Search Previous Year Questions

The correct answer is Lothal.

Key Points

• Couple burial was found from Lothal at the Harappan sites.
• Lothal was one of the southernmost city of the ancient Indus valley civilisation located in the Bhal region of Gujarat.
• Burial or interment is the ritual act of placing a dead person or animals, sometimes with objects, into the ground.

The correct answer is Louis Pasteur.

Key Points

• Louis Pasteur, a renowned French microbiologist and chemist, discovered the process of fermentation in the 1850s. This groundbreaking discovery highlighted the role of microorganisms in converting sugars into alcohol or lactic acid.
• Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation is caused by living microorganisms, particularly yeasts and bacteria, which contradicted the earlier belief that it was purely a chemical process.
• He established that specific microbes are responsible for different types of fermentation, such as alcoholic fermentation (by yeasts) and lactic acid fermentation (by certain bacteria).
• This discovery laid the foundation for modern microbiology and biotechnology, as it allowed scientists to manipulate microbes for various industrial and medical applications.
• Pasteur also developed the process of pasteurization, which involves heating liquids like milk and wine to kill harmful microbes without altering the product's taste or quality.

Additional Information

• Louis Pasteur:
• Born: December 27, 1822, in Dole, France.
• Known as the "Father of Microbiology" for his contributions to microbiology, including the discovery of fermentation, pasteurization, and vaccines for diseases like rabies and anthrax.
• His work proved the germ theory of disease, establishing that microorganisms are responsible for many diseases.
• Fermentation:
• Fermentation is a metabolic process in which microorganisms convert organic compounds, such as sugars, into simpler substances like alcohol, acids, and gases.
• It is widely used in industries for producing products like wine, beer, yogurt, cheese, and bread.
• Types of fermentation include alcoholic fermentation (produces ethanol and carbon dioxide) and lactic acid fermentation (produces lactic acid).
• Contributions of Other Scientists:
• Ernst Haeckel: A German biologist and philosopher, known for his work in evolutionary theory and for coining terms like "ecology." He did not contribute to fermentation research.
• Robert Koch: A German physician and microbiologist, famous for identifying the causative agents of diseases like tuberculosis and anthrax. He focused on infectious diseases rather than fermentation.
• Joseph Lister: An English surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery techniques. He was not involved in fermentation studies.
• Applications of Fermentation:
• Food production: Used in making bread, wine, beer, and dairy products.
• Pharmaceuticals: Key in producing antibiotics, insulin, and vaccines.
• Biofuels: Used in producing ethanol as a renewable energy source.
• Waste management: Helps in biodegradation of organic waste.

Important Points

• Pasteurization: Developed by Louis Pasteur, it involves heating liquids to eliminate harmful microorganisms without compromising taste or nutritional value.
• Alcoholic Fermentation: A process where yeasts convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide, widely used in brewing and winemaking.
• Lactic Acid Fermentation: Conducted by bacteria, producing lactic acid, essential for yogurt and cheese production.
• Industrial Importance: Fermentation is crucial in sectors like food, pharmaceuticals, and energy, showcasing its versatility and significance.

The correct answer is President.

Key Points

• Article 87 of the Indian Constitution mandates that the President shall address the first session after each General Election to the House of People (Lok Sabha) and the commencement of the first session every year.
• This address is known as the President’s Address, and it is a constitutional requirement as per Article 87.
• The President’s Address outlines the policies and programs of the government for the upcoming year and highlights its vision.
• This speech serves as an introduction to the government’s agenda and is a crucial event in the parliamentary calendar, marking the beginning of the legislative process.
• The address is debated in both houses of Parliament, and members have the opportunity to discuss and respond to it.

Additional Information

• Role of the President:
• The President is the constitutional head of the state and represents the unity and integrity of the nation.
• Under Article 53, the President exercises executive powers, either directly or through subordinate officers.
• The President’s address is delivered in the presence of members of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
• Process of the President’s Address:
• Following the address, a motion of thanks is moved in both houses of Parliament.
• During the debate on the motion of thanks, members discuss the policies and programs mentioned in the address.
• Amendments to the motion of thanks can be proposed, and it is an opportunity for members to critique the government’s agenda.
• Significance of the President’s Address:
• The address is a ceremonial occasion and sets the tone for the legislative business of the year.
• It provides an insight into the priorities and objectives of the government.
• It is a platform for the government to communicate its achievements and future plans to the members of Parliament and the public.
• Historical Context:
• The tradition of the President’s Address has been followed since the adoption of the Indian Constitution.
• It reflects the parliamentary practices of countries like the United Kingdom, where the monarch delivers a speech outlining the government’s agenda.

Important Points

• Article 87:
• It specifies that the President shall address both houses of Parliament at the commencement of the first session after a General Election and the first session every year.
• The President’s Address is an integral part of the parliamentary proceedings and is a constitutional obligation.
• Constitutional Framework:
• The President’s Address is prepared by the government and reflects its policies and legislative agenda.
• The speech is an important document that provides a roadmap for the government’s plans and initiatives.
• Debate on Motion of Thanks:
• The motion of thanks is a crucial discussion that allows members to express their views on the President’s Address.
• It is an opportunity for the opposition to highlight shortcomings and for the government to defend its policies.

