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The correct answer is Dadabhai Naoroji.

Key Points

• Dadabhai Naoroji is revered as the Grand Old Man of India and served as the Unofficial Ambassador of India to Britain, tirelessly advocating for Indian self-rule and civil rights.
• He achieved a historic milestone in 1892 (noted in some contexts as his active period around 1902) by being elected to the House of Commons representing Central Finsbury on a Liberal Party ticket, making him the first British Indian Member of Parliament.
• Naoroji was a key founding member of the Indian National Congress (INC) and holds the distinction of presiding over its annual sessions three times: 1886 (Calcutta), 1893 (Lahore), and 1906 (Calcutta).
• He is most famous for his economic critique of British rule, specifically the Drain of Wealth theory, which he detailed in his seminal work Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
• During the 1906 session of the INC, under his presidency, the demand for Swaraj (Self-government) was formally adopted as the main goal of the Indian national movement.

 Additional Information

• A O Hume
• A retired British Civil Servant who is credited as the primary organizer and founder of the Indian National Congress in 1885.
• He served as the General Secretary of the Congress for its first twenty-two years.
• Pherozeshah Mehta
• Known as the Lion of Bombay, he was a prominent lawyer and a moderate leader of the INC.
• He played a crucial role in the Bombay Municipal Corporation and served as the President of the INC in 1890.
• Badruddin Tyabji
• He was a distinguished lawyer and the first Indian to hold the post of Chief Justice in the Bombay High Court.
• He became the first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress during its third session held in Madras (1887).

The correct answer is Fixed cost.

Key Points

• Fixed costs are those expenses that remain constant and do not fluctuate with the change in the volume of production or sales. These are also known as supplementary costs or overhead costs.
• Even when the output is zero, a firm must bear these costs because they are associated with the fixed factors of production, such as land, machinery, and top-level management.
• In the short run, these costs are unavoidable. For instance, if a factory shuts down for a month, the owner must still pay the building rent and property taxes.
• Mathematically, the relationship is expressed as Total Cost (TC) = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC). When output is 0, TVC is 0, leading to TC = TFC.
• The Total Fixed Cost curve is represented as a horizontal straight line parallel to the X-axis (output axis), signifying its inelastic nature relative to production levels.

 Additional Information

• Variable cost:
• These costs vary directly with the level of output. If production increases, variable costs increase; if production is zero, variable costs are nil.
• Examples include raw materials, direct labor wages, and electricity expenses used in the manufacturing process.
• Total cost:
• This is the aggregate of all costs incurred by a firm to produce a given level of output.
• It includes both fixed and variable components. Unlike fixed costs, the total cost does change as output increases because the variable cost component rises.
• Marginal cost:
• It is the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of a commodity.
• It is calculated as the change in Total Cost divided by the change in Quantity. Since fixed costs do not change, marginal cost is entirely dependent on variable costs.

The correct answer is Marginal Cost.

Key Points

• Marginal Cost represents the incremental expense incurred by a firm when producing exactly one additional unit of a product.
• Mathematically, it is calculated as the change in Total Cost divided by the change in the Quantity of output (MC = ΔTC / ΔQ).
• Because Fixed Costs do not change with the level of production in the short run, the Marginal Cost is entirely determined by changes in Variable Costs like raw materials and direct labor.
• The Marginal Cost Curve is typically U-shaped; it initially declines due to economies of scale and specialized labor but eventually rises because of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns.
• In economic theory, for a firm to achieve Profit Maximization, it must produce at a level where Marginal Revenue (MR) is equal to Marginal Cost (MC).

 Additional Information

• Total Cost:
• It is the sum of Total Fixed Costs and Total Variable Costs required to produce a given level of output.
• It reflects the overall economic resources used in the production process.
• Average Cost:
• Also known as Unit Cost, it is the Total Cost divided by the number of units produced (AC = TC / Q).
• It helps businesses determine the minimum price at which they can sell a product without incurring a loss.
• Fixed Cost:
• These are expenses that remain constant regardless of the volume of goods produced, such as rent, insurance, and administrative salaries.
• In the long run, all costs are considered variable as the scale of production can be fully adjusted.

The correct answer is 1873.

Key Points

• Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, a revolutionary social reformer, founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers Society) on September 24, 1873, in Pune, Maharashtra.
• The primary objective of the Satyashodhak Samaj was to liberate the lower castes, Shudras, and Ati-Shudras from the social and religious exploitation perpetrated by the upper-caste hegemony and the priesthood.
• The society advocated for social equality, rationalism, and the abolition of the caste system, emphasizing that all human beings are children of one Nirmik (Creator).
• Membership in the Samaj was inclusive, welcoming people from all backgrounds, including Muslims, Christians, and Jews, fostering a spirit of universal brotherhood.
• Phule rejected the authority of the Vedas and ancient scriptures that justified the varna hierarchy, instead promoting education as the ultimate tool for emancipation.

