NDA General Ability Test 18 Apr 2021 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is 'repulsive.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of attractive:
• Attractive: appealing to look at; alluring, pleasant, acceptable. (देखने के लिए आकर्षक; आकर्षक, सुखद, स्वीकार्य।).
• Example: He is a stunningly attractive and charismatic man.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Unnatural: contrary to the ordinary course of nature; abnormal. (प्रकृति के सामान्य पाठ्यक्रम के विपरीत; असामान्य।)
• Modern: relating to the present or recent times as opposed to the remote past. (सुदूर अतीत के विपरीत वर्तमान या हाल के समय से संबंधित।)
• Repulsive: extremely unpleasant or unacceptable. (अत्यंत अप्रिय या अस्वीकार्य।)
• Disapproving: expressing an unfavourable opinion. (प्रतिकूल राय व्यक्त करना।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'repulsive' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'attractive'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'repulsive.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'finite.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of boundless:
• Boundless: unlimited, infinite or immense. (असीमित, अनंत या अपार।).
• Example: We were filled with boundless joy.​
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• High: great, or greater than normal, in quantity, size, or intensity. (मात्रा, आकार या तीव्रता में महान, या सामान्य से अधिक।)
• Vast: of very great extent or quantity; immense. (बहुत अधिक मात्रा या मात्रा में; अत्यधिक।)
• Expansive: covering a wide area in terms of space or scope; extensive. (अंतरिक्ष या दायरे के संदर्भ में एक विस्तृत क्षेत्र को कवर करना; बहुत बड़ा।)
• Finite: limited in size or extent. (आकार या सीमा में सीमित।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'finite' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'boundless'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'finite.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'opaque.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Clear:
• Clear: transparent; unclouded. (पारदर्शी; बादल रहित।).
• Example: We could see the clear glass of the French windows​
• .Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Bright: giving out or reflecting much light; shining. (बहुत अधिक प्रकाश देना या प्रतिबिंबित करना; तड़क भड़क।)
• Opaque: not able to be seen through; not transparent. (जिस के माध्यम से देखने में सक्षम नहीं; पारदर्शी नहीं।)
• Cloudless: clear and free of cloud. (स्पष्ट और बादल रहित।)
• Blue: very sad and depressed. (बहुत उदास।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'opaque' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'clear'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'opaque.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'shallow.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Deep:
• Deep: extending far down from the top or surface. (ऊपर या सतह से बहुत नीचे तक फैला हुआ।).
• Example: The lake is deep here.

Let us see the meanings of the given options:

• Dark: with little or no light. (कम या बिना रोशनी के।)
• Light: having a considerable or sufficient amount of natural light; not dark. (पर्याप्त मात्रा में प्राकृतिक प्रकाश होना; अंधेरा नहीं।।)
• Dangerous: able or likely to cause harm or injury. (नुकसान या चोट पहुंचाने में सक्षम या संभावित।)
• Shallow: of little depth. (थोड़ी गहराई का।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'shallow' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'deep'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'shallow.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'stingy.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Generous:
• Generous: showing a readiness to give more of something, especially money, than is strictly necessary or expected. (कड़ाई से आवश्यक या अपेक्षित से कुछ अधिक, विशेष रूप से धन देने की तत्परता दिखाना।).
• Example: He is very generous.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Stingy: mean; ungenerous. (मतलबी; असभ्य।)
• Rough: not gentle; violent or boisterous. (कोमल नहीं; हिंसक या उग्र।)
• Evil: profoundly immoral and wicked. (अत्यधिक अनैतिक और दुष्ट।)
• Hostile: showing or feeling opposition or dislike. (विरोध या नापसंद दिखाना या महसूस करना।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'stingy' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'generous'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'stingy.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'scarcity.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Plenty:
• Plenty: a situation in which food and other necessities are available in sufficiently large quantities. (ऐसी स्थिति जिसमें भोजन और अन्य आवश्यकताएं पर्याप्त मात्रा में उपलब्ध हों।).
• Example: Still, she had plenty to do.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Ugliness: the quality of being unpleasant or repulsive in appearance. (दिखने में अप्रिय या प्रतिकारक होने का गुण।)
• Scarcity: the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. (दुर्लभ या कम आपूर्ति में होने की स्थिति; कमी।)
• Roughness: the quality or state of having an uneven or irregular surface. (असमान या अनियमित सतह होने की अवस्था या भाव।)
• Dryness: absence or lack of moisture or liquid. (नमी या तरल की अनुपस्थिति या कमी।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'scarcity' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'plenty'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'scarcity.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'lazy.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Industrious:
