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Learning is defined as a process of behavior modification through experiences, exercise, and efforts. Learning is a fundamental and life-long process. Attitudes, fears, gestures, motor skills, language skills, etc. are the products of learning.

Key Points There are the following characteristics of learning:

• Learning may be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of prior experience.
• Learning is a development that comes from exercise and effort. Through learning, children acquire competence in using their hereditary resources.
• Learning leads to changes in behavior but this does not necessarily mean that these changes always bring about improvement or positive development.
• Learning involves all those experiences and training of an individual (right from birth) which help her/him to produce changes in behavior.
• Learning helps the individual to adjust herself/himself adequately and adapt to the changes that may be necessary to the new situations.

Hence, we can conclude that Learning involves the relative change in behavior as a result of experience and practice. Thus the correct answer is all of the above.

Individualized learning, also known as individualized instruction, is a teaching strategy in which the subject matter, teaching tools, and learning pace are determined by the aptitudes and interests of each student.

Key Points 

• Individualized learning is a method of instruction that tailors the learning experience to the individual needs of each student.
• It takes into account students' learning styles, interests, and abilities, and provides them with the support and resources they need to succeed.
• It recognizes that all students learn differently and that no one size fits all.
• Individualized learning helps Students to reach their full potential and become lifelong learners.

Hence we can conclude that individualized learning is the most effective school practice. 

Additional Information

• Continuous comparative evaluation is a method of assessment that compares students' performance to that of their peers. This can be a demoralizing and stressful experience for students, and it does not provide them with the feedback they need to improve.
• Corporal punishment is the use of physical force to punish students. It is a harmful and ineffective way to discipline students, and it can lead to long-term negative consequences.
• Competitive classrooms are classrooms where students are encouraged to compete with each other for grades and recognition. This can create a hostile and stressful environment, and it can lead to students feeling anxious and insecure.

The developmental method is the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan.

Key Points 

• The Developmental method involves studying children of different ages to see how they change over time.
• Developmental Method aims to explain how thinking, feeling, and behaviors change throughout life.
• Developmental Method of studying children use a variety of techniques to study children, including observation, interviews, and tests.

Hence, We can conclude that The best method to study the growth and development of a child is the developmental method.

Additional Information

• Psychoanalytical method is a method of therapy that focuses on the unconscious mind. It is not a good method for studying growth and development because it does not focus on the observable changes that occur in children over time.
• Comparative method is a method of research that compares different groups of people. It is not a good method for studying growth and development because it does not allow psychologists to see how children change over time.
• Statistical method is a method of analyzing data. It is not a good method for studying growth and development because it does not allow psychologists to see how children change over time.

Conducive learning and thinking environment refers to an environment that is free of distraction and disruption. It introduces a new dimension to educational experiences.

Key Points A conducive learning environment could be made more constant and enlivening by allowing students to take some decisions about what and how to learn as it will: 

• Promote the child-centered approach to education.
• Get students to focus on you now and then by not keeping slides up for too long.
• Give primacy to children's experiences and needs.
• Allow children to work at their own pace freely and willingly.
• Provide them opportunities to foster their own strategy of learning.

Hence, it becomes clear that allowing students to make some decisions, is appropriate for a conducive environment.

Intelligence involves a number of abilities together. It is the ability to understand the incoming information and make sense of it. It is the ability to acquire new skills and use the existing knowledge to complete a task or deal with a situation. 

Key Points

• Environment and heredity combine for developing intelligence. One cannot be seen as more significant than the other because both are crucial components of one's intellectual development.
• The degree of intelligence varies from person to person, from age to age, and from situation to situation.
• Intelligence increases with age, but only to a point. The age at which mental development stops differs from person to person.
• Normally, intelligence reaches its maximum, somewhat at the age of 16 to 20 in the individual, when vertical growth ceases.

Hence we can conclude that the above passage is related to Intelligence.

Motivation is the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behavior. It is the process of stimulating people to action for accomplishing the goal.