 Additional Information

• Literary Contributions:
• In 1873, Phule wrote the seminal book Gulamgiri (Slavery), which he dedicated to the American Abolitionist Movement to end slavery, linking the struggles of the American Blacks with the Indian lower castes.
• His other influential works include Shetkarayacha Aasud (The Cultivator's Whipcord) and Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak.
• Educational Reform:
• Phule was a pioneer of women's education; he and his wife, Savitribai Phule, started the first school for girls at Bhide Wada in 1848.
• Recognition:
• For his lifelong commitment to social justice, he was bestowed with the title of Mahatma in 1888 by Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar at a public gathering in Mumbai.

The correct answer is Interest.

Key Points

• Interest is defined as the consideration or compensation paid by a borrower to a lender for the use of capital over a specific period.
• In the context of a Savings Account, the account holder effectively lends their money to the Bank, which the bank then uses to fund loans for other customers.
• The Interest Rate on savings accounts is typically calculated as a percentage of the Principal Amount maintained in the account.
• In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) deregulated savings bank interest rates in October 2011, granting commercial banks the autonomy to determine their own rates based on market liquidity and internal policies.
• The calculation of interest is usually done on a Daily Product Basis, where interest is calculated on the daily closing balance and credited to the account periodically (e.g., quarterly or half-yearly).

 Additional Information

• Profit:
• Refers to the financial gain realized when the amount of Revenue earned from a business activity exceeds the Expenses, costs, and taxes involved in sustaining the activity.
• Dividend:
• Represents a portion of a company's Net Profits that is distributed to its Shareholders as decided by the board of directors.
• It is a reward to investors for putting their Equity Capital into the business.
• Bonus:
• Generally refers to an additional payment made to employees above their standard salary or a reward given to Policyholders by insurance companies.
• In the stock market, Bonus Shares are free additional shares given to existing shareholders based upon the number of shares they already hold.

The correct answer is The Muzaffarpur bomb attack by Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki.

Key Points

• The Muzaffarpur bomb attack took place on April 30, 1908, when Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to assassinate the District Judge Douglas Kingsford, who was notorious for passing harsh sentences on Indian nationalists. This is the earliest revolutionary event among the given options. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Alipore Bomb Case, also known as the Manicktala Bomb Conspiracy, was initiated in May 1908 following police raids on the Muraripukur garden house in Calcutta. These raids were a direct consequence of the investigation into the Muzaffarpur incident, making it chronologically subsequent to the bomb attack. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• The assassination of Curzon-Wyllie occurred on July 1, 1909, in London. Madan Lal Dhingra shot Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, an officer of the British Indian Army, at a meeting of the National Indian Association. This event took place more than a year after the Muzaffarpur attack. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• The bomb attack on Lord Hardinge, known as the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy Case, took place on December 23, 1912. Revoluntionaries led by Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal threw a bomb at the Viceroy during his ceremonial entry into the new capital, Delhi. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

 Additional Information

• Revolutionary Figures and Outcomes:
• Khudiram Bose: He was apprehended shortly after the Muzaffarpur incident and was executed on August 11, 1908, becoming one of the youngest martyrs of the Indian independence movement at the age of 18.
• Prafulla Chaki: To avoid being captured by the British police, he committed suicide at the Mokama Ghat railway station on May 1, 1908.
• Aurobindo Ghosh: He was a primary defendant in the Alipore Bomb Case but was eventually acquitted due to a lack of evidence and the brilliant defense provided by Chittaranjan Das.
• Rash Behari Bose: After the failed attempt on Lord Hardinge, he successfully evaded capture and later played a pivotal role in the Ghadar Movement and the formation of the Indian Independence League in Japan.
• Impact of these Events: These incidents marked the shift from moderate constitutional agitation to militant nationalism and revolutionary terrorism, aimed at striking fear into the hearts of British officials and inspiring the Indian masses.

The correct answer is Non-Cooperation Movement.

