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The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

Battle of Haldighati:

• The Battle of Haldighati was a battle fought on 18 June 1576 between the armies of the Rana of Mewar, Maharana Pratap, and the Mughal emperor Akbar’s forces, led by Man Singh I of Amber. Hence, option 1 is correct.
• Although the battle ended in defeat for the forces of Mewar, Maharana Pratap escaped continuing his valiant resistance against the Mughal Empire.
• With Maharana Pratap able to make a successful escape, the battle failed to break the deadlock between the two powers.
• The Mughals’ focus shifted to other parts of the empire after 1579, which allowed Rana Pratap to recover much of the lost territory in the western parts of his kingdom.

​First Battle of Panipat:

• The First Battle of Panipat was fought between the forces of Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• The Battle was fought on April 21, 1526.
• The First Battle of Panipat resulted in the death of Ibrahim Lodi and also the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the Delhi Sultanate in India.
• Also, with the end of the Sultanate, Mughal rule began in India.
• The use of guns by the troops of Babur helped them claim victory in the battle.

Second Battle of Panipat:

• The Second Battle of Panipat took place on 5 November 1556, between the emperor of north India, Hemu, and the forces of the Mughal emperor Akbar. Hence, option 3 is correct.
• Hemu took possession of Delhi and claimed royal status, proclaiming himself Vikramaditya.
• Meanwhile, Akbar, having heard of the news of his father’s demise and the events at Tughlakabad, marched forth with his army along with his guardian Bairam Khan.
• Hemu was captured hours after the battle concluded and brought to the Mughal camp. Near-death and unconscious, Bairam Khan took the action of executing Hemu.

The correct answer is village headman.

Key Points

Provincial Government during Delhi Sultanate:

• Iqtas, the provinces under the Delhi Sultanate were initially under the dominion of the nobles.
• Muqtis or Walis was the name given to the governors of the provinces who were responsible for maintaining law and order and collecting land revenue.
• The provinces were further divided into Shiqs, which were under the control of the Shiqdar.
• The Shiqs were further divided into Pargana, comprising a number of villages and was headed by the Amil.
• The village remained the basic unit of administration and its headman was called Chaudhri or Muqaddam.
• Patwari was the village accountant.

The correct answer is Nizamuddin Ahmad.

Key Points

Tabaqat-i-Akbari:

• Khwaja Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad Bakshi was a Muslim historian of late medieval India.
• He was the son of Muhammad Muqim-i-Harawi.
• Nizamuddin Ahmad wrote the book Tabaqat-i-Akbari which is a general history of Muslim rule in India coming down to the year of its composition.
• He belonged to a very respectable family and his forefathers served the ancestors of Akbar.
• He himself was appointed to the post of Mir Bakshi during the reign of Akbar.
• After consulting some significant texts of Persian about the Mughals, he wrote this book.
• It contains the events which took place between A.D. 1193 ti 1594.
• It also throws light on some such events of Akbar’s childhood that have not been mentioned in Akbarnama by Abul Fazl.
• As the author breathed his last in the year 1594, hence the events after that have not been included in this book.
• Tabaqat-i-Akbari of Nizamuddin is a comprehensive work and runs into three volumes like that of Akbarnama of Abul Fazl.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Krishnadevaraya.

Key Points

Krishnadevaraya:

• He was the ruler of the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagar empire (1509-29 AD).
• Krishna Deva Raya was also known as Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana, Andhra Bhoja, and Mooru Rayara Ganda.
• His rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation.
• He is credited with building some fine temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important south Indian temples.
• He also founded a suburban township near Vijayanagar called Nagalapuram after his mother. Hence, option 1 is correct.
• He composed a work on statecraft in Telugu known as the Amuktamalyada.
• During his reign, Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz also visited the Vijayanagara Empire.
• He reconstructed the Virupaksha Temple as well as other Shiva shrines.
• He granted land grants to Tirumala, Srisailam, Amaravati, Chidambaram, Ahobilam, and Tiruvannamalai temples.
• He lavished numerous priceless objects on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, ranging from diamond-studded crowns to golden swords to nine types of precious gems. Venkateshwara became Krishna Deva Raya's patron deity.