• Industrious: diligent and hard-working. (मेहनती।).
• Example: He said she was very industrious and happy.​
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Active: engaging or ready to engage in physically energetic pursuits. (शारीरिक रूप से ऊर्जावान गतिविधियों में संलग्न या संलग्न होने के लिए तैयार।)
• Productive: producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities. (बड़ी मात्रा में वस्तुओं, फसलों या अन्य वस्तुओं का उत्पादन या उत्पादन करने में सक्षम।)
• Lazy: unwilling to work or use energy. (काम करने या ऊर्जा का उपयोग करने के लिए अनिच्छुक।)
• Disloyal: failing to be loyal to a person, country, or organization to which one has obligations. (किसी व्यक्ति, देश, या संगठन के प्रति वफादार होने में असफल होना, जिसके लिए किसी के दायित्व हैं।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'lazy' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'industrious'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'lazy.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'shrivel.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Grow:
• Grow: (of a living thing) undergo natural development by increasing in size and changing physically. ((एक जीवित चीज का) आकार में वृद्धि और शारीरिक रूप से बदलकर प्राकृतिक विकास से गुजरना।).
• Example: This plant grows best in the shade.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Shrivel: wrinkle and contract or cause wrinkle and contract, especially due to loss of moisture. (शिकन और अनुबंध या शिकन और अनुबंध का कारण, विशेष रूप से नमी के नुकसान के कारण।)
• Stretch: to spread over a large area or distance. (एक बड़े क्षेत्र या दूरी में फैलाना।)
• Spread: extend over a large or increasing area. (एक बड़े या बढ़ते क्षेत्र में विस्तार।)
• Enlarge: make or become larger or more extensive. (बड़ा या अधिक व्यापक बनाना या बनना।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'shrivel' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'grow'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'shrivel.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'frequently.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Rarely:
• Rarely: not often; seldom. (प्रायः नहीं; शायद ही कभी।).
• Example: I rarely drive above 50 mph​.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Seldom: not often; rarely. (प्रायः नहीं; शायद ही कभी।)
• Never: at no time in the past or future; not ever. (अतीत या भविष्य में कभी नहीं; हमेंशा नहीं।)
• Always: at all times; on all occasions. (हर समय; सभी अवसरों पर।)
• Frequently: regularly or habitually; often. (नियमित रूप से या आदतन; अक्सर।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'frequently' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'rarely'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'frequently.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'straightforward.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Crooked:
• Crooked: dishonest. (बेईमान।).
• Example: He is a crooked police officer.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Polite: having or showing behaviour that is respectful and considerate of other people. (ऐसा व्यवहार करना या दिखाना जो अन्य लोगों के प्रति सम्मानजनक और विचारशील हो।)
• Generous: showing a readiness to give more of something, especially money, than is strictly necessary or expected. (कड़ाई से आवश्यक या अपेक्षित से कुछ अधिक, विशेष रूप से धन देने की तत्परता दिखाना।)
• Straightforward: uncomplicated and easy to do or understand, honest. (सरल और करने या समझने में आसान, ईमानदार।)
• Happy: feeling or showing pleasure or contentment. (खुशी या संतोष महसूस करना या दिखाना।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'straightforward' is the opposite of the meaning of the underlined word 'crooked'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'straightforward.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'catching.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Contagious:
• Contagious: (of an emotion, feeling, or attitude) likely to spread to and affect others. ((एक भावना, भावना या दृष्टिकोण के) दूसरों तक फैलने और प्रभावित होने की संभावना।).
• Example: Her enthusiasm is contagious.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Arrogant: having or revealing an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities. (अपने स्वयं के महत्व या क्षमताओं का अतिरंजित भाव रखना या प्रकट करना।)
• Disrespectful: showing a lack of respect or courtesy; impolite. (सम्मान या शिष्टाचार की कमी दिखाना; अशिष्ट।)
• Sarcastic: marked by or given to using irony in order to mock or convey contempt. (उपहास या अवमानना ​​व्यक्त करने के लिए विडंबना का उपयोग करके चिह्नित या दिया गया।)
• Catching: (of a person's emotion or mood) likely to spread to other people, contagious. ((किसी व्यक्ति की भावना या मनोदशा के) अन्य लोगों में फैलने की संभावना, संक्रामक।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'catching' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'contagious'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'catching.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'evolutionary.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Dynamic:
• Dynamic: continuously changing or developing. (लगातार बदल रहा है या विकसित हो रहा है।).
• Example: The situation is dynamic and may change at any time.

