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The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• The Bihar Budget 2025–26 earmarked funds to open 108 new urban medical centres across the state. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• These centres are designed to serve urban and peri‑urban populations, particularly slum dwellers and economically vulnerable groups.
• This initiative is a key component of the health sector’s expansion, which also includes a dedicated cancer hospital in Begusarai and special care centres for cancer patients.
• Why It Matters:
• Bridging health access gaps: These centres aim to decongest district hospitals by offering primary urban healthcare.
• Strengthening public health: Complementing ongoing efforts, Bihar has already set up 21 urban health and wellness centres in Patna under a Smart City mission
• Boosted health allocation: The overall health budget for 2025–26 stands at approximately ₹20,000–20,335 crore, reflecting a strategic focus on healthcare infrastructure.

The correct answer is 'Abuse.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Vituperate:
• Vituperate: blame or insult (someone) in strong or violent language. (आरोप; हिंसक भाषा में किसी को दोष देना या अपमान करना)
• Example: No one else attracted such vituperation from him.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Encourage: give support, confidence, or hope to (someone). ((किसी को) समर्थन, विश्वास या आशा देना।)
• Abuse: treat with cruelty or violence, especially regularly or repeatedly. (गाली देना)
• Appreciate: to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him, her, or it. (यह पहचानने के लिए कि कोई व्यक्ति या कोई चीज़ कितनी अच्छी है और उसे महत्व देना)
• Copy: to produce something so that it is the same as an original piece of work. (किसी चीज का उत्पादन करना ताकि वह मूल कृति के समान हो)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'Vituperate' is similar in meaning to the option 'Abuse.'
• Hence, the correct answer is 'Abuse.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonym of the given options:

The correct answer is Valence electrons.

Key Points

• Valence electrons are the electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom. These electrons play a crucial role in determining the chemical behavior of an atom.
• The chemical properties of an element are largely influenced by the number of valence electrons, as they are involved in chemical bonding and reactions.
• Atoms with similar numbers of valence electrons exhibit similar chemical behavior and belong to the same group in the periodic table.
• The reactivity of an atom depends on how easily it can gain, lose, or share valence electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration (typically a full outer shell).
• For example, elements in Group 1 of the periodic table (like Sodium and Potassium) have one valence electron, making them highly reactive, while elements in Group 18 (like Neon and Argon) have a full valence shell and are chemically inert.

Additional Information

• Atomic Weight:
• The atomic weight refers to the weighted average mass of the atoms of an element, calculated using the abundance of isotopes. However, it does not directly influence the chemical behavior of an atom.
• For example, isotopes of Carbon (C-12 and C-14) have different atomic weights but exhibit similar chemical properties.
• Neutron Count:
• Neutrons are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They do not participate in chemical reactions and thus do not determine chemical behavior.
• Neutron count is significant in determining the isotope of an element but has little to no impact on chemical reactivity.
• Mass Number:
• The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. While it helps identify isotopes, it does not influence chemical behavior directly.
• Chemical properties remain consistent across isotopes, as they are determined by the number of electrons in the outer shell.
• Valence Electrons:
• Valence electrons define the atom's ability to form bonds and participate in chemical reactions.
• Elements with fewer or more valence electrons tend to lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve stability, such as through ionic or covalent bonding.
• For instance, Hydrogen has one valence electron and forms bonds easily to achieve stability.
• Periodic Table:
• The periodic table is organized based on the number of valence electrons, with elements in the same group having similar chemical properties.
• This arrangement highlights the importance of valence electrons in predicting chemical behavior.

Important Points

• Octet Rule:
• Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons (except for Hydrogen and Helium).
• This stability is the basis for chemical bonding and reactivity.
• Electronegativity:
• Electronegativity refers to an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.
• It is influenced by the number of valence electrons and is critical in determining chemical properties.
• Ionization Energy:
• The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is directly related to its valence electrons.
• Atoms with fewer valence electrons generally have lower ionization energy and are more reactive.
• Covalent and Ionic Bonds:
• Valence electrons are central to both covalent bonding (electron sharing) and ionic bonding (electron transfer).
• Elements with 1-3 valence electrons typically form ionic bonds, while those with 4-7 valence electrons form covalent bonds.

The correct answer is Charaka.

Key Points

• Charaka is one of the principal founders of Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, which is deeply rooted in holistic healing practices.
• He authored the renowned text Charaka Samhita, which is considered one of the foundational works of Ayurveda and provides detailed explanations of various medical principles, practices, and treatments.
• The Charaka Samhita emphasizes the importance of maintaining balance among the three doshas: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, which are key to human health and well-being.
• Charaka introduced a systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment, focusing on dietary regulations, herbal medicine, and lifestyle changes for disease prevention and cure.
• He contributed significantly to the study of human anatomy, physiology, and pathology, laying the groundwork for modern medical systems.

