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Given:

Principal = Rs. 2000

Rate of interest = 5%

Time = 3 years

Formula used:

Amount = Principal{1 + (rate/100)}^time

Calculation:

Amount = Principal{1 + (rate/100)}^time

⇒ 2000{1 + (5/100)}³

⇒ 2000(21/20)³

⇒ 2000 × (9261/8000)

⇒ 9261/4

⇒ 2315.25

∴ The amount will get after 3 years is Rs. 2315.25.

The correct answer is the Concurrent List.

Key Points

• Under Schedule VII of the Constitution, the subject 'Education' lies under the Concurrent List.
• The 7^th Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with the division of powers between the Union government and the State government.
• The Constitution provides for a three-fold distribution of legislative subjects between the Union and the states, i.e, List-I (the Union List), List-II (the State List) and List-III (the Concurrent List), described in this schedule:
• ​Union List: This List contains matters of national importance and the matters which require uniformity of legislation nationwide. This list has at present 100 subjects like defence, naturalization & citizenship, banking, foreign affairs, atomic energy, communication, census, etc.
• State List: This List contains matters of regional and local importance which require state-specific solutions and matters which permit diversity of interest. It presently contains 61 subjects like public order, police, public health and sanitation, agriculture, local government, gambling, etc.
• Concurrent List: This List contains matters on which uniformity of legislation throughout the country is desirable but is not essential. This List at present has 52 subjects like criminal law and procedure, education, civil procedure, marriage and divorce, population control and family planning, electricity, economic and social planning, etc.
• Originally there were
• 97 subjects in the union list but now it is 100 subjects in the union list.
• In the state list, there were 66 subjects but now it is 61 subjects.
• In the concurrent list, there were 47 subjects but now it is 52 subjects in the concurrent list.
• The 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred five subjects to Concurrent List from State List, that is, (a) education, (b) forests, (c) weights and measures, (d) protection of wild animals and birds, and (e) administration of justice; constitution and organization of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high courts.

The correct answer is Discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantization in electric circuits.

In News

• The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantization in electric circuits.
• The laureates proved that quantum phenomena could exist at a macroscopic scale using superconducting circuits with Josephson junctions.
• Their experiments showed that these circuits absorb and emit energy in discrete amounts, validating the principle of energy quantization.
• The discovery established that large-scale electrical systems can behave as unified quantum objects.
• This foundational work became a cornerstone for modern quantum technologies such as quantum computers, quantum cryptography, and quantum sensors.

Key Points 

• The 2025 Nobel Prizes were awarded across five categories, highlighting achievements in quantum physics, materials science, immunology, literature, and peace.
• Chemistry Prize:
• Awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar M. Yaghi for their development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), materials with vast internal surface areas for various applications such as water harvesting, carbon capture, and toxic gas storage.
• Medicine Prize:
• Awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for discovering regulatory T cells (Tregs) that prevent autoimmune diseases and play a role in cancer therapy.
• Their work has revolutionized the understanding of autoimmune diseases and immunotherapy.
• Literature Prize:
• Awarded to László Krasznahorkai for his visionary works, including "Satantango", which explore themes of apocalyptic terror, chaos, and human isolation.
• Known for long, complex sentences and dark, philosophical narratives.
• Peace Prize:
• Awarded to Maria Corina Machado, a Venezuelan leader and symbol of democratic resistance against authoritarianism in Venezuela, emphasizing "ballots over bullets" and leading the opposition.
• Praised for her courage despite life-threatening risks and for unifying the opposition around democratic principles.

Additional Information

• Geographical Distribution:
• United States leads with six laureates.
• Other countries: Japan (2 laureates), Australia, Hungary, and Venezuela (1 laureate each).
• Ceremony: 
• The award ceremony will take place on December 10, 2025, in Stockholm (Peace Prize in Oslo).
• Each prize includes 11 million Swedish kronor, a gold medal, and a diploma.

The correct answer is Article 148.

Key Points

• Article 148 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.
• The President of India appoints the CAG.
• The CAG is responsible for auditing the accounts of the Union and State governments and public sector organizations.
• The CAG ensures that the expenditure of the government is in accordance with the law and that public funds are used efficiently and for the intended purpose.

Additional Information

• Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
• The CAG is an independent authority under the Constitution of India.
• The CAG reports to the Parliament and ensures the accountability of the executive to the Parliament in matters of financial propriety.
• The CAG audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments, including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government.
• The CAG is also responsible for auditing the accounts of government companies and other corporations as mandated by law.
• The reports of the CAG are taken up for examination by the Public Accounts Committees (PACs) of the Parliament and the state legislatures.
• Article 135
• This article deals with the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court with respect to any matter to which the provisions of Article 133 or Article 134 do not apply.
• Article 140
• This article provides for the Parliament to confer supplementary powers on the Supreme Court as may be necessary to enable it to exercise its jurisdiction effectively under the Constitution.
• Article 130
• This article states that the seat of the Supreme Court shall be in Delhi, but the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, appoint other places or places as the seat of the Supreme Court.

