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The correct answer is 3) Ampere

Key Points

• The unit of electric current is Ampere.
• An ampere (A) is defined as one coulomb of charge passing through a point in a circuit per second.
• It is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI).
• The ampere is named after André-Marie Ampère, a French physicist and mathematician.

Additional Information

• The measurement of electric current can be done using an instrument called an ammeter.
• Electric current is a fundamental concept in the field of electricity and electronics, influencing the design and functioning of various electrical devices and systems.
• Other important electrical units include the volt (unit of electric potential), the ohm (unit of electrical resistance), and the watt (unit of power).

The correct answer is November.

Key Points

• The All India Cooperative Week is celebrated every year across the country from November 14 to November 20.
• The week-long celebrations commence on November 14, which marks the birth anniversary of India's first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. He was a visionary who believed that the cooperative movement was essential for the socio-economic development of rural India.
• The event is organized by the National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI), which is the apex organization representing the entire cooperative movement in the country.
• The main objective of celebrating this week is to highlight the achievements of the cooperative sector, share success stories, and create a roadmap for future growth. It provides a platform to discuss various challenges faced by cooperative societies.
• Each year, the NCUI decides on a specific theme for the week. For instance, the theme for the 70^th All India Cooperative Week in 2023 was "Role of Cooperatives in Resurgence of Bharat."

Additional Information

• Ministry of Cooperation: In a historic move to strengthen the cooperative movement, the Government of India created the Ministry of Cooperation in July 2021. The ministry is headed by Union Minister Shri Amit Shah and works towards the vision of "Sahakar-se-Samriddhi" (Prosperity through Cooperation).
• Constitutional Status: The 97^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011 provided constitutional status and protection to cooperative societies. It introduced Part IXB into the Constitution, dealing specifically with the "The Co-operative Societies."
• Fundamental Right: Under Article 19(1)(c) of the Constitution of India, the right to form cooperative societies is recognized as a Fundamental Right for all citizens.
• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): Article 43B was inserted into the Constitution to enjoin the State to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of cooperative societies.
• Historical Context: The formal cooperative movement in India began with the enactment of the Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904. Later, the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912 expanded the scope to include non-credit societies and federal cooperative organizations.

Important Points

• Structure of Cooperatives: India has one of the world's largest cooperative networks, spanning sectors like agriculture, banking, dairy, and housing. Notable examples include AMUL (Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation), IFFCO (Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative), and KRIBHCO.
• Economic Impact: Cooperatives play a vital role in providing institutional credit to farmers and ensuring the supply of essential inputs like seeds and fertilizers. They are instrumental in achieving financial inclusion in rural areas.
• Multi-State Cooperative Societies: These are societies that have objects and operations serving the interests of members in more than one state. They are regulated by the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002.
• International Significance: The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) represents cooperatives worldwide. India's cooperative movement is a major constituent of this global body, contributing significantly to the global cooperative economy.

• Non-Metals are generally more electronegative due to their Smaller atomic radii.
• Non-metals having high pull forces on their electron because they are closer to having a full valance shell, which makes them stable.
• The much number of valance electrons have more electronegative.

The Correct Answer is Every Move Counts.

In News

• International Chess Day: 20 July.

Key Points

• International Chess Day is celebrated every July 20 to mark the founding of FIDE in 1924.
• 2024 was the centenary year of FIDE, celebrating 100 years of global chess.
• FIDE reaffirmed long-term goals like global expansion, accessibility, and social impact.
• 2025 is observed as the Year of Social Chess, using chess for:
• Inclusion
• Education
• Empowerment
• Mental well-being
• The theme for 2025 is: “Every Move Counts” – stressing how decisions matter both in chess and life.
• In 2024, FIDE set a Guinness World Record:
• 7.28 million chess games played in 24 hours,
• Across 350+ global events.
• The 2025 celebrations focus on inclusive activities, community storytelling, and global outreach.