Additional Information

• Sushruta:
• Sushruta was another prominent ancient Indian physician and is often referred to as the "Father of Surgery." He authored the Sushruta Samhita, which includes detailed descriptions of surgical techniques and procedures.
• The Sushruta Samhita covers various surgical practices, including rhinoplasty (nose reconstruction), cataract surgery, and wound management.
• It also outlines the use of surgical instruments and emphasizes the importance of cleanliness and sterilization during surgeries.
• Patanjali:
• Patanjali is credited with composing the Yoga Sutras, a foundational text on Yoga philosophy.
• While not directly related to Ayurveda, Patanjali’s work complements the holistic approach of Ayurveda by focusing on mental and spiritual well-being.
• The Yoga Sutras emphasize practices such as meditation, physical postures, and breath control to achieve balance and harmony.
• Aryabhata:
• Aryabhata was a renowned ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer, known for his contributions to mathematics and astronomy.
• His work, Aryabhatiya, focuses on topics such as arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, and celestial calculations.
• He is not associated with Ayurveda or medical sciences but played a significant role in advancing scientific knowledge in ancient India.
• Ayurveda:
• Ayurveda is an ancient Indian medical system that originated more than 3,000 years ago and focuses on holistic health.
• It emphasizes the balance between mind, body, and spirit, using natural remedies, dietary guidelines, and lifestyle practices.
• Ayurveda is divided into eight branches, including Kaya Chikitsa (Internal Medicine), Shalya Tantra (Surgery), and Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy).
• Both Charaka and Sushruta are considered pioneers in their respective branches of Ayurveda.

Important Points

• Role of Charaka:
• Charaka focused extensively on preventive medicine and advocated for maintaining a healthy lifestyle to prevent diseases.
• His teachings highlight the importance of individualized treatment based on the patient’s constitution and dosha balance.
• Charaka’s contributions are still regarded as the cornerstone of Ayurvedic medical practices worldwide.
• Impact of Sushruta:
• Sushruta’s surgical techniques influenced modern medicine and are considered revolutionary in ancient medical practices.
• His emphasis on anatomical knowledge and surgical precision laid the foundation for advancements in medical surgery.
• Ayurveda and Modern Medicine:
• Ayurveda is recognized globally as a complementary and alternative medicine system.
• Its principles have influenced modern holistic health practices, including herbal medicine, detoxification therapies, and wellness strategies.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Key Points

• The Sepak Takraw Federation of India (STFI) is headquartered in New Delhi, India.
• STFI is the governing body responsible for the promotion and regulation of Sepak Takraw in the country.
• New Delhi serves as a central administrative hub for various national sports federations in India.
• STFI organizes national tournaments and collaborates with international bodies to promote Sepak Takraw globally.
• The federation is affiliated with the International Sepak Takraw Federation (ISTAF), which governs the sport worldwide.

Additional Information

• Sepak Takraw:
• Sepak Takraw is a traditional Southeast Asian sport that combines elements of soccer and volleyball.
• It is played with a rattan ball and involves players using their feet, head, knees, and chest to hit the ball over a net.
• International Sepak Takraw Federation (ISTAF):
• ISTAF is the global governing body for Sepak Takraw and promotes the sport worldwide.
• It organizes major international tournaments, including the ISTAF World Cup and King's Cup.
• Recognition in India:
• Sepak Takraw has gained recognition in India under the auspices of STFI.
• Indian teams regularly participate in international events, showcasing talent on the global stage.
• Development of Sepak Takraw:
• Efforts are being made by STFI to popularize the sport at the grassroots level.
• Workshops, training camps, and school-level competitions are held to increase participation.

The correct answer is Ghiyasuddin Balban.

Key Points

• Ghiyasuddin Balban was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate who introduced the practice of Sijda.
• Sijda is a form of prostration where the subjects would bow before the ruler to show their respect and submission.
• The practice was part of Balban's efforts to strengthen his authority and establish the divine right of kingship.
• He also introduced the practice of Paibos, which involved kissing the feet of the Sultan.

Additional Information

• Ghiyasuddin Balban's Reign:
• He ruled from 1266 to 1287 AD.
• Balban was one of the most powerful rulers of the Slave Dynasty.
• His reign is noted for strengthening the Sultanate against internal and external threats.
• Administrative Reforms:
• Balban reformed the military and administrative systems to centralize power.
• He introduced a strong spy system to keep an eye on the nobility and the general public.
• Balban's Legacy:
• He is remembered for his efforts to consolidate the Sultanate and maintain law and order.
• His policies laid the foundation for the future expansion and stability of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Divine Right of Kingship:
• Balban propagated the idea that the Sultan was God's representative on Earth.
• This concept helped in enhancing the Sultan's authority and legitimacy.