Let us see the meanings of the given options:

• Enduring: lasting over a period of time; durable. (लंबे समय तक चलने वाला; टिकाऊ।)
• Attentive: paying close attention to something. (किसी चीज पर पूरा ध्यान देना।)
• Evolutionary: involving a gradual process of change and development. (परिवर्तन और विकास की एक क्रमिक प्रक्रिया को शामिल करना।)
• Jealous: feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements, possessions, or perceived advantages. ((किसी व्यक्ति या उनकी उपलब्धियों, संपत्ति, या कथित लाभों के प्रति ईर्ष्या की भावना को महसूस करना या दिखाना।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'evolutionary' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'dynamic'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'evolutionary.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'bemoaning​.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of lamenting:
• Lamenting: expressing regret or disappointment about something. (किसी बात पर खेद या निराशा व्यक्त करना।).
• Example: She is lamenting the lack of shops in the town.

Let us see the meanings of the given options:

• Celebrating: acknowledging (a significant or happy day or event) with a social gathering or enjoyable activity. (एक सामाजिक सभा या आनंददायक गतिविधि के साथ स्वीकार करें (एक महत्वपूर्ण या खुशी का दिन या घटना)।)
• Bemoaning: expressing discontent or sorrow over (something). (विलाप करना।)
• Blaming: feeling or declaring that (someone or something) is responsible for a fault or wrong. (यह महसूस करना या घोषित करना कि (कोई या कुछ) गलती या गलत के लिए जिम्मेदार है।)
• Making: forming (something) by putting parts together or combining substances; create. (भागों को एक साथ रखकर या पदार्थों को मिलाकर रूप (कुछ); सृजन करना।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word  'bemoaning​' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'lamenting'.
• Hence, the correct answer is  'bemoaning​.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'natural.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Organic:
• Organic: not using artificial chemicals in the production of plants and animals for food, natural. (भोजन के लिए पौधों और जानवरों के उत्पादन में कृत्रिम रसायनों का उपयोग नहीं करना, प्राकृतिक।).
• Example: The illness is organic in origin.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Natural: as found in nature and not involving anything made or done by people, organic. (जैसा कि प्रकृति में पाया जाता है और इसमें लोगों द्वारा बनाई या की गई कोई भी चीज़ शामिल नहीं है, जैविक।)
• Speedy: done or occurring quickly. (जल्दी से किया या होने वाला।)
• Unusual: not habitually or commonly occurring or done. (असामान्य।)
• Disciplined: showing a controlled form of behaviour or way of working. (व्यवहार का नियंत्रित रूप या काम करने का तरीका दिखाना।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'natural' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'organic'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'natural.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'eloquence.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Oratory:
• Oratory: the activity of giving skilful and effective speeches in public. (जनता में कुशल और प्रभावी भाषण देने की गतिविधि।).
• Example: Daniel Webster was famous as an orator.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Deceit: the action or practice of deceiving someone by concealing or misrepresenting the truth. (सत्य को छिपाने या गलत तरीके से प्रस्तुत करके किसी को धोखा देने की क्रिया या अभ्यास।)
• Eloquence: the quality of delivering a clear, strong message. (एक स्पष्ट, मजबूत संदेश देने की गुणवत्ता।)
• Looks: acts of directing one's gaze in order to see someone or something. (किसी को या किसी चीज़ को देखने के लिए किसी की नज़र को निर्देशित करने का कार्य।)
• Nobility: the quality of being noble in character. (चरित्र में महान होने का गुण।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'eloquence' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'oratory'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'eloquence.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'backer.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Patron:
• Patron: a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, or cause. (एक व्यक्ति जो किसी व्यक्ति, संगठन या कारण को वित्तीय या अन्य सहायता देता है।).
• Example: He is a celebrated patron of the arts.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Entrepreneur: a person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit. (एक व्यक्ति जो लाभ की आशा में वित्तीय जोखिम उठाकर व्यवसाय या व्यवसाय स्थापित करता है।)
• Admirer: a person who has particular regard for someone or something. (वह व्यक्ति जो किसी या किसी चीज़ के लिए विशेष सम्मान रखता हो।)
• Critique: a detailed analysis and assessment of something, especially a literary, philosophical, or political theory. (किसी चीज़ का विस्तृत विश्लेषण और मूल्यांकन, विशेष रूप से एक साहित्यिक, दार्शनिक या राजनीतिक सिद्धांत।)
• Backer: a person, institution, or country that supports someone or something, especially financially. (एक व्यक्ति, संस्था, या देश जो किसी को या किसी चीज़ का समर्थन करता है, विशेष रूप से आर्थिक रूप से।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'backer' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'patron'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'backer.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'conceit.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Arrogance:
• Arrogance: the quality of being unpleasantly proud and behaving as if you are more important than, or know more than, other people. (अप्रिय रूप से गर्व करने और व्यवहार करने का गुण जैसे कि आप अन्य लोगों की तुलना में अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हैं, या अधिक जानते हैं।).
• Example: He has self-confidence that is sometimes seen as arrogance.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Concern: a matter of interest or importance to someone. (किसी के लिए रुचि या महत्व का विषय।)
• Unpretentiousness: not attempting to impress others with an appearance of greater importance, talent, or culture than is actually possessed. (दूसरों को अधिक महत्व, प्रतिभा या संस्कृति के रूप में प्रभावित करने का प्रयास नहीं करना, जो वास्तव में है।)
• Conceit: the state of being too proud of yourself and your actions. (अपने और अपने कार्यों पर बहुत गर्व होने की स्थिति।)
• Simplicity: the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do. (समझने या करने में आसान होने की अवस्था या भाव।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'conceit' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'arrogance'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'conceit.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'investigation.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Reconnaissance:
• Reconnaissance: military observation of a region to locate an enemy or ascertain strategic features, investigation. (दुश्मन का पता लगाने या रणनीतिक विशेषताओं का पता लगाने के लिए किसी क्षेत्र का सैन्य अवलोकन, जांच।).
• Example: Spotter planes made a preliminary aerial reconnaissance of the island.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Revaluation: the action of assessing the value of something again. (किसी चीज के मूल्य का फिर से आकलन करने की क्रिया।)
• Ratification: the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid. (किसी संधि, अनुबंध या समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर करने या औपचारिक सहमति देने की क्रिया, इसे आधिकारिक रूप से वैध बनाना।)
• Investigation: the action of investigating something or someone; formal or systematic examination or research. (किसी चीज या किसी की जांच करने की क्रिया; औपचारिक या व्यवस्थित परीक्षा या शोध।)
• Regularisation: the act of changing a situation or system so that it follows laws or rules, or is based on reason. (किसी स्थिति या व्यवस्था को बदलने की क्रिया ताकि वह कानूनों या नियमों का पालन करे, या कारण पर आधारित हो।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'investigation' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'reconnaissance'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'investigation.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the synonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'clone.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Replica:
• Replica: an exact copy or model of something, especially one on a smaller scale, clone. (किसी चीज़ की सटीक प्रति या मॉडल, विशेष रूप से छोटे पैमाने पर।).
• Example: The ship is an exact replica of the original Golden Hind.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Pride: a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that you get because you or people connected with you have done or got something good. (खुशी और संतुष्टि की भावना जो आपको मिलती है क्योंकि आपने या आपके साथ जुड़े लोगों ने कुछ अच्छा किया है।)
• Clone: someone or something that looks very much like someone or something else. (कोई या ऐसा कुछ जो किसी के या कुछ और जैसा दिखता है।)
• Love: an intense feeling of deep affection. (गहरे स्नेह की तीव्र भावना।)
• Original: the earliest form of something, from which copies may be made. (किसी चीज का प्रारंभिक रूप, जिससे प्रतियां बनाई जा सकती हैं।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'clone' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'replica'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'clone.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is 'mocking.'

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Sardonic:
• Sardonic: grimly mocking or cynical. (घोर उपहास या निंदक।).
• Example: Rohit attempted a sardonic smile.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:
• Compassionate: feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others. (दूसरों के लिए सहानुभूति और चिंता महसूस करना या दिखाना।)
• Insightful: having or showing an accurate and deep understanding; perceptive. (सटीक और गहरी समझ रखना या दिखाना; बोधगम्य।)
• Mocking: making fun of someone or something in a cruel way; derisive. (क्रूर तरीके से किसी का या किसी चीज का मजाक बनाना; उपहासपूर्ण।)
• Comic: causing or meant to cause laughter. (कारण या हँसी पैदा करने का मतलब।)
• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'mocking' is nearest in meaning to the underlined word 'sardonic'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'mocking.'

