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The correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• The G7 (Group of Seven) is an intergovernmental organization consisting of the world's major advanced economies.
• Current G7 Member Countries:

1. USA
2. Canada
3. United Kingdom
4. Germany
5. France
6. Italy
7. Japan

• Russia was a member of G8 (1997-2014) but was expelled in 2014 after the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine. Since then, the group has functioned as G7 without Russia. Hence option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is option 3. 

Key Points

• For two liquids (A and B) to form an ideal solution, they must follow Raoult’s Law and exhibit ideal mixing behavior. This requires:
• ΔH_mix (Enthalpy of Mixing) = 0
• In an ideal solution, the intermolecular forces between A-A, B-B, and A-B are nearly identical.
• No heat is absorbed or released upon mixing, meaning the enthalpy change (ΔH_mix) is zero. Hence option 3 is the correct answer.
• ΔS_mix (Entropy of Mixing) > 0
• Entropy increases due to greater randomness when two liquids mix.
• ΔG_mix (Free Energy of Mixing) < 0
• A spontaneous mixing process requires negative free energy change (ΔG_mix).

The correct answer is option 4. 

Key Points

• Mesopotamian Civilization is considered the oldest civilization in the world, dating back to around 3100 BCE. Hence option 4 is the correct answer.
• It developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in present-day Iraq, and is often called the "Cradle of Civilization."
• The civilization saw the rise of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, who contributed to early forms of writing (cuneiform script), law (Code of Hammurabi), and urban planning.

 Additional Information

• Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan) – (~2600 BCE - 1900 BCE)
• Flourished in present-day India and Pakistan along the Indus River.
• Known for advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and trade networks.
• Chinese Civilization – (~1600 BCE, Shang Dynasty)
• Developed along the Yellow River.
• Contributed early written records, bronze casting, and Confucian philosophy.
• Egyptian Civilization – (~3100 BCE)
• Developed along the Nile River.
• Famous for pyramids, hieroglyphics (writing system), and pharaoh-led governance.

The correct answer is option 1. 

Key Points

• Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (V. D. Savarkar) was the first person to describe the Revolt of 1857 as the "First War of Indian Independence." Hence option 1 is the correct answer.
• He wrote the book "The First War of Indian Independence - 1857" in 1909, emphasizing that the uprising was a nationalist movement rather than just a mutiny by Indian soldiers.
• His interpretation challenged British narratives, which labeled it merely as the "Sepoy Mutiny" or a localized rebellion.

Additional Information 

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak:
• A nationalist leader who supported the idea but did not coin the term.
• R. C. Majumdar:
• A historian who disagreed with Savarkar’s view and considered the Revolt of 1857 as a series of localized uprisings, not a national movement.

The correct answer is option 3. 

Key Points

• The Kosi River is known as the "Sorrow of Bihar" because of its frequent and devastating floods that cause widespread damage to life and property in Bihar. Hence option 3 is the correct answer.
• The river originates in Tibet, flows through Nepal, and enters Bihar, where it has historically changed its course multiple times due to heavy sediment deposition.

Additional Information

• The Kosi river is called Sorrow of Bihar due to the following given reasons
• Unpredictable Course: The river is notorious for frequently shifting its course, causing floods and displacing millions.
• High Sediment Load: It carries a heavy amount of silt from the Himalayas, leading to the formation of new channels and overflow.
• Major Floods: One of the worst floods occurred in 2008, affecting over 3 million people in Bihar.

The correct answer is option 3. 

Key Points

• Muzaffarpur district in Bihar is the largest producer of litchi (lychee) in India. Hence option 3 is the correct answer.
• It is famous for the Shahi Litchi, a high-quality variety known for its juicy pulp, unique aroma, and sweet taste.
• The district contributes significantly to India’s total litchi production and is known as the "Litchi Kingdom of India."

The correct answer is option 2. 

Key Points

• Switzerland is known as the "Playground of Europe", a title given by famous British travel writer Baedeker due to its breathtaking landscapes, adventure tourism, and luxury travel experiences. Hence option 2 is the correct answer.
• It is famous for its Alpine mountains, ski resorts, lakes, and picturesque valleys, making it a favorite destination for tourists from across the world.

The correct answer is option 4. 

Key Points

• Fort William College was established in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1800 CE by Lord Wellesley, the then Governor-General of Bengal.
• Its primary objective was to train British civil servants in Indian languages to help them efficiently administer Indian territories under British rule. Hence option 4 is the correct answer.
• The college played a crucial role in promoting and preserving Indian languages like Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, and Marathi, which were essential for colonial governance.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire in 321 BCE. Hence option 4 is the correct answer.
• He overthrew the Nanda Dynasty with the guidance of his mentor and strategist, Chanakya (Kautilya).
• He established a vast empire that stretched from present-day Afghanistan to Bengal and from the Himalayas to the Deccan Plateau.
• He laid the foundation of a centralized administration and a strong governance system as detailed in Chanakya’s Arthashastra.
• Later in life, he embraced Jainism and abdicated the throne in favor of his son Bindusara, retiring to Shravanabelagola in Karnataka, where he is believed to have fasted to death.

The correct answer is Option 4

Key Points

• The liver stores multiple vitamins, including fat-soluble and some water-soluble vitamins, such as:
• Vitamin A → Stored in large amounts, essential for vision, immunity, and growth.
• Vitamin B-complex (especially B12) → The only water-soluble vitamin significantly stored in the liver, crucial for red blood cell formation and nerve function.
• Vitamin D → Stored in the liver and helps regulate calcium metabolism and bone health. Hence option 4 is the correct answer.