The correct answer is Mumbai Indians.

In News

• Mumbai Indians won their second Women’s Premier League (WPL) title by defeating Delhi Capitals in the 2025 final.
• Mumbai secured an eight-run victory, with Nat Sciver-Brunt taking three crucial wickets.

Key Points

• Mumbai Indians set a target of 150 runs, with Harmanpreet Kaur scoring 66 runs.
• Delhi Capitals, led by Meg Lanning, fell short despite strong performances from Marizanne Kapp and Shree Charani.
• Nat Sciver-Brunt was named Player of the Tournament and also won the Orange Cap.
• Amelia Kerr won the Purple Cap for taking the most wickets.

Additional Information

• Other Award Winners:
• Harmanpreet Kaur – Player of the Match
• Chinelle Henry – Highest strike-rate
• Ashleigh Gardner – Most sixes
• Annabel Sutherland – Catch of the season
• Shabnim Ismail – Most dot balls
• Amanjot Kaur – Emerging player of the season
• Gujarat Giants – Fair play award
• Delhi Capitals have now reached the WPL final three times but have never won the title.

The correct answer is - Motor vehicles

Key Points

• Motor vehicles
• Infrastructure cess is a tax imposed on the production and import of motor vehicles.
• The purpose of this cess is to generate revenue for the development of infrastructure, particularly roads and highways.
• This tax is usually added to the cost of vehicles, making them slightly more expensive for consumers.
• The collected funds are allocated towards improving the transportation network and maintaining existing infrastructure.

Additional Information

• Builders
• Builders are typically subject to different kinds of taxes and levies, such as Goods and Services Tax (GST) and real estate development charges.
• Railways
• Railways are a separate entity and have their own set of funding mechanisms, including government grants and passenger fares.
• Public Transport
• Public transport systems like buses and trams are funded through ticket sales, government subsidies, and other specific taxes, but not through infrastructure cess.

The correct answer is Varun Sagar.

In News

• The Rajasthan government renamed Foy Sagar in Ajmer as Varun Sagar.
• The lake was originally named after a British engineer during the colonial period.
• Assembly Speaker Vasudev Devnani stated that the renaming process was completed after orders from the Ajmer Municipal Corporation.
• The lake is now dedicated to Lord Varun, the god of water, and a ghat with a statue of Lord Varun will be developed.

Key Points

• Foy Sagar, a historic lake in Ajmer, was built during the British era in 1892.
• The lake was initially created to address water scarcity and drought conditions in the region.
• The renaming is part of an initiative to remove British-era names that symbolize colonial rule.
• Many people, especially from the Sindhi community, consider the lake’s water sacred and use it for religious purposes.

Additional Information

• King Edward Memorial Bhawan Renaming
• Previously known as King Edward Memorial Bhawan.
• Renamed as Maharishi Dayanand Vishrant Grih.
• Located on Ajmer’s Railway Station Road.
• Named after Maharishi Dayanand, the founder of Arya Samaj.
• Other Renamed Places in India
• Allahabad → Prayagraj
• Faizabad → Ayodhya
• Habibganj Railway Station → Rani Kamlapati Railway Station
• Rajpath → Kartavya Path
• Lord Varun in Hindu Mythology
• Lord Varun is regarded as the god of water and oceans in Hinduism.
• He is one of the Adityas (solar deities) mentioned in the Vedas.
• Often depicted riding a mythical sea creature called Makara.

सही उत्तर है - "बहुब्रीहि" l

Key Points

• 'पीताम्बर' शब्द का समास विग्रह - 'पीत है अम्बर जिसका अर्थात् 'कृष्ण' l पीत का अर्थ है - पीला l
• 'पीतांबर' में 'बहुब्रीहि' समास है।
• अन्य विकल्प :-
• तत्पुरुष (द्विगु) - द्विगु समास भी तत्पुरुष समास का ही उपभेद है; अत: इसका भी पूर्वपद गौण तथा उत्तरपद प्रधान होता है।
• द्वन्द्व - समास का वह रूप जिसमें प्रथम और द्वितीय दोनों पद प्रधान होते हैं उसे द्वन्द्व समास कहते हैं।
• अव्ययीभाव - इस समास का पहला पद प्रधान होता है और समस्तपद वाक्य में क्रियाविशेषण का काम करता है।

Additional Information

• जिस समास में कोई पद प्रधान न होकर (दिए गए पदों में) किसी अन्य पद की प्रधानता होती है। यह अपने पदों से भिन्न किसी विशेष संज्ञा का विशेषण है, उनको बहुव्रीहि समास कहा जाता है।
• बहुव्रीहि समास के उदाहरण :-
• चतुर्भुज : चार हैं भुजाएं जिसकी (विष्णु)
• महादेव : महान है जो देव अर्थात शिव।