The correct answer is Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel

Key PointsHistory of Patna Women’s College

• The college is conducted by the Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel, an indigenous educational body founded in 1870, and thus has a wide and long experience.
• Patna Women’s College was founded in 1940 by Bishop B.J. Sullivan, S.J., Bishop of Patna and Mother M. Josephine A.C. Superior General of the Apostolic Carmel.
• It has courses up to the degree level and two postgraduate departments – Home Science and MCA.
• It was the first women’s college in Bihar as the pioneer of women’s higher education in the state. The college is open to students of all castes and creeds.
• Though it became a constituent college of Patna University, in 1952.

The correct answer is Cyril Radcliffe.

Key PointsRadcliffe Line

• The Radcliffe line is spread through the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat to the international border in Jammu in Jammu & Kashmir, dividing India and Pakistan into two different countries.
• Radcliffe divided India into three halves: West Pakistan, East Pakistan, and India.
• It was named after the chairman of the Border Commissions, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. He was a lawyer from England who had no previous knowledge or experience with cartography.
• This border line is today the international boundary between India and Pakistan on the western side and between India and Bangladesh on the eastern side.

Additional InformationWhat were the two Boundary Commissions?

• In June 1947, Sir Cyril John Radcliffe, a British lawyer, was made the Chairman of two boundary commissions of Punjab and Bengal and given the task to draw up the new borders of India and Pakistan.
• He was given a period of five weeks to complete this task and arrived in India in July 1947.
• The boundary commissions of Punjab and Bengal also included two nominees each of the Indian National Congress and Muslim League respectively.
• The Punjab commission had Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan, Justice Teja Singh, Justice Din Mohammad, and Justice Muhammad Munir as members.
• The Bengal commission comprised Justice CC Biswas, Justice BK Mukherjee, Justice Abu Saleh Akram, and Justice SA Rehman.
• The Boundary Commissions award was made public on August 17, 1947.

The correct answer is Holt Mackenzie

Key Points

Land tenure systems 

• Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. There were broadly three types of land revenue policies in existence during British rule in India.
• Before independence, there were three major types of land tenure systems prevailing in the country:
• The Zamindari System
• The Mahalwari System
• The Ryotwari System
• The basic difference in these systems was regarding the mode of payment of land revenue.

The Mahalwari System

• By the early 19^th century, the Company officials were convinced that the system of revenue had to be changed again.
• The revenues cannot be fixed permanently at such a time when the Company needed more money to meet its expenses of administration and trade.
• In 1822, Englishman Holt Mackenzie devised a new system known as the Mahalwari System in the North Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency (most of this area is now in Uttar Pradesh).
• Under the Mahalwari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the village headmen on behalf of the whole village (and not the zamindar).
• The entire village was converted into one bigger unit called ‘Mahal’ and was treated as one unit for the payment of land revenue.
• The revenue under the Mahalwari system was to be revised periodically and not fixed permanently.
• The system was popularised by Lord William Bentick in Agra and Awadh and was later extended to Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.

Additional InformationThe Zamindari System

• The zamindari system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement that fixed the land rights of the members in perpetuity without any provision for fixed rent or occupancy right for actual cultivators.
• Under the Zamindari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the intermediaries known as Zamindars.
• The share of the government in the total land revenue collected by the zamindars was kept at 10/11^th, and the remainder going to zamindars.
• The system was most prevalent in West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, UP, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.

