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दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘महेश’ उचित विकल्प है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अत: इसका उचित उत्तर विकल्प 4 ‘महेश’ होगा।

स्पष्टीकरण:

‘चंद्रशेखर’ का पर्यायवाची शब्द ‘महेश’ है। ‘चंद्रशेखर के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं- शंभु, शंकर, त्रिनेत्र, महेश्वर, कैलाशपति आदि।

अन्य विकल्प:

विशेष:

The correct answer is More than one of the above.

Key Points

• The Nonia Rebellion in Bihar, occurring between 1770 and 1800, was a significant uprising against oppressive land revenue policies implemented during British colonial rule.
• This rebellion predominantly impacted multiple districts, including Saran and Vaishali, reflecting widespread unrest among the Nonia caste and agricultural laborers.
• The Nonias, traditionally saltpetre workers and laborers, revolted against exploitative taxation and harsh treatment by British officials and local landlords.
• The rebellion was part of a broader pattern of rural resistance in Bengal and Bihar during this period, driven by discontent over economic exploitation and famine conditions.
• Thus, more than one district was significantly affected, supporting the answer: "More than one of the above."

Additional Information

• Saltpetre Industry: The Nonias were heavily involved in the saltpetre (potassium nitrate) industry, a key component in gunpowder production, which brought them into direct conflict with colonial exploitation.
• Land Revenue Policies: The Permanent Settlement of 1793 exacerbated the plight of rural communities by fixing high land revenue demands, leading to widespread peasant unrest.
• Famine of 1770: The Bengal Famine severely impacted Bihar, leading to economic distress and heightened resentment against British policies.
• Other Revolts in Bihar: Similar uprisings, such as the Santhal Rebellion (1855) and Chuar Rebellion (1766–1772), highlight the region's long history of resistance against colonial rule.
• Historical Context: These rebellions were not isolated events but part of a larger resistance movement that laid the foundation for later anti-colonial struggles in India.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Barauni Refinery
• Location: Barauni, Bihar
• Details: Established in 1966, the Barauni Refinery is operated by the Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL). It plays a significant role in the oil refining industry in eastern India.
• Bongaigaon Refinery
• Location: Bongaigaon, Assam
• Details: This refinery, also operated by Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), began operations in 1974. It is an important refinery in the northeastern region of India, contributing to the region’s economic development.
• Bina Refinery
• Location: Bina, Madhya Pradesh
• Details: The Bina Refinery, which began operations in 2011, is a joint venture between Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) and Mittal Energy Limited. It is a major refinery in central India and plays a key role in refining and distributing petroleum products in the region.
• Koyali Refinery
• Location: Koyali, Gujarat
• Details: The Koyali Refinery is operated by Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and was established in 1965. It is one of the largest refineries in western India, crucial for the production and distribution of petroleum products in the region.
• So, the correct answer is Option 4: A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3.

Given:

Volumes of two cylinders are in the ratio, V₁ : V₂ = 2 : 5.

Radius of the two cylinders are in the ratio, r₁ : r₂ = 1 : 4.

Concepts used:

Volume of a cylinder (V) = π × r² × h

Curved surface area of a cylinder (CSA) = 2 × π × r × h

Solutions:

Volumes of two cylinders are in the ratio,

V₁ : V₂ = π × r₁²× h₁ : π × r₂² × h₂

2 : 5 = 1 × h₁ : 16 × h₂

h₁ : h₂ = 32 : 5

So, their heights h₁ and h₂ are in the ratio 32 : 5.

Thus, statement I is false.

Ratio of CSA of given cylinders:

CSA₁ : CSA₂ = 2 × π × r₁ × h₁ : 2 × π × r₂ × h₂

CSA₁ : CSA₂ = r₁ × h₁ : r₂ × h₂

CSA₁ : CSA₂ = 1 × 32 : 4 × 5

CSA₁ : CSA₂ = 8 : 5.

So, the ratio of curved surface areas of the cylinders CSA₁ and CSA₂ will be in the ratio 2 : 5.

Thus, the statement II is False.

∴ Both I and II are False.

Additional Information Total Surface Area of a Cylinder = \(2\pi r(r+h)\)

The correct answer is Limited.

