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The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Indian Association – Surendranath Banerjee 
• Founded in 1876 in Calcutta by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose.
• One of the earliest organizations that paved the way for the Indian National Congress.
• Madras Mahajan Sabha – M. Viraraghavachariar 
• Established in 1884 in Madras by M. Viraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P. Ananda Charlu.
• One of the earliest political organizations in South India.
• Bombay Presidency Association – Badruddin Tyabji
• Founded in 1885 by Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta, and K.T. Telang.
• Formed to provide a platform for educated Indians in Bombay.
• Poona Sarvajanik Sabha – Justice Ranade
• Established in 1870 in Poona by M.G. Ranade and other social reformers.
• Aimed at promoting the rights of the Indian people and economic reforms.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Antigens:
• Substances found on the surface of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.).
• Trigger the immune response when detected by the body.
• When antigens are introduced in the body through vaccination, the body produces antibodies to fight off infection.
• After the vaccination, B-cells make defensive antibodies against the antigen. Hence option 2 is correct
• Vaccination:
• Involves introducing weakened, inactivated, or pieces of a pathogen into the body.
• Stimulates the immune system to recognize and remember the antigen.
• Antibodies:
• Proteins produced by B cells in response to the antigen.
• Neutralize or destroy the invading pathogen.
• Memory Cells:
• After exposure to the antigen, the body retains memory cells.
• These cells allow for a faster, stronger response upon future exposure to the same pathogen.
• Immunization:
• Vaccination leads to active immunity where the body produces its own antibodies.
• Can also result in passive immunity, where antibodies are passed from another source (e.g., mother to child).
• Significance:
• Vaccines help build immunity, prevent disease spread, and protect vulnerable populations.
• Herd immunity is built when a significant portion of the population is vaccinated, making it harder for diseases to spread

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• What is Renewable Energy?
• Renewable energy comes from natural sources that replenish over time and do not get exhausted.
• Examples: Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydropower, Geothermal energy, Biomass energy.
• Analysis of the Options:
• Electricity produced from solar (Correct) ✅
• Solar energy is a renewable source obtained from the Sun.
• Used in solar panels (photovoltaic cells) to generate electricity.
• Electricity produced from thermal plants (Incorrect) ❌
• Thermal plants mostly use fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, which are non-renewable.
• Some thermal plants use biomass (renewable), but most rely on coal or gas, making this option incorrect.
• Electricity produced from coal (Incorrect) ❌
• Coal is a fossil fuel and non-renewable because it takes millions of years to form.
• Burning coal produces greenhouse gases (GHGs), contributing to global warming.
• Electricity produced from wind (Correct) ✅
• Wind energy is a renewable source generated using wind turbines.
• It is sustainable and does not deplete over time. Hence, option 1 is correct.

The Correct Answer is Option 2.

Key Points 

• The temple at Deogarh near Jhansi and the sculptures in the temple at Garhwa near Allahabad are important remains of the Gupta period. Hence, the correct answer is option 2.
• Known as the Golden Age of Indian Art and Architecture, the Gupta period (4^th–6^th centuries CE) witnessed the development of temples and sculptures.
• These remains demonstrate the transition from wooden to stone-based construction techniques.

Additional Information 

Deogarh Temple:

• Also known as the Dashavatara Temple, it is one of the earliest known stone temples dedicated to Vishnu.
• Features intricate reliefs of Vishnu’s incarnations, such as the famous depiction of Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha.
• Architectural style includes shikara (spire) and mandapa (hall), influencing later temple designs.

Garhwa Sculptures:

• Found near Allahabad (Prayagraj), the sculptures depict Hindu deities, showcasing the artistic excellence of the Gupta period.
• They are a testament to the flourishing of religious art under the patronage of Gupta rulers.

Significance of Gupta Sculptures:

• Characterized by graceful postures, detailed ornamentation, and an emphasis on spiritual expression.
• Influenced later Indian sculpture and temple designs, forming the foundation of medieval Indian art.

Cultural and Historical Value:

• These remains reflect the Gupta Empire's focus on religion, art, and cultural development.
• They also underscore the importance of temples as both religious and cultural centers during the Gupta era.
• These sites serve as vital examples of early Hindu temple architecture and artistic innovation.

The correct answer is Rajiv Ranjan Sinha.