Additional Information

• Let us see the antonyms of the given options:

The correct answer is '​To upset someone by doing/saying more than you should.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'Overstep the mark' is to go beyond what is proper or allowed by something*.*
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश  'Overstep the mark' का अर्थ है जो किसी चीज द्वारा उचित या अनुमत से परे जाना है।
• Example: She warned us not to overstep the mark.
• Therefore, the correct answer is '​To upset someone by doing/saying more than you should.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is '​Good friends.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'Palsy-walsy friends' is good friends, pals, or buddies.
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश 'Palsy-walsy friends' का अर्थ है अच्छे दोस्त।
• Example: I'm surprised you haven't met Ravi's new palsy-walsy friends from school yet.
• Therefore, the correct answer is  '​Good friends.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is 'To do something that causes a lot of new problems that you did not expect.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'Open a Pandora's box' is to do something that creates a lot of new problems that you did not expect*.*
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश 'Open a Pandora's box' का अर्थ है कुछ ऐसा करने के लिए जो बहुत सी नई समस्याएं पैदा करता है जिनकी आपने उम्मीद नहीं की थी।
• Example: Sadly, his reforms opened up a Pandora's box of domestic problems.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'To do something that causes a lot of new problems that you did not expect.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is 'Improve your work or behaviour.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'Pull your socks up' is to make an effort to improve your work or behaviour because it is not good enough.
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश 'Pull your socks up' का अर्थ है अपने काम या व्यवहार को सुधारने का प्रयास करना क्योंकि यह काफी अच्छा नहीं है।
• Example: He's going to have to pull his socks up if he wants to stay in the team.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Improve your work or behaviour.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is 'To annoy someone.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'To get under somebody's skin' is to annoy someone.
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश 'To get under somebody's skin' का अर्थ है किसी को परेशान करना।
• Example: Jack really gets under my skin - he never buys anyone a drink.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'To annoy someone.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms**:-**

The correct answer is 'To completely change something.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'Turn topsy-turvy' is to be confused, or lacking organization; change completely, upside down.
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश 'Turn topsy-turvy' का अर्थ है भ्रमित होना, या संगठन की कमी होना; पूरी तरह से बदलो, उल्टा।
• Example: Things are so topsy-turvy at work these days.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'To completely change something.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is 'A strong request.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'A clarion call' is a strongly expressed demand or request for action.
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश 'A clarion call' का अर्थ है कार्रवाई के लिए दृढ़ता से व्यक्त की गई मांग या अनुरोध।
• Example: He issued a clarion call to young people to join the Party.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'A strong request.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is 'Powerful ambition.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'Fire in the belly' is a powerful sense of ambition or determination*.*
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश 'Fire in the belly' का अर्थ है महत्वाकांक्षा या दृढ़ संकल्प की एक शक्तिशाली भावना।
• Example: He lacks the fire in his belly necessary to seek the presidency.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Powerful ambition.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is 'There are no problems and people are happy.'

Key Points

• If events or situations are hunky-dory, they are very satisfactory and pleasant.
• यदि घटनाएँ या परिस्थितियाँ hunky-dory हैं, तो वे बहुत संतोषजनक और सुखद हैं।
• Example: You can't lose your temper one minute and then expect everything to be hunky-dory again the next.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'There are no problems and people are happy.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is 'To help someone to be successful.'

Key Points

• The meaning of the underlined idiom/phrase 'Give somebody a leg up' is to help someone to improve their situation, especially at work.
• रेखांकित मुहावरे/वाक्यांश 'Give somebody a leg up' का अर्थ है किसी की स्थिति में सुधार करने में मदद करने के लिए, विशेष रूप से काम पर।
• Example: These skills will give you a leg up in the job market.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'To help someone to be successful.'

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrases/idioms:-

The correct answer is 'polity.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word close to the meaning of 'an organized society' to fill in the blank.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Policy: a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or individual. (किसी संगठन या व्यक्ति द्वारा अपनाई या प्रस्तावित कार्रवाई का एक पाठ्यक्रम या सिद्धांत।)
• Polity: an organized society; a state as a political entity. (एक संगठित समाज; एक राजनीतिक इकाई के रूप में एक राज्य।)
• Abstract: a summary of the contents of a book, article, or speech. (किसी पुस्तक, लेख या भाषण की सामग्री का सारांश।)
• Hierarchy: a system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority. (एक प्रणाली जिसमें किसी संगठन या समाज के सदस्यों को सापेक्ष स्थिति या अधिकार के अनुसार क्रमबद्ध किया जाता है।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that 'polity' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'polity.'

The correct sentence: There was a time when West Germany was a distinct polity.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'disappointed.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word close to the meaning of 'displease' to fill in the blank.
• In this sentence, we need a Past Participle form of the verb.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Disappointed: failed to fulfil the hopes or expectations of. (आशाओं या अपेक्षाओं को पूरा करने में विफल।)
• Disappointing: failing to fulfil the hopes or expectations of. (आशाओं या अपेक्षाओं को पूरा करने में विफल।)
• Annoying: making (someone) a little angry; irritate. ((किसी को) थोड़ा गुस्सा करना; चिढ़ाना।)
• Prejudiced: gave rise to prejudice in (someone); made biased. ((किसी) में पूर्वाग्रह को जन्म देना; पक्षपाती बनाना।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that ''disappointed' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'disappointed.'

The correct sentence: I was disappointed with the film, I had expected it to be better.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'terrifying.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word (adjective) close to the meaning of 'extreme fear' to fill in the blank.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Terrified (Verb): caused to feel extreme fear. (अत्यधिक भय महसूस करना।)
• Horrified: filled with horror; extremely shocked. (आतंक से भरा; अत्यंत स्तब्ध।)
• Terrifying (Adjective): causing extreme fear. (अत्यधिक भय पैदा करना।)
• Denouncing: publicly declaring to be wrong or evil. (सार्वजनिक रूप से गलत या बुरा घोषित करना।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that 'terrifying' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'terrifying.'

The correct sentence: It was a terrifying experience. Everybody was shocked.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'trumpet.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word close to the meaning of 'to produce a loud scream or call (for elephants)' to fill in the blank.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Trumpet: (of a large animal, especially an elephant) to produce a loud call. ((एक बड़े जानवर का, विशेष रूप से एक हाथी का) जोर से ��ुकारने के लिए।)
• Frolic: play or move about in a cheerful and lively way. (एक हंसमुख और जीवंत तरीके से खेलना या आगे बढ़ना।)
• Whine: give or make a long, high-pitched complaining cry or sound. (एक लंबी, ऊँची-ऊँची शिकायत करना या रोना या आवाज़ देना।)
• Sing: make a high-pitched whistling or buzzing sound. (ऊँची-ऊँची सीटी बजाना या भनभनाहट की आवाज करना।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that 'trumpet' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'trumpet.'

