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The correct answer is Cell

Key Points

• The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
• Cells are the smallest units of life that can replicate independently, and they are often called the "building blocks of life".
• There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus.
• Cells carry out essential functions such as energy production, nutrient processing, and waste elimination.

Additional Information

• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a molecule that carries energy within cells.
• The mitochondria are organelles within the cell that produce ATP through cellular respiration.
• The nucleus is an organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell's genetic material.
• Cells can be specialized to perform specific functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells.

• The outer layer of the kidney is known as the renal cortex.
• It contains the renal tubules and renal corpuscles except for the parts of the loop of Henle which descend into the renal medulla. It also contains cortical collecting ducts and blood vessels. It is that part of the kidney where ultrafiltration occurs.
• The innermost part of the kidney is known as the renal medulla.
• The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped dilated part of the ureter in the kidney.
• The glomerulus is a network of capillaries.

Explanation :

• Pottery is the art of making ceramics and other pottery items using clay.
• The items are burned at a high temperature in a kiln to make them impregnable.
• Crushed pottery is also used to make bonfire-fired ceramics, as they give open body texture.
• Crushed pottery is used in the manufacture of  terracotta
• Terra-cotta is a Latin word that means 'baked earth'. It is glazed or unglazed fired clay that is used to make earthenware articles such as pots, bricks, statuettes and for architectural purposes like roofing etc.
• The articles prepared from refractory clays which, as mixed with stone and crushed pottery, are called stoneware.
• The articles prepared from fine earthenware which is white, thin and semi-transparent, are called porcelain
• In Bali, terracotta bricks are used to build temples and traditional houses. With the advancement of building and construction technology, nowadays, terracotta bricks are mostly used for decoration on walls or landscape elements

The Correct answer is Initial velocity.

Key Points

• In the equation s = ut + 1/2 at², u stands for the initial velocity of the object.
• This equation is one of the fundamental equations of motion in classical mechanics, often referred to as the second equation of motion.
• The term s represents the displacement or position change of the object.
• The term t represents the time duration over which the motion occurs.
• The term a stands for the acceleration of the object.
• The equation combines initial velocity (u), acceleration (a), and time (t) to determine the displacement (s).
• This equation is derived from the basic principles of Newtonian mechanics.

 Additional Information

• Uniform acceleration
• Uniform acceleration refers to a constant rate of change in velocity.
• In equations of motion, acceleration (a) is often assumed to be uniform.
• Speed of the object
• Speed is a scalar quantity representing how fast an object is moving.
• Speed does not include direction, unlike velocity, which is a vector quantity.
• Change in momentum
• Momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
• The change in momentum is often described by the impulse-momentum theorem.

The correct answer is Kathmandu.

Key Points

• The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
• It was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8 December 1985.
• The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first raised in November 1980.
• After consultations, the foreign secretaries of the seven founding countries—Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka—met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981.
• Afghanistan became the newest member of SAARC at the 13^th annual summit in 2005.
• The Headquarters and Secretariat of the Association are in Kathmandu, Nepal. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• SAARC comprises of eight-member States
• Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• There are currently nine Observers to SAARC, namely:

(i) Australia; (ii) China; (iii) the European Union; (iv) Iran; (v) Japan; (vi) the Republic of Korea; (vii) Mauritius; (viii) Myanmar; and (ix) the United States of America.

Additional Information

• | Organization | Headquarters | | --- | --- | | United Nations Organisation | New York, USA | | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) | Paris, France | | United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) | Vienna, Austria | | International Atomic Energy Agency | Vienna, Austria | | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Vienna, Austria | | International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Washington DC, USA | | World Bank | Washington DC, USA | | Amnesty International | London | | International Maritime Organisation | London | | International Court Of Justice | The Hague, The Netherlands | | Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) | Rome | | North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) | Brussels, Belgium | | International Renewable Energy Agency | Abu Dhabi (UAE) | | South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation | Kathmandu, Nepal | | Asian Development Bank | Manila | | Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | Jakarta, Indonesia | | Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) | Singapore | | Organization of Islamic Cooperation | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | | Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation | Ebene, Mauritius | | Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons | The Hague, The Netherlands | | International Hydrographic Organization | Monaco | | International Chamber of Commerce | Paris, France | | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) | Los Angeles, USA | | International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) | Paris, France | | Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO) | Washington D.C., USA |

The correct answer is Ammeter.

