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The correct answer is Abolition of intermediaries like zamindars.

Key Points

• Immediately after independence, the primary objective of land reforms was to eliminate the exploitative semi-feudal agrarian structure inherited from the British Raj, specifically the Zamindari system.
• The Abolition of Intermediaries targeted layers of middlemen such as Zamindars, Jagirdars, and Inamdars who collected exorbitant rents from peasants without contributing to agricultural productivity.
• This reform was the most successful component of the First Five-Year Plan, bringing nearly 20 million tenants into a direct relationship with the state and granting them ownership rights.
• Legislation like the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition Act (1950) served as a model for other states to ensure social justice and equitable distribution of resources in rural India.
• By removing these intermediaries, the government aimed to incentivize the actual tillers of the soil to invest in their land, thereby increasing national food security and productivity.

 Additional Information

• Major Components of Land Reforms:
• Tenancy Reforms: These involved three key aspects: regulation of rent (capped at 20% to 25% of gross produce), security of tenure, and granting ownership rights to tenants.
• Ceiling on Land Holdings: This policy fixed the maximum size of land an individual or family could own. Surplus land was redistributed to landless laborers and small-scale farmers.
• Consolidation of Holdings: Also known as Chakbandi, it aimed to merge fragmented and scattered land plots into a single compact block to improve farming efficiency and reduce operational costs.
• Bhoodan and Gramdan Movements: Led by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951, these were voluntary land reform movements encouraging wealthy landowners to donate land to the poor.
• Constitutional Status: Land reform is a State Subject under the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution, meaning individual state legislatures are responsible for enacting these laws.

The correct answer is Nayaka chiefs managed territories under royal authority.

Key Points

• The administration of the Vijayanagara Empire was characterized by the Amara-Nayaka system, where the Raya (King) granted land or territories known as Amaram to military commanders called Nayakas. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• Contrary to a fully centralized model, the empire operated through a significant degree of decentralization, where local bodies like village assemblies and Nayaka chiefs exercised considerable autonomy in revenue collection and judicial matters. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• The economy of Vijayanagara was highly advanced and commercially driven, relying on flourishing international maritime trade in spices, textiles, and precious stones, rather than just subsistence farming. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Social practices during this period included the existence of slavery, which was documented by contemporary foreign travelers such as Nicolo Conti and Abdur Razzaq, indicating it was not banned. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

 Additional Information

• The Amara-Nayaka System:
• The Nayakas were responsible for maintaining a stipulated number of horses, elephants, and foot soldiers for the King's service.
• They acted as intermediaries who collected taxes from peasants and artisans, contributing a fixed annual tribute to the central treasury.
• Administrative Structure:
• The empire was organized into administrative units called Rajyas (provinces), further divided into Kottams or Kurrams, Nadus, and finally villages.
• The Ayagar system was prevalent at the village level, consisting of 12 functionaries who managed village affairs in exchange for tax-free land.
• Socio-Economic Aspects:
• The capital city was a major hub for the trade of Arabian horses, which were vital for the empire's cavalry-heavy military.
• Women in Vijayanagara society occupied prominent positions, serving as wrestlers, astrologers, accountants, and even judges in the royal court.

The correct answer is Pakhawaj uses flat hand strokes, Tabla uses fingertips.

Key Points

• The Pakhawaj is a barrel-shaped, two-headed drum that is the primary percussion instrument for the Dhrupad genre of Hindustani classical music. Its playing technique is characterized by the use of the whole palm and flat hand strokes, which produce a deep, bass-heavy, and resonant sound.
• The Tabla consists of two separate drums, the Dayan (treble) and the Bayan (bass). Unlike the Pakhawaj, the Tabla technique relies heavily on the fingertips and the independent movement of fingers to produce a wide array of complex, crisp, and melodic tones.
• In Pakhawaj playing, the strike on the larger side (the bass side) often involves a full-handed thap (slap), whereas on the Tabla, the bass drum (Bayan) is manipulated using the heel of the palm combined with fingertip strikes to change the pitch.
• The syahi (black tuning paste) on the Pakhawaj is generally larger and more robust, requiring the flat hand to cover a significant surface area to generate the correct harmonics, while the Tabla’s smaller syahi is struck precisely with individual fingers.