The correct sentence: Elephants trumpet when they perceive danger.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'sequel.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word close to the meaning of 'continuation' to fill in the blank.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Serial: a story or play appearing in regular instalments on television or radio or in a magazine. (टेलीविजन या रेडियो या किसी पत्रिका में नियमित किश्तों में प्रदर्शित होने वाली कहानी या नाटक।)
• Sequence: a particular order in which related things follow each other, continuation. (एक विशेष क्रम जिसमें संबंधित चीजें एक दूसरे का अनुसरण करती हैं, (विस्तार)।)
• Sequel: a published, broadcast, or recorded work that continues the story or develops the theme of an earlier one. (एक प्रकाशित, प्रसारण, या रिकॉर्ड किया गया काम जो कहानी को जारी रखता है या पहले के विषय को विकसित करता है।)
• Sequential: forming or following in a logical order or sequence. (तार्किक क्रम या क्रम में बनाना या अनुसरण करना।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that 'sequel' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'sequel.'

The correct sentence: The first film on Tagore was such a success that now they are going to make a sequel.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'declared.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word close to the meaning of 'announced' to fill in the blank.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Ruled: to have the power over a country, group of people, etc. (किसी देश, लोगों के समूह आदि पर अधिकार करना।)
• Ordered: to use your position of authority to tell somebody to do something or to say that something must happen. (किसी को कुछ करने के लिए कहने या यह कहने के लिए कि कुछ होना चाहिए, अपने अधिकार की स्थिति का उपयोग करना।)
• Foretold: predicted (the future or a future event). (भविष्यवाणी (भविष्य की घटना)।)
• Declared: said something in a solemn and emphatic manner, announced. (गंभीर और जोरदार तरीके से कुछ कहा, घोषणा की।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that 'declared' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'declared.'

The correct sentence: The United Nations had declared 2020 as the International Year of Plant Health.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'normally.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word close to the meaning of 'usually' to fill in the blank.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Normatively: implying, creating, or prescribing a norm or standard. (किसी मानदंड या मानक को लागू करना, बनाना या निर्धारित करना।)
• Primarily: for the most part; mainly. (अधिकाँश समय के लिए; में मुख्य।)
• Normally: under normal or usual conditions; as a rule. (सामान्य या सामान्य परिस्थितियों में; यथाविधि।)
• Basically: in the most essential respects; fundamentally. (सबसे आवश्यक मामलों में; मूल रूप से।।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that 'normally' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'normally.'

The correct sentence: My brother is normally punctual, but he is late today.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'gullible.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word close to the meaning of 'trustful' to fill in the blank.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Fallible: capable of making mistakes or being wrong. (गलतियाँ करने या गलत होने में सक्षम।)
• Gullible: easily persuaded to believe something; credulous, trustful. (किसी बात पर आसानी से विश्वास कर लेना; भरोसेमंद, विश्रंभी।)
• Sensible: done or chosen in accordance with wisdom or prudence; likely to be of benefit. (ज्ञान या विवेक के अनुसार किया या चुना गया; लाभ होने की संभावना।)
• Credible: able to be believed; convincing. (विश्वास करने में सक्षम; आश्वस्त करने वाला।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that 'gullible' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'gullible.'

The correct sentence: My son is very gullible, he trusts everyone.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'staunch.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need a word close to the meaning of 'devoted' to fill in the blank.
• Let us see the meanings of the given words:
• Staunch: very loyal, devoted and committed in attitude. (बहुत वफादार, समर्पित और दृष्टिकोण में प्रतिबद्ध।)
• Powerful: having great power or strength. (बड़ी शक्ति या शक्ति होना।)
• Cheerful: noticeably happy and optimistic. (विशेष रूप से खुश और आशावादी।)
• Hopeful: feeling or inspiring optimism about a future event. (भविष्य की घटना के बारे में आशावाद की भावना या प्रेरणा।)
• From the meanings of the words, we can say that 'staunch' is the most appropriate answer.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'staunch.'

The correct sentence: Mahatma Gandhi was a lover of humanity and a staunch believer in the goodness of human nature.

Additional Information

• Let us see the Synonyms of the given words:

The correct answer is 'knew'.

Key Points

• In this sentence, we need a past tense form of the verb 'know'.
• इस वाक्य में, हमें 'know' के भूतकाल की आवश्यकता है।
• The option 'know' is incorrect because 'know' is in the present tense.
• (विकल्प 'know' गलत है क्योंकि 'know' वर्तमान काल में है।)
• The option 'have known' is the incorrect answer because the given statement is in the past tenses and 'have known' is the Present Perfect Tense of the verb 'know'.
• (विकल्प 'have known' गलत उत्तर है क्योंकि दिया गया कथन भूतकाल में है और 'know' का पूर्ण वर्तमान काल 'have known' है।
• The option 'knew' is the correct answer because 'knew' is the Past Tense of the verb 'know'.
• (विकल्प 'knew' सही उत्तर है क्योंकि 'knew' क्रिया 'know' का भूतकाल है।
• The option 'known' is incorrect because 'known' is the Past Participle form of the verb 'know'. 
• ('known' विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि 'known' क्रिया 'know' का विगत कृदंत रूप है।)
• Hence, the correct form of tenses, 'knew' should be used to make the sentence grammatically correct.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'knew'.

​Correct sentence: I wish I knew her before we met.

Additional Information

• An action verb expresses an activity that a person or thing can do.
• Action verb उस गतिविधि को व्यक्त करती है जो कोई व्यक्ति या वस्तु कर सकती है।
• Example: Rohan eats cake. (Eating is something Rohan can do.)

                The bear chased the salmon in the shallow rapids. (Chasing is something the bear can do.)

• A stative verb expresses a state rather than an action. A stative verb typically relates to a state of being, a thought, or an emotion.
• Stative verb एक क्रिया के बजाय एक स्थिति को व्यक्त करती है। Stative verb आम तौर पर होने की स्थिति, एक विचार या भावना से संबंधित होती है।​
• Example: She believes in fairies.

                 He feels elated.

