for the development of the modern periodic table.

Additional Information

• Periodic Table:
• The modern periodic table arranges elements by increasing atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
• Elements with similar chemical properties are grouped in columns known as groups or families.
• The periodic table is divided into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their properties.
• Mendeleev's Periodic Table:
• Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published a more comprehensive periodic table in 1869.
• Mendeleev's table left gaps for elements that were yet to be discovered, predicting their properties based on periodic trends.
• His periodic table was widely accepted because it could explain the properties of known elements and predict new ones.
• Henry Moseley:
• Henry Moseley, an English physicist, discovered the atomic number of elements in 1913 through X-ray spectroscopy.
• Moseley's work led to the reorganization of the periodic table based on atomic number rather than atomic mass.
• Döbereiner's Triads:
• Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a German chemist, identified groups of three elements (triads) with similar chemical properties in 1829.
• The middle element of each triad had properties that were approximately an average of the other two.
• Döbereiner's triads were an early attempt to classify elements based on their properties.

The correct answer is Both oxygen and water.

Key Points

• Rusting is a chemical process where iron reacts with oxygen and water in the environment to form iron oxide (rust).
• This reaction typically occurs in the presence of moisture (water) and oxygen from the air.
• The chemical equation for rusting is:

4Fe + 3O₂ + 6H₂O → 4Fe(OH)₃, which further dehydrates to form Fe₂O₃·nH₂O (rust).

• Without either oxygen or water, rusting cannot proceed, making both essential for the process.
• Salt or acidic environments can accelerate rusting by increasing the conductivity of water, facilitating faster electron transfer.

Additional Information

• Iron Oxidation: The rusting process involves the oxidation of iron (Fe) into iron ions (Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺) in the presence of water and oxygen.
• Electrochemical Nature: Rusting is an electrochemical reaction where the metal surface acts as an anode (oxidation) and cathode (reduction) in the presence of an electrolyte (water).
• Prevention of Rusting: Rusting can be prevented through techniques like painting, galvanization, applying oil/grease, or using stainless steel (an alloy with chromium).
• Role of Salt: Salt (e.g., in seawater) increases the conductivity of water, accelerating the rusting process by enhancing the electrochemical reaction.
• Environmental Impact: Rusting leads to material degradation, causing economic losses and structural failures, especially in construction and transportation industries.

The correct answer is Dara Shikoh.

Key Points

• The Battle of Samugarh was fought on 29 May 1658 near Agra during the Mughal succession war.
• It was a decisive battle between Aurangzeb and his elder brother Dara Shikoh, both sons of Emperor Shah Jahan.
• Dara Shikoh led an army to defend his claim to the throne but was defeated by Aurangzeb’s more disciplined forces.
• Aurangzeb's victory in the battle enabled him to capture Agra and imprison their father, Shah Jahan, solidifying his claim to the Mughal throne.
• Dara Shikoh was eventually captured and executed on Aurangzeb’s orders in 1659.

Additional Information

• Dara Shikoh:
• Dara Shikoh was the eldest son of Shah Jahan and considered his father’s preferred successor.
• He was known for his interest in art, philosophy, and religious syncretism, particularly his efforts to bridge Hindu and Islamic traditions.
• His writings include the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, titled Sirr-e-Akbar (The Great Secret).
• Aurangzeb:
• Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, is known for his military prowess and expansion of the empire.
• He was a staunch follower of Islamic orthodoxy and implemented policies that were often seen as anti-Hindu.
• His reign marked the peak of the Mughal Empire but also sowed seeds of its eventual decline.
• The Mughal Succession Wars:
• The Mughal Empire followed no fixed succession system, often leading to violent struggles between heirs.
• Key battles like Samugarh reflected the intense rivalry among Shah Jahan’s sons: Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh, and Shuja.
• Samugarh:
• Samugarh is located near Agra and has historical significance due to the battle fought there.
• The battle demonstrated Aurangzeb’s superior military strategy and discipline under his general Mir Jumla.

सही उत्तर है - मेरा

Key Points

• अशुद्ध वाक्य - मैं मेरा कलम से लिखता हूं।
• दिए गये वाक्य में सर्वनाम प्रयोग की त्रुटि है,
• ​यहाँ 'मेरा' सार्थक शब्द नहीं है और इससे सही अर्थ प्रकट नहीं हो रहा।
• ​अत: सार्थक शब्द 'अपनी' होना चाहिए।
• शुद्ध वाक्य - मैं अपनी कलम से लिखता हूं।

Additional Information 

 सर्वनाम संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ - 

“आज मुझे बहुत काम है।” - इस वाक्य में 'बहुत' का विशेषण है- परिमाणवाचक विशेषण 

Key Points

• ​वाक्य "आज मुझे बहुत काम है" में 'बहुत' शब्द परिमाणवाचक विशेषण है।
• जो विशेषण संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की मात्रा या नाप-तौल के परिणाम की विशेषता बताएं उसे परिणामवाचक विशेषण कहते हैं।
• जैसे- ‘सेर’ भर दूध, ‘तोला’ भर सोना, ‘थोड़ा’ पानी, ‘कुछ’ पानी, ‘सब’ धन, ‘और’ घी लाओ, ‘दो’ लीटर दूध, ‘बहुत’ चीनी इत्यादि।​
• रोज़ अधिक पानी पियो।

Important Pointsविशेषण के भेद -

1. गुणवाचक विशेषण
2. परिणामवाचक विशेषण
3. संख्यावाचक विशेषण
4. सार्वनामिक विशेषण

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों  में जलन शब्द ईर्ष्या का पर्यायवाची हैं।

Key Points

• ईर्ष्या​ के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - मत्सर, डाह, जलन, कुढ़न।
• इन शब्दों में अर्थ की समानता होते हुए भी इनके प्रयोग एक तरह के नहीं हैं।
• ये शब्द अपने में इतने पूर्ण हैं कि एक ही शब्द का प्रयोग सभी स्थितियों में और ���भी स्थलों पर अच्छा नहीं लगता- कहीं कोई शब्द ठीक बैठता है और कहीं कोई।
• प्रत्येक शब्द की महत्ता विषय और स्थान के अनुसार होती है।

Additional Information

सही विकल्प नहाकर है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है। 

Key Points

• उसने नहाकर भोजन किया। सही वाक्य है।

Additional Information 

सही उत्तर है- सौम्य 

• 'उग्र' का विलोम शब्द 'उग्र' होगा।

Key Points​विलोम - 

• जो शब्द किसी एक शब्द के विपरीत अर्थ को व्यक्त करते हैं, वे विलोम शब्द कहलाते हैं।

Important Pointsअन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द:-