Key Points

• The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched in August 1920, is historically recognized as the first large-scale mass movement led by Mahatma Gandhi that involved a pan-India participation of diverse social groups.
• While earlier protests like Champaran and Kheda were restricted to specific regions and issues, this movement aimed for Swaraj (self-rule) and was the first to mobilize peasants, workers, students, and the middle class on a national platform.
• The movement was a response to the repressive Rowlatt Act of 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, and the injustices associated with the Khilafat issue, leading to a massive boycott of British titles, law courts, and educational institutions.
• The Nagpur Session of the Indian National Congress in December 1920 officially ratified the program, marking a significant shift from constitutional struggle to active non-violent mass resistance.
• The movement successfully integrated the Khilafat Movement, which helped in achieving unprecedented Hindu-Muslim unity during the early 1920s.

 Additional Information

• Champaran Satyagraha (1917):
• This was Mahatma Gandhi's first Satyagraha in India, focused on the Tinkathia system in Bihar, where farmers were forced to cultivate Indigo.
• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930):
• Initiated with the Dandi March on March 12, 1930, this movement focused on breaking the Salt Law and marked a more radical phase of the freedom struggle.
• Quit India Movement (1942):
• Also known as the August Movement, it was launched at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Mumbai where Gandhi gave the famous slogan 'Do or Die' for immediate independence.

The correct answer is Agni-3.

Key Points

• The Agni-3 is a surface-to-surface Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) that serves as a crucial element of India s nuclear deterrence capability.
• On 06 February 2026, India conducted a successful flight test of the missile from APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha to verify its operational readiness and technical parameters.
• Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Agni-3 has a strike range of 3,000 kilometers to 5,000 kilometers, enabling it to reach strategic targets across the region.
• The missile is powered by a two-stage solid propellant engine, which provides higher reliability, faster reaction time, and better storage stability compared to liquid-fueled engines.
• With a length of 17 meters and a diameter of 2 meters, it can carry a payload (warhead) weighing up to 1.5 tonnes, supporting both conventional and nuclear warheads.

 Additional Information

• Agni-5:
• It is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range exceeding 5,000 kilometers and is the most advanced version of the Agni series.
• It features three-stage solid propulsion and is capable of carrying Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRV).
• Akash:
• A short-range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) designed to intercept aerial threats like aircraft and cruise missiles at a range of 25 kilometers.
• It is equipped with the Rajendra radar for multi-target tracking and guidance.
• Prithvi-II:
• A Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM) with a range of approximately 350 kilometers.
• It was the first missile developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and uses a single-stage liquid-fuel engine.

The correct answer is Sports.

Key Points

• Shri Baldev Singh is a legendary Hockey coach from Haryana, widely recognized for his transformative impact on Indian hockey, especially the women's game.
• He is the founder and principal mentor at the Shahbad Hockey Academy in Kurukshetra, which has consistently produced top-tier international talent for India.
• Over his career, he has mentored more than 80 international players, including 30 members of the Indian Women's National Team, earning Shahbad the title of the 'nursery of Indian women's hockey'.
• His most prominent pupils include former Indian captain Rani Rampal, Sandeep Singh, and several other Olympians who have represented the country at the Asian Games and Commonwealth Games.
• Before being honored with the Padma Shri, his excellence in coaching was officially recognized by the Government of India with the Dronacharya Award in 2009.

 Additional Information

• Padma Shri:
• It is the fourth-highest civilian award in India, conferred to citizens for their distinguished contribution in various spheres of activity.
• The award is announced every year on the occasion of Republic Day (26^th January) and is presented by the President of India at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• Padma Awards Hierarchy:
• The awards are classified into three categories: Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service), Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of high order), and Padma Shri (distinguished service).
• Recipients are selected based on the recommendations of the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.

The correct answer is INTERPOL Asian Committee.

Key Points

• India’s membership in the INTERPOL Asian Committee was finalized during the 25^th Asian Regional Conference, which took place in Singapore in September 2025.
• This committee is a strategic body within INTERPOL designed to coordinate regional police cooperation and address security challenges specific to the Asia-Pacific region.
• India was represented at the conference by a high-level delegation from the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which serves as the National Central Bureau (NCB) for the country.
• Joining this committee allows India to actively participate in the development of policing strategies and information-sharing protocols to combat transnational crimes, cybercrime, and terrorism.
• The Asian Regional Conference is held every two years to bring together police chiefs and senior law enforcement officials to discuss regional trends and operational priorities.

 Additional Information

• INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization):
• It is the largest international police organization in the world, headquartered in Lyon, France, with 196 member countries.
• Its primary function is to provide a global communication network (I-24/7) and criminal databases to help police track criminals across borders.
• World Trade Organization (WTO):
• Established in 1995, it is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations.
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO):
• A permanent intergovernmental international organization focusing on security, economy, and culture in the Eurasian region.
• ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations):
• A regional grouping that promotes economic, political, and security cooperation among its ten member states in Southeast Asia.