• ​A transitive verb is one that acts on something (i.e., it has a direct object).
• Transitive verb वह है जो किसी चीज़ पर कार्य करती है (अर्थात, इसका एक प्रत्यक्ष उद्देश्य होता है)।​
• Example: The postman will give Sarah the letter. (Here, the direct object is the letter.)

The correct answer is '(c)'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (c) of the sentence.
• The given sentence is not making complete sense.
• दिया गया वाक्य है 'दुख पर आपका एकाधिकार नहीं है;; अन्य लोगों को भी  समस्या नहीं  है।'
• यह वाक्य पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान नहीं कर रहा है।
• Therefore, the use of 'Don't' in Part (c) of the sentence should be removed to make it grammatically correct.​
• इसलिए वाक्य को व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही करने के लिए वाक्य के Part (c) में 'Don't' का प्रयोग हटा देना चाहिए।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(c)'.

​Correct sentence: You don't have a monopoly on suffering; other people have problems too. (दुख पर आपका एकाधिकार नहीं है; अन्य लोगों को भी समस्या है।)

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'monopoly' is the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service. ( 'Monopoly'  शब्द का अर्थ किसी वस्तु या सेवा की आपूर्ति या व्यापार का अनन्य अधिकार या नियंत्रण है।)
• Example: The company has a virtual monopoly in world markets.

The correct answer is '(d)'.

Key Points

• There is no error in the given sentences and it is providing a complete sense.
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(d)'.

​Correct sentence: If you say that someone you admire has feet of clay you mean that he or she has hidden faults. 

Additional Information

• The meaning of the phrase 'feet of clay' is to have a bad quality that you keep hidden*.* ( 'Feet of clay' )
• Example: Some of the greatest geniuses in history had feet of clay.

The correct answer is '(c)'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (c) of the sentence.
• The given sentence is not making complete sense.
• दिया गया वाक्य पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान नहीं कर रहा है।
• A preposition 'to' should be used before the phrasal verb 'point out' in this context.
• इस संदर्भ में वाक्यांश क्रिया 'point out' से पहले एक पूर्वसर्ग 'to' का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए।
• Therefore, the use of 'it' in Part (c) of the sentence should be replaced with 'to' to make it grammatically correct.​
• इसलिए वाक्य के Part (c) में 'it' के प्रयोग को 'to' से बदल देना चाहिए ताकि वह व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही हो।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(c)'.

​Correct sentence: He refused to change his decision; he refused to point it out. (उसने अपना निर्णय बदलने से इनकार कर दिया; उन्होंने इसे इंगित करने से इनकार कर दिया।​)

Additional Information

• The meaning of the phrasal verb 'point out' is to tell someone about some information, often because you believe they do not know it or have forgotten it. ( वाक्यांश क्रिया 'Point out' का अर्थ किसी को कुछ जानकारी के बारे में बताना है, अक्सर क्योंकि आप मानते हैं कि वे इसे नहीं जानते हैं या इसे भूल गए हैं।।)
• Example: I feel I should point out how dangerous it is.

The correct answer is '(c)'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (c) of the sentence.
• The given sentence is not making complete sense.
• दिया गया वाक्य पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान नहीं कर रहा है।
• A preposition 'of' is used after the verb 'comprised.'
• क्रिया 'comprised 'के बाद 'of' का प्रयोग होता है।
• Therefore, the use of 'comprising' in Part (c) of the sentence should be replaced with 'comprised' to make it grammatically correct.​
• इसलिए, वाक्य के Part (c) में  'comprising' के उपयोग को 'comprised' से प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए, व्याकरणिक रूप से सही बनाने के लिए।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(c)'.

​Correct sentence: The importance of trade in Mughal times reinforced the cultural definition of wealth as something comprised of movable property.

Additional Information

• The meaning of the verb 'comprise' is to be made up of. (क्रिया 'comprise' का अर्थ  है किसके द्वारा निर्मित होना।)
• The preposition 'of' is used after 'comprised' and it is not used after 'comprising'. (पूर्वसर्ग 'of' का प्रयोग 'comprised' के बाद किया जाता है और 'comprising' के बाद नहीं किया जाता है।
• Example: The factory was to be a vast installation, comprising fifty buildings.

                 About 8 per cent of our military forces are comprised of women.

The correct answer is '(c)'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (c) of the sentence.
• The meaning of the phrase 'clear of' is away from (something dangerous, harmful, etc.).
• 'Clear of' वाक्यांश का अर्थ है (कुछ खतरनाक, हानिकारक, आदि) से दूर।
• Example: We'll pick up speed once we get clear of the heavy traffic.
• Therefore, the use of 'from' in Part (c) of the sentence should be replaced with 'of' to make it grammatically correct.​
• इसलिए वाक्य के Part (c) में 'from' के प्रयोग को 'of' से बदल देना चाहिए ताकि वह व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही हो।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(c)'.

​Correct sentence: In the nineteenth century, most traditional scholars tried to stay clear of the imperial Government.

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'imperial' is relating to an empire. ( वाक्यांश क्रिया 'imperial' का अर्थ हैं एक साम्राज्य से संबंधित।)
• Example:  An imperial gallon, used in Britain, is equal to 4546 cubic centimetres.

The correct answer is '(a)'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (a) of the sentence.
• The meaning of the phrasal verb 'point at' is to show the position or direction of something by extending a finger or other pointed object towards it.
• वाक्यांश क्रिया 'point at' का अर्थ है कि किसी चीज़ की स्थिति या दिशा को अपनी ओर उंगली या अन्य ��ुकीली वस्तु को फैलाकर दिखाना।
• Example: The librarian pointed at the sign that said to keep quiet.
• Therefore, the use of 'over' in Part (a) of the sentence should be replaced with 'at' to make it grammatically correct.​
• इसलिए वाक्य के Part (a) में 'over' के प्रयोग को 'at' से बदल देना चाहिए ताकि वह व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही हो।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(a)'.

​Correct sentence: He began his discussion by pointing at that men and women had different biological functions.