Key Points

• The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in India refers to its authority to hear appeals against the judgments of lower courts such as the High Courts.
• In the context of criminal matters, the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is limited as specified in the Constitution of India.
• Under Article 134 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases involving substantial questions of law or cases where a High Court has reversed an acquittal to impose a death sentence.
• Appeals in criminal cases to the Supreme Court also require certification by the High Court that the case involves a substantial legal question or has grave importance.
• This ensures that only cases of significant judicial and constitutional importance are brought before the Supreme Court for adjudication.

Additional Information

• Article 134 of the Indian Constitution:
• This article defines the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in criminal cases.
• It specifically allows appeals to the Supreme Court in cases where a High Court has reversed an acquittal and sentenced the accused to death.
• It also allows appeals in cases where the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law.
• Appeals with Special Leave (Article 136):
• Under this provision, the Supreme Court can grant special leave to appeal in any case, including criminal matters, where it deems it necessary to address a legal or constitutional question.
• This power is discretionary and allows the Court to provide justice in cases of exceptional importance.
• High Court Certification:
• In most criminal cases, the High Court must certify that the matter involves a substantial question of law before it can be appealed to the Supreme Court.
• This certification acts as a filter to ensure that the Supreme Court does not get overburdened with ordinary criminal cases.
• Death Penalty Appeals:
• The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction to hear appeals in cases where the High Court has imposed a death penalty after reversing an acquittal.
• This ensures the highest level of judicial scrutiny in cases involving capital punishment.

Important Points

• The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is not unlimited. It only entertains cases that meet specific constitutional and legal criteria.
• In addition to criminal matters, the Supreme Court also has appellate jurisdiction over civil cases under Article 133 of the Indian Constitution.
• The Supreme Court’s jurisdiction can also extend to disputes between states or between the Union and states under its original jurisdiction (Article 131).
• The limited appellate jurisdiction ensures that the Supreme Court focuses on cases with substantial constitutional or legal implications.

The correct answer is An extra tax levied on all subjects..

Key Points

• During the Gupta Empire, the term "Uparikara" referred to an extra tax imposed on all subjects. This tax was not tied to the king’s share of production or voluntary offerings.
• The Gupta administration was known for its advanced taxation system, which included both regular and additional taxes to support the state’s functioning.
• Uparikara was levied on the subjects as part of the fiscal measures and contributed to the state's revenue.
• It was distinct from other forms of taxes such as Bali (voluntary offerings) or the king’s share of production, which usually amounted to one-sixth of the total yield.
• The imposition of Uparikara highlights the structured and hierarchical nature of the Gupta administration's revenue system aimed at maintaining governance and infrastructure.

Additional Information

• Gupta Empire taxation system:
• The Gupta Empire maintained an efficient taxation system to ensure proper governance and resource distribution.
• Taxes were collected from agriculture, trade, and other economic activities. The king typically received one-sixth of the agricultural produce as his share.
• Additional taxes such as Uparikara and Vishti (forced labor) were imposed depending on administrative needs.
• Forms of taxes in the Gupta Empire:
• Bali: A voluntary offering made by the people to the king as a token of respect.
• Bhaga: The customary share of the king from agricultural production, often fixed at one-sixth.
• Uparikara: An extra tax levied on subjects, distinct from the regular taxes.
• Vishti: Forced labor imposed on certain groups for state projects like construction or infrastructure development.
• Economic administration during the Gupta period:
• The Gupta rulers adopted a decentralized approach to administration, relying on local officials and village headmen for tax collection.
• Revenue from taxation was utilized for governance, infrastructure, and promoting art and culture.
• Trade and commerce flourished during the Gupta era, contributing significantly to the empire’s economy.
• Significance of taxation:
• Taxes like Uparikara played a vital role in maintaining the empire’s administrative and economic stability.
• They supported the development of infrastructure such as roads, irrigation systems, and educational institutions.
• The taxation system showcased the administrative efficiency and foresight of Gupta rulers in managing resources.

Important Points

• Gupta Empire: Known as the Golden Age of India, the Gupta period (approximately 320 CE–550 CE) saw significant advancements in science, mathematics, art, and literature.
• Revenue system: The economic prosperity of the Gupta Empire was supported by a well-organized revenue system, including taxes like Uparikara.
• Administration: Decentralized governance, with village councils and local officials playing a crucial role in managing day-to-day affairs and tax collection.
• Legacy: The structured taxation system and administration of the Gupta Empire laid the foundation for subsequent Indian dynasties.

The correct answer is It is a biological proteinaceous pigment.