The Ryotwari System

• In the British territories in southern India, there was a move away from the idea of Permanent Settlement.
• A system that came to be known as the Ryotwari System, was devised by Captain Alexander Read and Sir Thomas Munro at the end of the 18^th century and introduced by the latter when he was governor of Madras Presidency (1819–26).
• Under the Ryotwari system, the land revenue was paid by the farmers directly to the state.
• In this system, the Individual cultivator called Ryot had full rights regarding the sale, transfer, and leasing of the land.
• The ryots could not be evicted from their land as long as they paid the rent.
• It was prevalent in most of southern India, first introduced in Tamil Nadu. It was later extended to Maharashtra, Berar, East Punjab, Coorg, and Assam.
• The advantages of this system were the elimination of middlemen, who often oppressed villagers.

The correct answer is Pavnar, Maharashtra 

Key Points

• Acharya Vinoba Bhave started individual Satyagraha from Pavnar in Maharashtra in 1940.
• Vinoba Bhave was first and Nehru was second to offer Satyagraha, by May’1941, 25000, people had been convicted for Satyagraha.

Aims of Individual Satyagraha:

• To show that nationalist patience was not due to weakness.
• To express people’s feeling that they are not interested in the war and that they made distinction between Nazism and double autocracy that ruled in India
• To give another opportunity to the Government to accept congress demands peacefully.
• The demand of the Satyagrahi was using freedom of Speech against the war through an anti-war declaration. If government did not arrest the Satyagrahi, he or she will move repeating it in villages and start march towards Delhi (“Delhi Chalo Movement”).

Additional Information

• In reaction to the August Offer, Gandhiji called for a limited 'Individual Satyagraha'.
• It was a protest against the British government and its inability to accommodate the demands of Indians.
• Also, Indians wanted to demonstrate that though they are taking part in the war, the participation was not voluntary.

The correct answer is Indian National Liberal Federation.

Key Points

Indian National Liberal Federation:

• Under the presidentship of Hasan Imam, the Indian National Congress met in a special session in Bombay in 1918 to consider the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.
• Montagu's report of 1918 was made public; there was a divide in Congress over it.
• The moderates welcomed it while the extremists opposed it.
• This led to a schism in the Congress with moderate leaders forming the “Indian National Liberal Federation” in 1919.
• Some of the veteran Congress leaders led by Surendra Nath Banerjee, however, accepted the reforms and left congress.
• 'This faction was later known as liberal and founded the ‘Indian Liberal Federation’
• The party (INLF) was founded by Surendra Nath Banarjea and some of its prominent leaders wereTej Bahadur Sapru,S. Srinivasa Sastri and M. R. Jayakar.
• Tej Bahadur Sapru emerged as the most important leader among the Liberals.
• During the agitation against the Simon Commission, he launched the idea of an all-parties conference in India to prepare an agreed constitutional scheme.
• In the legislative elections of 1923, most Liberal candidates were defeated, but some were returned in both the Center and the provinces, while even some of the principal leaders regained seats through nomination.
• A number of Liberals including Sapru and Sastri attended the first Round Table conference (1930-1931). They reunited the Indian Princes to the idea of an all-India federal union. ⁣ ⁣

The correct answer is 2 only.

Key Points

Cabinet Mission:

• Cabinet Mission was a high-powered mission sent in February 1946 to India by the Atlee Government (British Prime Minister.)
• The mission had three British cabinet members – Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, & and A.V. Alexander.

Objectives of Cabinet Mission:

• To discuss the transfer of power from British to Indian leadership. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• To obtain an agreement with the Indian leaders as to the framing of a constitution for India.
• To formulate a constitution-making body (the Constituent Assembly of India).
• To establish an Executive Council with the support of the major Indian parties.
• Hence, statements 1 and 3 are not correct.

​Cabinet Mission Plan:

• Rejection of the demand for a full-fledged Pakistan.
• Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into three sections
• Three-tier executive and legislature at provincial, section, and union levels.
• A constituent assembly was to be elected by provincial assemblies through proportional representation.
• A common centre would control the defence, communication, and external affairs.