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The correct answer is: Option (1) i.e. incorrigible.

Key Points

• The word 'incoriggible' as written in the bracket is the incorrect spelling of the adjective used to describe someone whose habits or behavior cannot be corrected. (अशुद्ध वर्तनी)
• Example: The teacher marked the word 'incoriggible' as a spelling error in the student's essay.
• 'Incorrigible' is the correct spelling, referring to a person or their tendencies that are beyond reform, change, or improvement. (असंशोधनीय / जिसे सुधारा न जा सके)
• Example: Despite several warnings from the principal, the incorrigible student continued to break the school rules.
• Hence, we can infer that the correct spelling among the given options is 'incorrigible'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- incorrigible.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• incorriggible (गलत वर्तनी): This version incorrectly doubles the letter 'g'.
• Example: The word incorriggible is not recognized in standard English dictionaries.
• incorrigieble (गलत वर्तनी): This spelling incorrectly includes an extra 'e' in the suffix 'ible'.
• Example: It is a common mistake to write incorrigieble instead of the correct form.
• incorigible (गलत वर्तनी): This spelling incorrectly uses a single 'r' instead of the required double 'r'.
• Example: The spelling incorigible is incorrect because it misses the second 'r'.

The correct answer is: Courteous.

Key Points

• The word 'audacious' refers to someone who is showing a willingness to take surprisingly bold risks, or someone who is showing an impudent lack of respect. (साहसी/ढीठ)
• Example: The young entrepreneur made an audacious decision to invest all his savings into a new technology.
• 'Courteous' refers to being polite, respectful, or considerate in manner. It describes behavior that is the opposite of the brash or disrespectful nature often associated with being audacious. (विनम्र)
• Example: Despite the disagreement, he remained courteous and listened to everyone’s point of view.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'audacious' is 'courteous'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Courteous.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Bold (साहसी): Showing an ability to take risks; confident and courageous.
• Example: It was a bold move to challenge the existing rules of the organization.
• Insolent (ढीठ/बदतमीज़): Showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect.
• Example: The manager did not tolerate the insolent behavior of the employee.
• Impudent (गुस्ताख़/ढीठ): Not showing due respect for another person; impertinent.
• Example: The impudent child talked back to his teachers without any hesitation.

The correct answer is: Contemporaries.

Key Points

• The phrase 'persons living at the same time' refers to people who exist, live, or work during the same period of history. (एक ही समय में रहने वाले लोग)
• Example: It is interesting to see how different ideologies developed among persons living at the same time during the Industrial Revolution.
• 'Contemporaries' are individuals who belong to the same time or period as another person. (समकालीन)
• Example: Akbar and Elizabeth I were contemporaries who ruled large empires during the late 16^th century.
• Hence, we can infer that the one-word substitute for 'persons living at the same time' is 'contemporaries'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Contemporaries.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Cosmopolitan (सर्वदेशीय): A person who is familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures.
• Example: Having lived in London, Tokyo, and Paris, he has a very cosmopolitan outlook on life.
• Convalescent (बीमारी के बाद धीरे-धीरे ठीक होने वाला): A person who is recovering from an illness or medical treatment.
• Example: The convalescent patient was advised to take a walk in the garden every morning to regain his strength.
• Connoisseur (कला या भोजन का पारखी): An expert judge in matters of taste, especially in fine arts, music, or food.
• Example: As a connoisseur of classical music, he can easily distinguish between different styles of Baroque compositions.

The correct answer is: unpretentious.

Key Points

• The word 'bombastic' refers to language or speech that is high-sounding but has little meaning; it is often inflated, pretentious, or pompous. (आडंबरपूर्ण)
• Example: The politician delivered a bombastic speech that was full of empty promises.
• 'Unpretentious' refers to someone or something that is modest, simple, and not attempting to impress others with an appearance of greater importance or talent than is actually possessed. (दिखावा न करने वाला)
• Example: Despite his massive success, the actor remained unpretentious and friendly to everyone.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'bombastic' is 'unpretentious'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- unpretentious.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Humdrum (नीरस): Lacking excitement or variety; dull or monotonous.
• Example: She was tired of the humdrum routine of her office job.
• Impressive (प्रभावशाली): Evoking admiration through size, quality, or skill.
• Example: The young pianist gave an impressive performance that stunned the judges.
• Calculative (गणनात्मक/स्वार्थी): Acting in a way that is carefully planned to get a specific result, often for personal gain.
• Example: His calculative approach to business helped him climb the corporate ladder quickly.

The correct answer is: Taciturn.