Key Points

• Phytochrome is a proteinaceous pigment found in plants, primarily responsible for regulating light-dependent growth and development processes such as seed germination, flowering, and shade avoidance.
• It acts as a photoreceptor, absorbing light in the red (660 nm) and far-red (730 nm) wavelengths, thereby influencing physiological changes in plants.
• Phytochrome exists in two interconvertible forms: Pr (red-light absorbing form) and Pfr (far-red-light absorbing form). The conversion between these forms enables plants to sense changes in light quality.
• It is synthesized in the cytoplasm of plant cells and plays a critical role in regulating circadian rhythms and photoperiodism.
• Hence, the statement "It is a biological proteinaceous pigment" is correct, making option 3 the right answer.

Additional Information

• Photosynthetic pigments:
• The term "photosynthetic pigment" refers to pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins, which absorb light energy to drive photosynthesis.
• Unlike phytochrome, photosynthetic pigments are directly involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
• Hence, the statement "It is a photosynthetic pigment" is incorrect.
• Fluorescence production:
• Phytochromes do not produce fluorescence; their primary function is to act as light sensors that regulate various plant developmental processes.
• Fluorescence is typically associated with pigments like chlorophyll when they absorb light energy.
• Hence, the statement "Phytochromes produce fluorescence" is incorrect.
• Site of phytochrome production:
• Phytochromes are synthesized in the cytoplasm of plant cells, not specifically in the stem. Their production is widespread across the plant body.
• Hence, the statement "The site of phytochrome production is stem" is incorrect.
• Functions of phytochrome:
• Regulates photomorphogenesis, which includes processes like seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering.
• Helps plants adapt to changes in light conditions, such as shade avoidance in dense vegetation.
• Plays a role in resetting plant circadian clocks based on light signals.

Important Points

• Discovery: Phytochrome was discovered by Sterling Hendricks and Harry Borthwick in the 1950s.
• Applications: Phytochrome research contributes to agricultural advancements, such as optimizing crop yield and improving plant growth under controlled light conditions.
• Mechanism: Phytochrome transitions between Pr and Pfr forms based on light exposure, triggering signal transduction pathways that lead to physiological changes in plants.
• Importance in photoperiodism: Phytochrome helps plants determine day length, crucial for processes like flowering in short-day and long-day plants.

The correct answer is typhoid.

Key Points

• Typhoid is not transmitted by mosquitoes
• It is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi
• Spread through contaminated food and water
• Common in areas with poor sanitation
• Symptoms include high fever, weakness, and abdominal pain

​ Additional Information

• Malaria:
• Caused by Plasmodium parasites
• Transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes
• Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness
• Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions
• Prevention includes mosquito nets and antimalarial drugs
• Dengue:
• Viral disease caused by dengue virus
• Spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
• Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, and joint pain
• Can develop into life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever
• No specific treatment, only symptom management
• Chikungunya:
• Viral disease caused by CHIKV virus
• Also transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes
• Symptoms include fever and severe joint pain
• Rarely fatal but can cause chronic joint problems
• Outbreaks occur in Africa, Asia, and the Americas

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Hydropower generation capacity - 198 MW
• ✅ Correct – The Ramganga Project has a hydropower generation capacity of 198 MW.
• Location - Garhwal (Uttarakhand)
• ✅ Correct – The Ramganga Dam is located in the Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.
• Dam's length - 825.8 metres
• ❌ Incorrect – The actual length of the Ramganga Dam is 630 metres, not 825.8 metres.
• Irrigated area - 6 lakh hectares
• ✅ Correct – The Ramganga Project provides irrigation to approximately 6 lakh hectares of agricultural land.

Given:

The radii of two cones are in the ratio 1 ∶ 3, whereas their volumes are in the ratio 1 ∶ 9.

Concept used:

The volume of a cone = 1/3πr²h

here,

r = radius

h = height

Calculation:

Let the radius of the cones be x and 3x and heights be h1, h2

Now,

\(\frac{\frac{1}{3}π x^2h_1}{\frac{1}{3}π (3x)^2h_2} = \frac{1}{9}\)

⇒ \(\frac{ x^2h_1}{9x^2h_2} = \frac{1}{9}\)

⇒ \(\frac{h_1}{h_2} = \frac{1}{1}\)

So, Their heights will be equal.

∴ The required answer is Option 4.