Key Points

• According to the official website of the Bihar Legislative Council, Rajiv Ranjan Sinha was the first elected Chairman of the Bihar Legislative Council under the Government of India Act, 1935.
• The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced Provincial Autonomy, leading to the establishment of elected provincial legislatures.
• The Bihar Legislative Council functioned as the Upper House of the bicameral legislature in the province.
• The election of its first Chairman marked an important step in the evolution of parliamentary democracy in Bihar.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 2 – Rajiv Ranjan Sinha.

Additional Information

• Bihar Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad):
• It is the Upper House of the Bihar Legislature.
• Bihar has a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad).
• The Legislative Council is a permanent House and is not subject to dissolution.
• Government of India Act, 1935:
• Introduced Provincial Autonomy.
• Abolished Dyarchy in the Provinces.
• Served as the constitutional framework until the Constitution of India came into force in 1950.
• Rajendra Prasad:
• He was the first President of India and was not the first elected Chairman of the Bihar Legislative Council.

Important Points

• First Elected Chairman of Bihar Legislative Council: Rajiv Ranjan Sinha (as per the official Bihar Legislative Council website).
• Constitutional Basis: Government of India Act, 1935.
• Bihar Legislature: Bicameral – Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council.
• Legislative Council: A permanent House with one-third of its members retiring every two years.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• Manav is India’s first 3D-printed humanoid robot. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• It was developed by A-SET Training & Research Institute, New Delhi in 2014.
• Features:
• It is 2 feet tall and weighs about 2 kg.
• Built with 3D-printed plastic parts.
• Can walk, talk, and respond to voice commands.
• Used for research and educational purposes.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution:
• The Indian Constitution grants certain Fundamental Rights to all persons (citizens & non-citizens), while some rights are exclusive to Indian citizens. Hence, option 3 is correct.
• Analysis of the Options:
• Freedom of religion (Correct) ✅
• Article 25-28 provides Freedom of Religion to both citizens and non-citizens, including foreigners like British citizens.
• Thus, a British citizen can claim this right in India.
• Protection of life and personal liberty (Correct) ✅
• Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty to all persons (including foreigners).
• Even a British citizen in India can claim this right.
• Freedom of trade and profession (Incorrect) ❌
• Article 19(1)(g) grants Freedom of Trade, Profession, and Business, but only to Indian citizens.
• A British citizen cannot claim this right.
• They can conduct business/trade only under Indian laws and permits.
• Equality before law (Correct) ✅
• Article 14 provides Equality before Law and Equal Protection of Laws to all persons (citizens & foreigners).
• A British citizen can claim this right.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• Among the options provided, the Koyali Refinery (also known as the Gujarat Refinery), located near Vadodara, has the highest capacity. Operated by Indian Oil Corporation, it has a refining capacity of 13.7 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA). Hence, option 4 is correct.
• Analysis of the Options:
• Barauni Refinery:
• Located in Bihar, it has a capacity of 6.0 MMTPA.
• Mathura Refinery:
• Situated in Uttar Pradesh, it has a capacity of 8.0 MMTPA.
• Trombay Refinery:
• Commonly referred to as the Mumbai Refinery (BPCL), it has a capacity of 13.5 MMTPA.
• Koyali Refinery:
• Located in Gujarat, it has a capacity of 13.7 MMTPA.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• The Firdousia Silsilah was a branch of the Chishti Order and was founded in Bihar during the medieval period. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• It was introduced by Shaikh Sharfuddin Ahmad Yahya Maneri in the 14^th century.
• This order gained prominence in Bihar and Bengal, focusing on spiritual teachings and social service.
• Brief Overview of Other Sufi Silsilahs:
• Quaderia (Incorrect) ❌
• Founded by Abdul Qadir Gilani in Baghdad.
• It spread to India but was not founded in Bihar.
• Firdousia (Correct) ✅
• Originated in Bihar under Shaikh Sharfuddin Maneri.
• Focused on spiritual purity and social justice.
• Qalandhar (Incorrect) ❌
• This was a wandering Sufi sect known for rejecting materialistic life.
• It was not specifically founded in Bihar.
• Kubriya (Incorrect) ❌
• Founded by Najmuddin Kubra in Central Asia.
• It had limited influence in India.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key PointsVitamins are classified into two types:

• Water-Soluble Vitamins – Dissolve in water and are not stored in the body (Vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C).
• Fat-Soluble Vitamins – Stored in fat tissues and require fat for absorption (Vitamins A, D, E, and K).
• Since Vitamins A, D, and K are fat-soluble, none of them are water-soluble.
• Correct answer: Option 4 – None of these.