The correct answer is It fixes carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrate.

Key Points

• RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is a crucial enzyme in the process of photosynthesis that is responsible for catalyzing the fixation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into organic compounds during the Calvin cycle.
• RuBisCO facilitates the reaction between CO₂ and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), forming two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), which are precursors for carbohydrate synthesis.
• This enzyme is considered the most abundant protein on Earth and plays a vital role in the global carbon cycle by converting inorganic carbon into an organic form.
• RuBisCO is highly inefficient and slow in its catalytic activity, often fixing oxygen (O₂) instead of CO₂, leading to a process called photorespiration, which reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis.
• The enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is crucial for the survival of autotrophic organisms as well as heterotrophs relying on plants as a food source.

Additional Information

• Role in Photosynthesis:
• Photosynthesis consists of two main stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.
• RuBisCO operates during the Calvin cycle, where it facilitates the first step of carbon fixation.
• This process helps convert atmospheric CO₂ into organic molecules, enabling the synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates.
• Structure of RuBisCO:
• RuBisCO is a large protein complex composed of eight large subunits and eight small subunits.
• The large subunits are encoded by the chloroplast genome, while the small subunits are encoded by the nuclear genome.
• Photorespiration:
• Sometimes, RuBisCO binds oxygen (O₂) instead of carbon dioxide, leading to a process called photorespiration.
• Photorespiration reduces the overall efficiency of photosynthesis as it does not produce carbohydrates.
• This is a major challenge for agricultural productivity, as it decreases the yield of crops.
• Alternative Pathways:
• In certain plants like C₄ and CAM plants, alternative mechanisms have evolved to increase the efficiency of CO₂ fixation and minimize photorespiration.
• These pathways involve anatomical and biochemical modifications to optimize RuBisCO activity in high oxygen environments.
• Importance of RuBisCO:
• RuBisCO is critical for the sustenance of life on Earth as it supports the conversion of atmospheric carbon into energy-rich organic molecules.
• Its activity directly impacts global carbon cycles, agriculture, and climate change mitigation efforts.

Important Points

• Efficiency Challenges: RuBisCO’s slow catalytic rate and tendency for oxygen fixation are ongoing areas of research aimed at improving photosynthesis efficiency.
• Global Significance: Understanding and optimizing RuBisCO’s activity is crucial for enhancing food production and addressing challenges posed by climate change.
• Biotechnology Applications: Scientists are exploring genetic engineering to improve RuBisCO’s efficiency and reduce photorespiration in crops.

The Correct Answer is ​Caring and Sharing.

In News

• International Happiness Day being observed globally with theme ‘Caring & Sharing’.

Key Points

• International Happiness Day (IHD) is observed globally to recognize the importance of happiness and well-being as universal goals in human lives.
• The theme of IHD this year is Caring and Sharing, emphasizing the need for a more inclusive and balanced approach to economic growth and well-being.
• The United Nations proclaimed 20 March as International Day of Happiness in its 2012 General Assembly resolution.
• To mark the occasion, the United Nations released the World Happiness Report 2025, highlighting case studies and global analyses of happiness and kindness.
• The report also discusses how sharing meals supports happiness and fosters social connections.

The correct answer is Ministry of Mines.

Key Points

• The Ministry of Mines in India is responsible for the regulation and development of mines and minerals, which include metals and ores such as coal, iron, aluminum, and others.
• The scheme for Partial Reimbursement of Exploration Expenses was launched to incentivize private sector participation in the exploration of mineral resources by reimbursing a part of their exploration costs.
• This initiative aligns with the National Mineral Policy 2019, which emphasizes increasing private sector involvement and ensuring transparency and efficiency in mineral resource exploration.
• The policy aims to encourage exploration activities by Exploration Licence (EL) holders, which is a key step toward enhancing India's mineral resource base and boosting economic growth.
• The reimbursement scheme is expected to attract more private players into the mining sector, fostering innovation and investment in mineral exploration.
• The Ministry's focus on exploration aligns with India’s goal of achieving self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in strategic minerals and reducing dependency on imports.

Additional Information

• National Mineral Policy 2019:
• The National Mineral Policy 2019 replaced the earlier policy of 2008, aiming to promote sustainable and transparent mining practices.
• The policy emphasizes the need for scientific exploration and optimal utilization of India's mineral resources while ensuring environmental conservation.
• It encourages private sector participation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and the adoption of advanced technologies in mineral exploration.
• Ministry of Mines Functions:
• The Ministry formulates policies and legislation for the regulation of mines and minerals.
• It manages the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), which are key organizations for mineral exploration and regulation.
• It also ensures the implementation of mining laws such as the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
• Exploration Licence (EL):
• An Exploration Licence is issued to entities that intend to explore and identify potential mineral resources in a specific area.
• It allows the holder to conduct surveys, drillings, and other exploration activities to assess the mineral potential.
• This licence is a crucial step before obtaining a mining lease for actual extraction.
• Importance of Private Sector in Mining:
• The involvement of private players ensures technological advancements, increased investments, and better efficiency in the exploration and mining processes.
• Private sector participation also helps in minimizing the financial burden on the government for exploration activities.
• Strategic Minerals:
• India is focusing on the exploration of strategic minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements, which are vital for clean energy technologies and other high-tech industries.
• The reimbursement scheme supports exploration in these areas, aiming to reduce dependency on imports and strengthen domestic supply chains.