Key Points

• Motivation is an important element of self-understanding and learning.
• Motivation energizes the individual to act or behave in a manner at a time for attaining some specific goal.
• It is simply the reason for an action and that which gives purpose and direction to behavior.
• There are two primary types of motivation namely, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.
• The principle of motivation is to encourage students to learn and grow.
• It helps to sustain attention in one’s efforts or tasks.

Hence, We can conclude that the Principle of motivation stresses on encouraging students.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in personality (including cognitive, affective, attitudinal, motivational, behavioral, and experiential) and reflects a change in performance usually brought about by practice although it may arise from insight or other factors, including memory.

Key Points

 Given below are some statements about learning for you to read and ponder:

• Learning is the process of being modified, more or less permanently, by what happens in the world around us, by what we do, or by what we observe.
• Learning is the process by which behavior is originated or changed through training procedures (whether in the natural environment or in the laboratory).
• Learning is a process by which the individual acquires various habits, knowledge, and attitude that are necessary to meet the demands of life in general.
• Learning is defined as a process of behavior modification through experiences, exercise, and efforts. Learning is a fundamental and life-long process.
• Attitudes, fears, gestures, motor skills, language skills, etc. are the products of learning.

Hence, We can conclude that Learning has been considered as a process of correcting behavior through training.

Assessment is done to determine the outcomes (what students have learned), process (the way they learned), and their approach to the learning before, during, or after the program or course.

Key Points 

• According to the National Curriculum Framework 2005 (NCF-2005),  the aim of education should be not to get good grades to pass the examination that only encourages rote memorization among students but to provide direct and first-hand experiences that will encourage the permanent learning of concepts.
• The school-based assessment (SBA) is a systematic process held under the full control of school organizations and teachers to help the students in their individual learning.
• SBA helps a teacher in diagnosing the learning problems of a child as well as his achievements that will help to decide the further action i.e., the child should be taken to the next level of learning or he needs to go through the remediation to remove the learning errors.
• It provides information /reports on the progress of students in scholastic and co-scholastic areas and thus helps in predicting the future success of learners.
• The external examiner will only come to examine the students on a specific day with a special purpose of evaluation. He will be unaware of the student's capabilities and weaknesses.
• If an intelligent child could not prepare well (because of illness, or other issues) for the assessment and performed not so well in the examination. The external examiner who is unaware of the child's capabilities will judge him only for that and will give him average or below-average grades.
• On the contrary, if he is being assessed by his own teacher who knows him well, his strengths and weaknesses, he will judge him for his behavior, and achievements on a daily basis and will be able to give a fair grade.

Hence, a school-based assessment is primarily based on the principle that teachers at the school know their learners' capabilities better than external examiners.

Social deviance, broadly defined, applies to any behavior, belief, or appearance that violates prevailing social norms.

Key Points 

• Norms are social standards concerning what members of a group expect and believe is acceptable conduct in a given situation.
• The power of norms to govern individual behavior derives from the perception that others endorse and will enforce the normative standards.
• When an individual's or a minority group's behavior, belief, or appearance deviates from normative standards, the individual or the group members risk becoming the target of social disapproval and other forms of punishment.
• Socially deviant behavior is behavior that violates the normative rules, understandings, or expectations of social systems.

Hence, We can conclude that Socially deviant individuals deviate because they don't conform to social norms.

Inclusive education ensures that children with special needs are taught in regular schools with their age and grade peers with support services provided within the school system. Thus, it reflects the objective of providing quality education to all children by accommodating their needs and learning styles into the general curriculum.

Key Points

 There are the following characteristic features of the inclusive classroom:

• Flexibility in learning.
• It creates an environment in which the child can learn with diversity, not creating a special environment for learning.
• In inclusive classrooms, students develop better moral and ethical principles.
• Students in an inclusive classroom show increased acceptance of diverse learners.
• An inclusive classroom meets the individual learning needs of children using a variety of media and allows equal opportunities to learn and grow by making the school a friendly place for all children and helping them to develop better communication and social skills.
• Emphasis on their learning to read instead of emphasizing teaching.
• Uses different teaching methods according to the needs of each student, so that every child can have access to the knowledge.

Hence, we can conclude that all the options are correct regarding Inclusive education.