Additional Information

• Let us see some phrasal verbs with 'point':

The correct answer is '(b)'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (b) of the sentence.
• Since 'though' as subordinating conjunction implies or introduces a contrasting idea and 'but' as coordinating conjunction contrasts an idea.
• चूंकि अधीनस्थ संयोजन के रूप में 'though' एक विपरीत विचार का तात्पर्य या परिचय देता है और 'but' समन्वय संयोजन के रूप में एक विचार के विपरीत होता है।
• Both may go against the understanding that they negate each idea. 
• दोनों इस समझ के खिलाफ जा सकते हैं कि वे प्रत्येक विचार को नकारते हैं।
• Therefore, though and but are not used together if a comma (,) is present after the subordinate clause.
• इसलिए, though और but एक साथ उपयोग नहीं किया जाता है अगर मुख्य खंड के बाद अल्पविराम (,) मौजूद हैं ।
• Therefore, the use of 'but' in Part (b) of the sentence should be removed to make it grammatically correct.​
• इसलिए वाक्य के Part (b) में 'but' का प्रयोग हटा दिया जाना चाहिए ताकि वाक्य को व्याकरणिक रूप से सही किया जा सके।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(b)'.

​Correct sentence: Though he is poor, he is honest.

Additional Information

• The meaning of the conjunction 'though' is despite the fact that. (संयोजन 'though' का अर्थ  है इस तथ्य के बावजूद कि।)
• Example: She hasn't called, even though she said she would.
• The conjunction 'but' is used to introduce an added statement, usually something that is different from what you have said before. (संयोजन 'but' का उपयोग एक अतिरिक्त कथन को प्रस्तुत करने के लिए किया जाता है, आमतौर पर कुछ ऐसा जो आपने पहले कहा है उससे अलग।)
• Example: She's very hard-working but not very imaginative.

The correct answer is '(d)'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in Present Perfect Continuous Tense and the structure of the sentence is correct.
• दिया गया वाक्य वर्तमान पूर्ण निरंतर काल में है और वाक्य की संरचना सही है।
• There is no error in the given sentences and it is providing a complete sense.
• दिया गया वाक्य है मेरी माँ पहले दिन से परिवार के लिए सब कुछ कर रही है I
• यह वाक्य पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान कर रहा है।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(d)'.
• इसलिए, सही उत्तर '(d)' है।

​Correct sentence: My mother has been doing everything for the family since day one. (मेरी माँ पहले दिन से परिवार के लिए सब कुछ कर रही है I)

Additional Information

• The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time. (वर्तमान पूर्ण निरंतर काल (वर्तमान पूर्ण प्रगतिशील काल के रूप में भी जाना जाता है) दर्शाता है कि कुछ अतीत में शुरू हुआ और वर्तमान समय में जारी है।
• Structure: Subject + has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing) + Object
• Example: I have been reading War and Peace for a month now.

The correct answer is '(d)'.

Key Points

• There is no error in the given sentences and it is providing a complete sense.
• दिया गया वाक्य है 'गोता लगाना सीखते समय बीच में आराम करना और ब्रेक लेना महत्वपूर्ण है।'
• यह वाक्य पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान कर रहा है।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(d)'.
• इसलिए, सही उत्तर '(d)' है।

​Correct sentence: When learning to dive it is important to relax in between and take breaks. (गोता लगाना सीखते समय बीच में आराम करना और ब्रेक लेना महत्वपूर्ण है।)

Confusion Points 

• We simply don't say "learn driving" or "learn swimming". (हम बस यह नहीं कहते कि  "learn driving" या  "learn swimming"।)
• Consider that the word "how" is omitted (it is unnecessary). (विचार करें कि शब्द "how" छोड़ा गया है (यह अनावश्यक है)।)
• Example: I learned [how] to drive.

                 He learned [how] to swim.

The correct answer is '(d)'.

Key Points

• There is no error in the given sentences and it is providing a complete sense.
• दिया गया वाक्य है 'मुझे अगले साल अमेरिका में अध्ययन करने का अवसर मिला है।'
• यह वाक्य पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान कर रहा है।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(d)'.
• इसलिए, सही उत्तर '(d)' है।

​Correct sentence: I have the opportunity to study in America next year. (मुझे अगले साल अमेरिका में अध्ययन करने का अवसर मिला है।)

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'opportunity' is a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something. ('Opportunity' शब्द का अर्थ है एक समय या परिस्थितियों का समूह जो कुछ करना संभव बनाता है।)
• Example: When the opportunity came for her to prove that she could do the job, she was ready.

The correct answer is Sleet.

Key Points

• The conversion of water vapour into the water is called condensation.
• It is caused due to the loss of heat.
• The capacity to hold water vapour may saturate when the moist air is cooled and the extra water vapour then condenses.
• Condensation depends upon the relative humidity of the air and the amount of cooling.
• Precipitation consisting of small ice pellets formed by the freezing of raindrops or of melted snowflakes is called sleet.
• Sleet is liquid water that freezes before it hits the ground. Hence it is not the form of condensation.

Additional Information

• Dew - Moisture condensed from the atmosphere, especially at night, and deposited in the form of small drops upon any cool surface. 
• Dew is the result of water changing from a vapor to a liquid.
• Fog - When the temperature of an air mass containing a large quantity of water vapour suddenly falls down, condensation takes place within itself on fine dust particles.
• Fog is a kind of cloud but is very close to the ground.
• Frost - Frost forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point (0° C).

The correct answer is Nimbus cloud.

Key Points

There are four basic cloud categories observed in our atmosphere:

Cumulus:

• Cumulus clouds are large fluffy type of clouds, which almost look like cotton balls.
• These clouds are the lowest forming type of cloud, usually occurring below 6500 ft.
• They can appear as low as 300ft above the ground.

Stratus: 

• They appear as a uniform, grey, horizontal layer across the sky.
• Usually, a stratus cloud means a grey, drizzly day and can also bring light snow if the air temperature closer to the ground is cool enough.
• When the sun is visible through this cloud, its outline is clearly visible.