Key Points

• The phrase 'habitually silent or reserved' describes a person who tends to speak very little and keeps their thoughts and feelings to themselves. (आदतन चुप रहने वाला या कम बोलने वाला)
• Example: Despite the lively party, Sharan remained habitually silent and reserved in the corner.
• 'Taciturn' refers to a person who is reserved or uncommunicative in speech; they say very little and can sometimes appear distant or unfriendly. (मितभाषी या अल्पभाषी)
• Example: The taciturn clerk only gave one-word answers to my questions.
• Hence, we can infer that the one-word substitute for 'habitually silent or reserved' is 'taciturn'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Taciturn.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Talkative (बातूनी): A person who enjoys talking a lot.
• Example: My talkative neighbor can spend hours telling me about her garden.
• Loquacious (वाचाल): Tending to talk a great deal; extremely talkative.
• Example: The loquacious professor was known for his long and detailed lectures.
• Garrulous (बकवादी): Excessively talkative, especially on trivial or unimportant matters.
• Example: The garrulous old man shared every detail of his morning routine with anyone who would listen.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The passage begins by explaining how human activities since the Industrial Revolution, specifically burning coal, oil, and natural gas, have led to an increase in carbon dioxide and Earth’s average temperature. These are the causes.
• The subsequent sections describe the results of this temperature rise, such as extreme weather events (flooding, droughts, hurricanes), melting ice, and habitat loss. These are the effects.
• An appropriate title must encapsulate the entire scope of the text. Since the passage focuses equally on why global warming is happening and what its consequences are, 'Causes and Effects of Global Warming' is the most comprehensive choice.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Industrial Development and Climate Change: While relevant, this title is too narrow as it focuses primarily on the origin and does not fully represent the detailed discussion on biological and economic impacts.
• The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Coastal Areas: This is a specific detail mentioned in the third paragraph, not the primary focus of the entire passage.
• Extreme Weather Patterns Around the World: This title only covers the middle section of the passage regarding weather changes, ignoring the discussion on causes and remedial steps like clean energy.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The passage provides a comprehensive overview of global warming, beginning with its primary drivers such as the Industrial Revolution and the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas).
• It explains the mechanism of how these activities increase carbon dioxide and raise the Earth's average temperature.
• The text further elaborates on the resulting consequences, including extreme weather events (flooding, droughts, hurricanes), melting ice, and habitat loss.
• Since both the triggers (causes) and the consequences (effects) are discussed throughout the text, the main idea is the explanation of the causes and effects of global warming.

Therefore, the correct answer is the passage focuses upon explaining the causes and effects of global warming.

Additional Information

• Option 2 is incorrect because the passage focuses on the era since the Industrial Revolution, not ancient times.
• Option 3 is incorrect because while clean energy is mentioned as a necessary step, the bulk of the text describes the problem rather than the detailed solutions.
• Option 4 is incorrect because the passage addresses human health and wildlife in addition to economies, making the word 'only' inaccurate.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The passage is categorized as Expository because its primary purpose is to inform, explain, and describe a specific topic—global warming—using facts and evidence.
• It systematically presents information starting from the Industrial Revolution, explaining how the burning of fossil fuels leads to carbon dioxide accumulation and a rise in Earth’s average temperature.
• An expository structure is characterized by a neutral tone and a focus on educating the reader about a subject rather than telling a story or providing a personal opinion.
• The text uses logical progression to show how rising temperatures lead to extreme weather events and habitat loss, which are standard features of informative/explanatory writing.

Therefore, the correct answer is Expository.

Additional Information

• Cause and Effect: While the passage heavily utilizes cause and effect reasoning (e.g., burning coal leads to temperature rise), this is a rhetorical strategy used within the broader Expository mode to explain the subject matter.
• Narrative: This structure is used for storytelling and involves characters, a setting, and a plot. This passage does not contain a narrative arc.
• Descriptive: This structure focuses on using sensory details to paint a picture of a person, place, or object. While it describes weather patterns, the primary goal is explanation, not just description.

The correct answer is Informative and Concerned.

Key Points

• The passage provides factual details regarding the Industrial Revolution, the accumulation of carbon dioxide, and the scientific fact that the Earth’s average temperature has risen by more than one degree Celsius. This objective presentation of data makes the tone informative. Hence, the tone is informative.
• The text explains the causal relationship between warmer air, moisture, and extreme weather events like flooding and severe droughts. By educating the reader on the mechanics of global warming, the author maintains a teaching-oriented perspective. Hence, the tone is informative.
• The author highlights the gravity of the situation by discussing habitat loss, melting ice, and the threat to various species and human infrastructure. The mention of these negative impacts reflects a sense of worry and concern. Hence, the tone is concerned.
• The conclusion emphasizes that shifting to clean energy sources is a necessary step to protect our planet’s future. This call to action demonstrates a serious and urgent stance toward a global crisis. Hence, the tone is concerned.

 Additional Information

• Understanding Tone in Passages:
• Critical and Sarcastic: This tone would involve mockery, irony, or satire directed at a subject. The passage is straightforward and serious, lacking any sarcasm.
• Emotional and Dramatic: This tone relies on exaggerated language or hyperbole to evoke intense feelings. While the passage mentions serious issues, it uses scientific reasoning rather than dramatic flare.
• Humorous and Light-hearted: This tone uses wit, humor, or playful language. Since global warming is a critical environmental issue, a humorous tone would be inappropriate and is not present here.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The word 'Optional' refers to something that is left to choice; not compulsory or mandatory.
• In the final sentence of the passage, the word 'Necessary' is used: 'Consequently, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and shifting to clean energy sources are necessary steps to protect our planet’s future.'
• The word 'Necessary' means required to be done, achieved, or present; essential or mandatory.
• Since 'Optional' means something that is not required and 'Necessary' means something that is required, they are antonyms (opposites) of each other.
• Thus, Necessary is the correct antonym found in the text.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Frequent: This word refers to something occurring or done many times at short intervals. It is used in the passage to describe extreme weather events.
• Extreme: This word refers to something reaching a high or the highest degree; very great. In the passage, it describes weather patterns and events.
• Severe: This word refers to something very great, intense, or harsh. The passage mentions severe droughts as a result of rising heat.
• None of these three words (Frequent, Extreme, Severe) serve as an opposite to the concept of being optional.