Louis XVI was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

Important Points

• He was the son of Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir-apparent of King Louis XV.
• When his father died in 1765, he became the new Dauphin. On the death of his grandfather Louis XV, Louis succeeded to the French throne on May 10, 1774,he was 20 years old.
• when he came into the throne he did not have self confidence, personal charisma or political acumen to enforce reforms necessary to shore up the finances of the country.
• Lacking in power and strength of character, he was unable to give the necessary support to his ministers, including Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot and Jacques Necker, in their efforts to stabilize France’s tottering finances.
• Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain.
• In 1774 he boosted the aristocracy by restoring the powers of the parliaments.

Key Points

• Hansen’s disease (also known as leprosy) is an infection caused by slow-growing bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. It can affect the nerves, skin, eyes, and lining of the nose (nasal mucosa).

Additional Information

• Alzheimer's: Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys memory and thinking skills and, ultimately, the ability to complete the simplest tasks.
• Malaria: Disease caused by Plasmodium parasites spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The severity of malaria varies depending on the species of Plasmodium.
• Kala Azar: Disease caused by the infection of Leishmania parasites. Visceral leishmaniasis is spread by sandpit bites. Such leishmaniasis affects the internal organs, usually the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

Some people do not have any symptoms.

The correct answer is Darjeeling, West Bengal.

Key Points

• Darjeeling in West Bengal is associated with the tea industry in India.
• It is known for producing high-quality tea, particularly the Darjeeling tea.
• The tea industry is an important contributor to the economy of Darjeeling and provides employment to a large number of people.
• The tea gardens in Darjeeling are situated at an altitude of 600 to 2000 meters, which provide the ideal climate for tea cultivation.
• Tea tourism is also popular in Darjeeling, where tourists can visit the tea gardens, learn about the tea-making process, and taste different varieties of tea.

Additional Information

• Panipat in Haryana is known for its textile industry.
• Ahmedabad in Gujarat is known for its textile and pharmaceutical industries.
• Madurai in Tamil Nadu is known for its temples and tourism.

The correct answer is 61^st.

Key Points 

• The 61^st amendment of the Constitution reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years.
• It concerns elections to the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies.
• The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 by the 61^st constitutional amendment act of 1988.
• Rajiv Gandhi was the prime minister who reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years.
• The voting age was reduced by amending Article 326 of the Constitution.
• Article 326 of the Constitution provides that the elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage.
• The right to vote is a legal right.

Additional Information 

• 56^th amendment of the Indian constitution deals with the transition provision to enable the formation of the state of Goa.
• The 65^th amendment of the Indian constitution deals with the formation of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and its statutory powers.
• 70^th amendment of the Indian constitution Includes National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in Electoral College for Presidential election.

The correct answer is 16 u.

Key Points

• The molecular mass of a compound is calculated by summing the atomic masses of all atoms in its molecular formula.
• CH4 (methane) consists of one carbon (C) atom and four hydrogen (H) atoms.
• The atomic mass of carbon (C) is approximately 12 u.
• The atomic mass of hydrogen (H) is approximately 1 u.
• Therefore, the molecular mass of CH₄ is calculated as 12 + (4 x 1) = 16 u.

Additional Information

• Atomic Mass Unit (u)
• An atomic mass unit (u) is defined as one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
• It is used to express atomic and molecular masses in a relative scale.
• Molecular Mass vs. Molar Mass
• Molecular mass is the mass of a single molecule of a substance, measured in atomic mass units (u).
• Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, typically measured in grams per mole (g/mol).
• Common Molecules and Their Masses
• Water (H₂O) has a molecular mass of approximately 18 u.
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) has a molecular mass of approximately 44 u.

The correct answer is mole (mol).

Key Points

• The amount of substance in a given sample of matter is the 'number of discrete atomic-scale particles in it' divided by the 'Avogadro constant NA.
• Mole is an SI unit used for measuring the amount of a substance.
• The amount of substance is the number of particles that constitute the substance.
• One mole (mol) contains exactly 6.02214076 × 1023 elementary entities.

Additional Information