The correct answer is a - 3, b - 2, c - 4, d - 1

Key Points

• Shri Arif Mohammad Khan → Bihar. Appointed as Governor of Bihar on 2 January 2025.
• Shri La Ganesan → Nagaland. Assumed office as Governor of Nagaland on 20 February 2023. His passing in August 2025.
• **Shri Jagdish Mukhi → Assam. Took charge as Governor of Assam on **10 October 2017 (served till 20 February 2023).
• Shri Kalraj Mishra → Rajasthan. Assumed office as Governor of Rajasthan. Tenure 9 September 2019 to July 2024.
• The appointment of governors is governed by Article 155 of the Indian Constitution, which states that the Governor of a state shall be appointed by the President of India.

Additional Information

• Governor's Role and Responsibilities:
• The Governor is the constitutional head of the state and acts as the representative of the President of India.
• Under Article 163, the Governor exercises executive powers with the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
• Governors also have discretionary powers in certain situations, such as recommending President's Rule under Article 356.
• Key Facts about Governors:
• The tenure of a Governor is typically 5 years, but they serve at the pleasure of the President.
• Governors must meet eligibility criteria under Article 157, which includes being a citizen of India and being at least 35 years old.
• Governors play a significant role in legislative matters, including giving assent to bills, reserving bills for the President's consideration, and addressing the state legislature.
• Other Notable Governors:
• Shri Banwarilal Purohit is the Governor of Punjab.
• Shri R.N. Ravi served as the Governor of Tamil Nadu.
• Important Articles in Context:
• Article 154: Vests executive power of the state in the Governor.
• Article 200: Grants the Governor the power to assent, withhold, or reserve bills passed by the state legislature.

Important Points

• Governor's Appointment:
• The President of India appoints Governors based on the recommendation of the Union government.
• The Governor's role is largely ceremonial, but they have significant powers during times of constitutional crises.
• Constitutional Provisions:
• Article 158: Specifies conditions for the Governor's office, such as not holding any other office of profit.
• Article 361: Provides immunity to the Governor from legal proceedings for actions taken in official capacity.
• Recent Developments:
• Governors have increasingly played a pivotal role in resolving political deadlocks in state legislatures.
• In certain states, Governors have been involved in controversies surrounding their discretionary powers.

The correct answer is Limited.

Key Points

• The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in India refers to its authority to hear appeals against the judgments of lower courts such as the High Courts.
• In the context of criminal matters, the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is limited as specified in the Constitution of India.
• Under Article 134 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases involving substantial questions of law or cases where a High Court has reversed an acquittal to impose a death sentence.
• Appeals in criminal cases to the Supreme Court also require certification by the High Court that the case involves a substantial legal question or has grave importance.
• This ensures that only cases of significant judicial and constitutional importance are brought before the Supreme Court for adjudication.

Additional Information

• Article 134 of the Indian Constitution:
• This article defines the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in criminal cases.
• It specifically allows appeals to the Supreme Court in cases where a High Court has reversed an acquittal and sentenced the accused to death.
• It also allows appeals in cases where the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law.
• Appeals with Special Leave (Article 136):
• Under this provision, the Supreme Court can grant special leave to appeal in any case, including criminal matters, where it deems it necessary to address a legal or constitutional question.
• This power is discretionary and allows the Court to provide justice in cases of exceptional importance.
• High Court Certification:
• In most criminal cases, the High Court must certify that the matter involves a substantial question of law before it can be appealed to the Supreme Court.
• This certification acts as a filter to ensure that the Supreme Court does not get overburdened with ordinary criminal cases.
• Death Penalty Appeals:
• The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction to hear appeals in cases where the High Court has imposed a death penalty after reversing an acquittal.
• This ensures the highest level of judicial scrutiny in cases involving capital punishment.

Important Points

• The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is not unlimited. It only entertains cases that meet specific constitutional and legal criteria.
• In addition to criminal matters, the Supreme Court also has appellate jurisdiction over civil cases under Article 133 of the Indian Constitution.
• The Supreme Court’s jurisdiction can also extend to disputes between states or between the Union and states under its original jurisdiction (Article 131).
• The limited appellate jurisdiction ensures that the Supreme Court focuses on cases with substantial constitutional or legal implications.

The correct answer is Le Grand.

Key Points

• Kunwar Singh, a key figure in the Indian Revolt of 1857, was a renowned freedom fighter from Jagdispur, Bihar.
• He was a Zamindar who led a rebellion against the British East India Company during the First War of Indian Independence.
• In the final stages of the revolt, Kunwar Singh fought his last battle against Captain Le Grand of the British forces. This battle took place near his hometown of Jagdispur.
• Kunwar Singh displayed exceptional valor and military strategy despite being in his 80s, showcasing his unyielding spirit against colonial forces.
• Before succumbing to injuries in April 1858, Kunwar Singh defeated the British forces and reclaimed Jagdispur, marking one of the most significant victories in the revolt.

