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The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

The President of the Indian National Congress (INC) at the Gaya Session of 1922 was C.R. Das (Chittaranjan Das). Hence, option 3 is correct.

• Background of the Gaya Session (1922):
• The Gaya Session of the INC was held in December 1922.
• It was a crucial session as it took place after the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement by Mahatma Gandhi in February 1922 (following the Chauri Chaura incident).
• There was a growing division within the Congress regarding the future course of action after the suspension of the movement.
• Chittaranjan Das as the INC President:
• Chittaranjan Das, a prominent nationalist leader, was elected as the President of the INC at this session.
• He was a well-known lawyer, freedom fighter, and the founder of the Swaraj Party.
• His leadership at the session was marked by debates on the next phase of the freedom struggle.
• Key Issues Discussed at the Session:
• The main issue debated was whether to boycott legislative councils (as per Gandhi’s non-cooperation ideology) or to enter the councils and fight colonial policies from within.
• Two factions emerged within the Congress:
• Pro-Changers (Swarajists): Led by Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru, they advocated entering the councils to obstruct British rule from within.
• No-Changers: Led by leaders like Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and C. Rajagopalachari, they supported Gandhi’s original stance of complete non-cooperation.
• Outcome of the Gaya Session:
• A resolution was passed to continue the boycott of councils, which was supported by the No-Changers.
• C.R. Das resigned from the Congress presidency after failing to convince the party to change its approach.
• Following this, he and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party in 1923, which contested elections under the Government of India Act, 1919.
• Significance of the Gaya Session:
• The session marked a major ideological shift in Indian politics, leading to a split within Congress.
• It paved the way for constitutional resistance against British rule through legislative bodies.
• The formation of the Swaraj Party played a key role in opposing British policies within the councils.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• X-rays are electromagnetic waves with very short wavelengths and high energy.
• They do not carry charge, unlike electrons or ions.
• Since only charged particles experience force in electric and magnetic fields, X-rays cannot be deflected by either.
• Thus, X-rays remain unaffected by electric and magnetic fields, making option (4) the correct answer.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• The Son River originates from Amarkantak, which is located in the Maikal range of Madhya Pradesh. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• The Maikal range is an eastern extension of the Satpura range.
• The Son River is one of the major tributaries of the Ganga River and flows through Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Bihar before joining the Ganges near Patna.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• The Supreme Court of India has original jurisdiction in cases involving disputes between the Centre and one or more States, or between different States, as per Article 131 of the Indian Constitution. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• Original jurisdiction means that such cases can be directly filed in the Supreme Court, without going through lower courts.
• This power ensures that federal disputes are resolved by the highest judicial authority in the country.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• The Dalmatian Coast is located along the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, primarily in Croatia.
• It is a classic example of a Karst coastline, formed due to the submergence of limestone ridges and valleys parallel to the coast. Hence, option 3 is correct.
• As a result, long, narrow islands and inlets run parallel to the mainland, giving it a unique appearance.
• This type of coastline is associated with Karst topography, which is formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Lothal was a major port city of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), located in present-day Gujarat, India. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• It had a well-constructed dockyard, which facilitated maritime trade with West Asia (Mesopotamia).
• Archaeological evidence, such as seals, weights, and beads, suggests active trade relations with Mesopotamian cities like Ur and Sumer.
• Lothal was a key center for the production of beads, semi-precious stones, and ornaments, which were highly valued in trade.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• Emmanuel Macron was re-elected as the President of France in the 2022 Presidential Election. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• He defeated Marine Le Pen (candidate from the far-right National Rally party) in the second round of voting.
• Macron, the leader of the La République En Marche! party, first became President in 2017 and won a second term in April 2022.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Aditya-L1 is India's first space-based solar observatory, launched by ISRO on September 2, 2023.
• It is designed for a systematic study of the Sun from the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), about 1.5 million km from Earth.
• The mission carries 7 scientific payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona of the Sun in multiple wavelengths. Hence, option 3 is correct.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• ​Brahmo Samaj (1828) → Founded by Raja Rammohan Roy, it aimed at social and religious reforms, including the abolition of practices like Sati.
• Ramakrishna Mission (1897) → Founded by Swami Vivekananda, it promoted spiritual development, education, and social service.
• Servants of India Society (1905) → Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, it worked for social upliftment and national awakening.
• Vidhwa Vivah Samaj (Widow Remarriage Society, 1850s) → Associated with Vishnu Shastri Pandit, it advocated widow remarriage and women's rights. Hence, option 2 is correct.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Land ceiling refers to the maximum landholding limit set by the government, beyond which an individual farmer cannot own land. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• This legal provision aims to prevent the concentration of land in the hands of a few, promote equitable distribution of land, and reduce landlessness among the poor.
• The ceiling limits vary by state in India, and the excess land is usually redistributed to landless or marginal farmers.
• Land consolidation refers to the process of reorganizing fragmented landholdings into a more efficient size.
• Abolition of intermediaries refers to removing intermediaries (like zamindars) between the government and the tillers of the land.
• Tenancy reforms focus on improving the rights of tenant farmers.