Important Points

• Geological Survey of India (GSI):
• Established in 1851, the GSI is a premier organization responsible for geological surveys and studies in India.
• It plays a crucial role in conducting mineral exploration and mapping activities across the country.
• Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957:
• This Act governs the development and regulation of mines and minerals in India.
• It provides guidelines for granting exploration licences, mining leases, and royalty payments.
• Self-Reliance in Minerals:
• India aims to reduce imports and achieve self-reliance in critical minerals such as coal, iron, and rare earths.
• The exploration reimbursement scheme is a step toward achieving this goal by encouraging domestic exploration activities.
• Economic Impact:
• Increased exploration and mining activities contribute to employment generation, economic growth, and industrial development.
• It also helps in ensuring the availability of essential raw materials for various industries.

The correct answer is United Nations.

In News

• The United Nations officially launched the World Social Report 2025 on April 24, 2025, coinciding with the International Day for Multilateralism and Diplomacy for Peace.

Key Points

• The report was co-produced by UN DESA and UNU-WIDER, integrating new research on inequality and trust.
• The report highlights growing economic insecurity, persistent inequality, and declining trust despite decades of progress in reducing extreme poverty.
• Over 2.8 billion people remain vulnerable to shocks, job insecurity affects 60% globally, and inequality is rising in 65% of countries, eroding social cohesion.
• The report calls for a new global policy consensus based on equity, economic security, and solidarity.
• The findings will inform discussions at the Second World Summit for Social Development in Doha, Qatar, in November 2025.

Additional Information

• UN DESA: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, responsible for promoting sustainable development globally.
• UNU-WIDER: United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, focusing on global development and economic challenges.
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A set of 17 global goals set by the United Nations to achieve a better and more sustainable future by 2030.
• Second World Summit for Social Development: Scheduled for November 4–6, 2025, in Doha, to assess global progress on social development issues.

The correct answer is Coromandel Coast.

Key Points

• The Coromandel Coast is located on the eastern coast of India.
• It is the coastal plain in eastern Tamil Nadu state.
• It is bounded by the Utkal Plains to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Kaveri Delta to the south, and the Eastern Ghats to the west.
• Extending over an area of about 22,800 square kilometres.

 Important Points

• Eastern Coastal Plains of India-
• The eastern coastal plains stretch from West Bengal in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south and pass through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
• The Eastern coast is again divided into three categories:
• Utkal coast- Extending between the Chilika Lake and Kolleru Lake, they are much wider than the western coastal plains and undergo immense rainfall.
• Andhra coast- Extending between the Kolleru Lake and Pulicat Lake, the Andra coast forms a basin area for the Krishna and the Godavari rivers.
• Coromandel coast- The Coromandel coast extends between Pulicat Lake and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
• This Indian coastline remains dry in summer and receives rainfall during the winters due to the northeast monsoons.
• Western Coastal Plains of India-
• Western Coastal Plains stretches from Kerala in the south to Gujarat in the north passing through Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra.
• The western coast is further divided into four categories:
• Kachchh and Kathiawar coast- Kachchh, formerly a gulf is formed by the deposition of silt by the Indus. Kathiawar is situated to the south of Kachchh.
• Konkan coast-  It extends between Daman in the north to Goa in the south.
• Rice and cashew are the two important crops of this region.
• Kannada coast- It extends between Marmagaon and Mangalore and is rich in iron deposits.
• Malabar coast- Extending between Mangalore to Kanyakumari, the Malabar coast is relatively broad.
• This region also consists of lagoons running parallel to the coast in southern Kerala.

The correct answer is Nadi Tarangini.

In News

• Pune-based startup Atreya Innovations developed 'Nadi Tarangini,' an AI-based pulse diagnostic tool for Ayurveda practitioners.

Key Points

• Nadi Tarangini analyzes 22 health parameters, including Tridosha balance (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), stress, and digestive health.
• The device uses ultra-sensitive sensors, cutting-edge algorithms, and provides reports in 10 Indian languages.
• It is the first Ayurvedic medical device approved by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).
• Developed as part of a research project at IIT Bombay, it is patented in the US, Europe, and Indonesia.

Additional Information

• Nadi Tarangini: Priced at ₹55,000, this device is used in over 1,250 Ayurvedic clinics and has a production capacity of 5,000 units per year.
• Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO): India’s regulatory body for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medical devices.
• Tridosha: The Ayurvedic concept of balancing three bodily elements: Vata (air), Pitta (fire), and Kapha (earth/water).
• Seed Funding: Atreya Innovations received ₹5 crore funding to expand research, distribution, and production.