 Additional Information

• Avanaddha Vadya:
• Both instruments belong to the Avanaddha Vadya (membranophone) category of Indian musical instruments, which are played by striking a stretched skin membrane.
• Performance Contexts:
• Posture: Both the Pakhawaj and Tabla players traditionally perform in a sitting posture on the floor; playing while standing is not a standard technique for either in classical settings.
• Mallets vs. Hands: Neither instrument uses a mallet or drumstick. They are hand-percussion instruments, distinguishing them from instruments like the Nagada or Sambal.
• Open and Closed Notes: Both instruments utilize a combination of open notes (where the membrane is allowed to vibrate freely) and closed notes (where the sound is dampened or muted) to create rhythmic variety.
• Historical Evolution:
• Legend suggests that the Tabla was created by splitting the Pakhawaj into two pieces, though historical evidence points to a more complex evolution influenced by both indigenous and Perso-Arabic drumming traditions.

The correct answer is A-2, B-1, C-3.

Key Points

• AIFF (All India Football Federation) is the governing body for association football in India, established in 1937 and headquartered in New Delhi. Hence, A matches with 2.
• HI (Hockey India) was formed in 2009 and is the sole body recognized by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports for directing and conducting all activities for both men's and women's hockey in India. Hence, B matches with 1.
• BFI (Boxing Federation of India) is the national governing body for Olympic-style boxing in India, recognized by the International Boxing Association (IBA). Hence, C matches with 3.

 Additional Information

• All India Football Federation (AIFF):
• Affiliated with FIFA in 1948 and was one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).
• Responsible for the management of the Indian Super League (ISL) and I-League.
• Hockey India (HI):
• Established to replace the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF).
• Oversees the selection and training of the Indian National Teams for the Olympics and World Cup.
• Boxing Federation of India (BFI):
• Headquartered in Gurugram.
• Organizes the National Boxing Championships and manages the training programs at the National Institute of Sports.

The correct answer is Refraction and dispersion.

Key Points

• A rainbow is a multi-colored arc that forms in the sky when sunlight interacts with water droplets in the atmosphere, typically occurring after rainfall.
• The process begins with refraction, which occurs as sunlight enters a spherical raindrop. Because water is denser than air, the light slows down and bends at the interface.
• Dispersion is the primary cause of the color separation. Sunlight is polychromatic (white light), consisting of different wavelengths. As light refracts, these wavelengths bend at slightly different angles; Violet light bends the most, while Red light bends the least.
• This separation of light into its constituent colors—Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red (VIBGYOR)—creates the visible spectrum.
• Following dispersion, the light undergoes total internal reflection at the back inner surface of the water droplet, which reflects the light back towards the observer.
• As the light exits the droplet, it undergoes a second refraction, further increasing the separation of colors before reaching the human eye.

 Additional Information

• Interference
• This is a phenomenon where two or more light waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude.
• It is responsible for the iridescent colors seen in soap bubbles or oil films but does not cause rainbow formation.
• Diffraction
• Diffraction involves the bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow.
• While it can cause optical effects like coronas around the moon, it is not the mechanism behind the primary rainbow arc.
• Optical Conditions
• To observe a rainbow, the Sun must be behind the observer, and the water droplets must be in front.
• The Refractive Index of water (approximately 1.33) dictates that the primary rainbow is always seen at an angle of roughly 40° to 42° relative to the observer's line of sight.

(1) 2, 3, 5 → All three numbers are Prime Numbers.

(2) 5, 7, 11 → All three numbers are Prime Numbers.

(3) 11, 13, 15 → 11 and 13 are prime, but 15 is a composite number

(4) 17, 19, 23 → All three numbers are Prime Numbers.

Therefore, the odd term group is 11, 13, 15.

Hence, the correct answer is “Option 1”.

The unfolded appearance after the cut,

Hence, the correct answer is “Option 1”.

Checking all the options,

(1) 44, 23, 33, 32, 14 → S, S, K, E, M

(2) 23, 11, 13, 03, 21 → S, S, A, M, S

(3) 41, 23, 33, 22, 42 → T, S, K, E, M

(4) 23, 12, 40, 02, 14 → S, T, E, A, M

Hence, the correct answer is “Option 4”.

Checking all the options,

(1) 76, 54, 12, 41, 77 → G, , P, O, E

(2) 23, 01, 99, 58, 97 → P, M, B, M, E

(3) 76, 31, 22, 42, 04 → G, L, O, B, E

(4) 10, 59, 56, 68, 69 → G, L, O, O, E

Hence, the correct answer is “Option 3”.

MARKET is coded as TEKRAM →

Similarly,

let's find the code for EUROPE:

Therefore, the code for EUROPE is EPORUE.

Hence, the correct answer is “Option 3”.