Additional Information

• Kunwar Singh:
• Born in 1777, Kunwar Singh belonged to a royal family of the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Jagdispur.
• He actively participated in the 1857 revolt, leading his forces against British troops in Bihar and nearby regions.
• Despite limited resources and advanced age, Kunwar Singh executed guerrilla warfare strategies that baffled British commanders.
• Captain Lugard:
• Captain Lugard was a British officer tasked with suppressing the revolt in Bihar.
• He led British forces against Kunwar Singh during the final stages of the rebellion.
• Despite his efforts, he faced defeat at the hands of Kunwar Singh near Jagdispur in April 1858.
• 1857 Revolt:
• The revolt, known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a widespread uprising against British rule.
• It began in Meerut and spread across northern and central India, involving leaders like Kunwar Singh, Rani Lakshmibai, and Nana Sahib.
• The revolt was fueled by grievances such as the Doctrine of Lapse, cultural disrespect, and economic exploitation.
• Jagdispur:
• Jagdispur, located in present-day Bihar, was Kunwar Singh’s ancestral estate and a critical site during the revolt.
• After defeating British forces, Kunwar Singh temporarily reclaimed Jagdispur, symbolizing resistance against colonial powers.

Important Points

• Legacy of Kunwar Singh:
• Kunwar Singh is celebrated as one of India’s greatest freedom fighters, and his contributions to the 1857 revolt are widely acknowledged.
• His bravery and leadership continue to inspire generations in the struggle for independence.
• Several landmarks and institutions in Bihar are named after him, honoring his legacy.
• End of the Revolt:
• The revolt ended with the suppression of major leaders by 1858, but it sowed seeds of nationalism among Indians.
• Kunwar Singh’s victory at Jagdispur was one of the last significant events of the rebellion.

The correct answer is Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

Key Points

• Mule Hunter.ai is an advanced platform introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to tackle financial fraud and cybercrime.
• It is designed to detect and prevent fraudulent activities in the banking and financial sector, particularly focusing on money mule operations.
• The initiative aims to enhance cyber security and reduce the risks associated with money laundering and other illegal financial transactions.
• Money mules are individuals who transfer stolen money or illegally obtained funds between different accounts, often unwittingly.
• This platform leverages artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms for real-time monitoring and analysis of suspicious transactions.

Additional Information

• Reserve Bank of India (RBI):
• Established in 1935, the RBI is India's central banking institution responsible for regulating the monetary policy of the country.
• The RBI plays a critical role in ensuring the stability of the financial system and promoting economic growth.
• It supervises and regulates banks, manages foreign exchange, and oversees payment systems in India.
• Recently, RBI has focused on enhancing cybersecurity measures to combat modern financial challenges.
• It is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• Money Mule Operations:
• Money mule operations involve using individuals to transfer illicit funds between accounts to disguise the origin of the money.
• These operations are often part of larger cybercrime networks and contribute to money laundering schemes.
• In many cases, money mules are unaware of their involvement in illegal activities.
• Detecting and preventing money mule operations is critical for safeguarding the financial system.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Banking:
• AI is increasingly used in the banking sector for fraud detection, risk management, and enhancing customer experience.
• It enables real-time analysis of large datasets to identify patterns of fraudulent behavior.
• AI-powered tools like Mule Hunter.ai provide actionable insights to prevent financial crimes.
• Other Cybersecurity Initiatives:
• The RBI has launched various initiatives to strengthen cyber resilience in banks, including guidelines for data protection and cyber threat management.
• Financial institutions are encouraged to adopt state-of-the-art technology solutions to mitigate cyber risks.
• Collaborations with international organizations help in combating global financial fraud.

Important Points

• Role of AI in Financial Security: AI can identify trends, flag anomalies, and predict fraudulent activities, making it indispensable in combating financial crimes.
• Global Cyber Threats: Financial institutions worldwide face increasing cyber threats, making platforms like Mule Hunter.ai essential for risk mitigation.
• Impact of Money Laundering: Money laundering undermines economic stability and trust in financial institutions, emphasizing the need for stringent measures.
• RBI's Commitment: The RBI's initiatives reflect its commitment to protecting India's financial ecosystem from emerging threats.

Given

B's income - A's income = 40%

Formula used

Percent of A to B = A/B x 100%

Solution

Let the income of B = 100x

Then, A's income = 60x

⇒ B's income - A's income = 40x

⇒ 40x/60x × 100

⇒ 2/3 × 100

⇒ 66.66%

B's income is 66.66% more than A's income.

Given:

Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 200

Loss = 20%

Concept Used:

To find the Cost Price (CP) when there is a loss, we use the formula:

Formula Used:

CP = SP / (1 - Loss%)

Calculation:

CP = 200 / (1 - 20/100)

⇒ CP = 200 / (1 - 0.20)

⇒ CP = 200 / 0.80

⇒ CP = 250

∴ The Cost Price of the article is Rs. 250

Given:

A's share is half that of B's and thrice that of C's.

Calculation:

Let the share of A be 3x

So, share of B = 3x × 2 = 6x and share of C = 3x × (1/3) = x

Now,

3x + 6x + x = 490

⇒ 10x = 490

⇒ x = 49

So, C's share is Rs. 49

∴ C's share is Rs. 49.