Key Points

• Ammeter
• ​It is an instrument that is always connected in series in a circuit through which the current would be measured in that circuit.
• The working principle of an ammeter mainly depends on resistance as well as inductive reactance.
• It includes less impedance because it must include less amount of voltage drop across it.
• It is connected in series because the flow of current within the series circuit is the same.
• An Ammeter is analog. It uses an analog to digital converter (ADC) to measure the voltage across the shunt resistor.
• An ideal ammeter has zero resistance so that the the circuit in which it has been placed is not disturbed.

Additional Information

• Anemometer
• ​It is a device that measures wind speed and direction.
• It measures wind speed by the amount of wind pressure against a surface, such as a cup or a propeller, or by using sonic pulses.
• Anemometers are used at almost all weather stations. Wind speed helps indicate a change in weather patterns, such as an approaching storm, which is important for pilots, engineers, and climatologists.
• Distortion meter
• ​It is a type of electronic test equipment used to determine specific frequencies that cause distortion in electronic devices.
• It allows for the user to alter or eliminate any source of distortion within the sound.
• Microwave power meter
• It is an instrument which measures the electrical power at microwave frequencies typically in the range 100 MHz to 40 GHz.​
• Microwave power meters have a wide bandwidth. They are not frequency-selective.

Concept:

• Plants prepare their food by the process called photosynthesis.
• During photosynthesis, plants trap solar energy or light energy with the help of chloroplast present in the green leaves and convert it into Chemical energy
• A pigment called chlorophyll is present in the chloroplasts which are required in trapping sunlight
• Plants utilize Carbon dioxide and Water for the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis, oxygen is liberated as a side product
• This gaseous exchange occurs through the stomata present on the leaf surface

These events can be demonstrated by the following equation:

\(\rm \underset{(Carbon\ dioxide)}{6CO_2} + \underset{(Water)}{6H_2 O} \xrightarrow[Chlorophyll]{Sunlight} \underset{(Carbohydrates)}{C_6H_{12}O_6} + \underset{(Oxygen)}{6O_2}\)

Explanation:

• Photosynthesis is a two-stage process.
• The first stage is the Light Dependent Process (Light Reaction), which requires direct light to build energy carrier molecules which are later used in the second process.
• The Light Independent Process (Dark Reaction or Calvin Cycle) occurs when the energy of the Light Reaction is used to form carbohydrates.
• In the Light Dependent Processes, light hit chlorophyll in such a way as to excite electrons to a higher energy state.
• In a series of reactions, the energy is converted into ATP and NADPH.
• Water is split in the process, releasing oxygen and hydrogen as a by-product of the reaction.
• Thereby ATP, hydrogen donor and O2  products are formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis.

Additional Information

• The Dark Reactions mostly occur in the dark.
• The major enzyme of the Dark Reaction is indirectly stimulated by light, therefore the term Dark Reaction is somewhat of a pseudonym.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. H K Kripalini.

• H K Kripalini is the first Indian Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission.
• He assumed charge in April 1947 and continued in the office till January 1949.
• The Current Chairman of Union Public Service Commission is Manoj Soni.

The correct answer is Darbhanga.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the AIIMS in Darbhanga, Bihar on 13 November 2024.
• This initiative aims to significantly boost the health infrastructure in the region.
• AIIMS Darbhanga is part of the government's efforts to expand medical education and healthcare facilities in underserved areas.
• The establishment of AIIMS Darbhanga is expected to provide high-quality medical education, research, and healthcare services to the residents of Bihar and neighboring regions.

Additional Information

• All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
• AIIMS is a group of autonomous public medical colleges of higher education.
• These institutes are established by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
• AIIMS institutions are known for providing excellent medical education, research, and patient care facilities.
• Healthcare in Bihar
• Bihar has been working to improve its healthcare infrastructure, with the establishment of multiple AIIMS being a key component.
• The state aims to provide better healthcare facilities and medical education to its population.
• National Health Mission (NHM)
• The NHM aims to strengthen public health systems, particularly in underserved areas like Bihar.
• It includes the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM).
• The mission focuses on improving maternal and child health, infectious disease control, and healthcare infrastructure.
• Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY)
• Launched to address regional imbalances in the availability of affordable and reliable tertiary healthcare services.
• It includes setting up AIIMS-like institutions and upgrading existing government medical colleges.
• PMSSY aims to provide quality medical education and enhance the standard of healthcare in the country.

The correct answer is Buddhism.

Key Points

• Vajrayana School belongs to Buddhism.
• Vajrayana means “The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt”. This Buddhist school developed in India between the 7^th to 8^th centuries CE.
• Also known as Tantric Buddhism, It first emerged in various parts of India and Sri Lanka.
• It is based on the principles of the Mahayana tradition.