Nimbus:

• Nimbus is known as a rainstorm within the Latin language.
• Nimbus clouds are dark clouds as they carry a substantial quantity of water droplets.
• Nimbus comes in union with other cloud forms that bring substantial precipitation.
• Nimbostratus is a dense layer of cloud belonging to the very low altitude, lying beneath 8000 ft. Hence the correct answer is Nimbus cloud.

Cirrus:​

• A cirrus cloud is a high-altitude cloud, occurring at 20,000 feet or higher.
• Detached clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments, mostly white patches or narrow bands.
• They may have a fibrous (hair-like) and/or silky sheen appearance.
• Cirrus clouds are always composed of ice crystals, and their transparent character depends upon the degree of separation of the crystals.

The correct answer is Canada.

Key Points

• Intensive farming is the kind of farming in which farmers grow their crops, fruits, and vegetables on a small piece of land using simple tools.
• These farmers usually grow food for personal use, or they sell it to local groceries.
• It is also used to describe a type of agriculture characterized by high output per unit of land and low output per worker.
• Intensive subsistence farming is best developed in the monsoon lands of Asia.
• This type of agriculture can be found in China, Japan, Korea, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• It is also found in a big part of continental South-East Asia, and some parts of insular South-East Asia as well.

Additional Information

• Features of intensive subsistence agriculture:
• Small Holdings:
• It is practiced in a smaller piece of land to meet the personal need first and sell the rest if it is in surplus.
• Very Intensive Farming: 
• Due to the very limited space of usable land for agriculture, farmers try to make as much as possible with their crops.
• The farming is so intensive that they sometimes practice double- or treble-cropping.
• Requires Much Hand Labour:
• The intensive subsistence farmers don’t use much technology in their farming nor much machinery and thus much hand labor is required.
• These farmers usually use traditional techniques and simple tools to produce the best products possible.
• Use Of Animal And Plant Manures:
• Farmers often use every available type of manure such as farm wastes, rotten vegetables, animal dung, and human excreta etc.

The correct answer is Kolkata.

Key Points

• Currently, there are 19 operational railway zones.
• The current CEO of Indian Railways is Shri Satish Kumar​.
• The Headquarters of South-Eastern Railway is located at Garden Reach, Kolkata.

Additional Information

• South-Eastern Railway:
• It is divided into 5 divisions.
• Sri. Sanjay Mohanty is the General Manager of the zone.
• The headquarters of South East Central Railway is located at Bilaspur.
• The headquarters of South Central Railway is located at Secunderabad.
• The headquarters of East Coast Railway is located at Bhubaneshwar.

The correct answer is networks of National Highways in India.

Key Points

• Bharatmala Pariyojana is a new umbrella program for the highways sector.
• It focuses on optimizing the efficiency of freight and passenger movement across the country.
• Enhance focus on improving connectivity in North East.
• A total of around 24,800 km are being considered in Phase I of Bharatmala.
• The announcement of the scheme was made by Shri Nitin Gadkari.

​

Additional Information

• Features of the scheme:
• ​Improving the quality of roads - Under this project, the construction of quality roads, in all parts of the nation will be undertaken.
• Total road construction - The government and the ministry will strive to complete new roads, which will add up to a whopping 34,800 km.
• Integrated scheme - The Bharatmala is the name that is given to the road development and it will include many other related schemes as well.
• **Total tenure of the program -**The central government has plans of finishing the scheme within a span of five years with the first phase before the end of 2022.
• Segmentation in phases - Due to the sheer magnitude and spread of the scheme, it will be divided into seven distinct phases.
• Constriction on a daily basis - The respective department has made efforts of constructing at least 18 km of the path on a daily basis.
• Different categories of road construction - It has been highlighted in the official draft of the scheme that to provide better connectivity, the construction of various categories of roads will be undertaken.
• Multi-source of finding - The government has to depend on other sources for generating adequate money to meet the expenses.

The correct answer is Tropical deciduous forests.

Key Points

• Tropical deciduous forests are the most widespread forests of India.
• They are also called the monsoon forests and spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.
• Trees of this forest type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer.

Additional Information

• On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and dry deciduous. 
• Moist deciduous forests: 
• Found in areas receiving rainfall between 200 and 100 cm.
• Mostly found in the eastern part of the country and northeastern states.
• Also in the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Odisha, and Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
• Teak is the most dominant species of this forest.
• Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, etc. are other commercially important species.
• Dry deciduous forests: 
• Found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm.
• These forests are found in the rainier parts of the Peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• It includes teak, sal, peepal, and neem trees.
• Tropical thorn forests:
• In regions with less than 70 cm of rainfall.
• The natural vegetation consists of thorny trees and bushes.
• Montane forests:
• These forests cover mostly the southern slopes of the Himalayas, places having high altitudes in southern and north-east India.
• Tropical evergreen forests: 
• These forests are restricted to heavy rainfall areas of the Western Ghats and the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.
• They are at their best in areas having more than 200 cm of rainfall with a short dry season.

The correct answer is Satluj.

Key Points

• Beas is part of the Indus river system and one of the tributaries of the Indus river.
• The Beas originates near the Rohtang Pass on the southern end of the Pir Panjal Range.
• It is 460 km and flows within the Indian territory.
• It crosses the Dhaola Dhar range and it takes a south-westerly direction to meets the Satluj river at Harike in Punjab.

Additional Information

• Indus River:
• It flows in north-west direction from its source till the Nanga Parbhat Range.
• It is about 2,900 km long and drains near about 1,165,000 square km.
• After entering J&K it flows between the Ladakh and the Zaskar Ranges.
• Major tributaries - Jhelum, Chenab, Beas, Satluj and Ravi river.
• These 5 rivers given the name 'Punjab'.
• Satluj River:
• The Satluj rises from the Manasarovar-Rakas Lakes in western Tibet.
• After entering the plain at Rupnagar (Ropar), it turns westwards and is joined by the Beas river at Harike.
• The total length of the river is 1,450 km out of which 1,050 km flows in Indian territory.
• Chenab River: 
• It originates near the Bara Lacha Pass in the Lahul-Spiti part of the Zaskar Range.
• It receives water from Jhelum and Ravi river and joins Satluj at Panchnad.
• Ravi River:
• It originates from Kullu hills near the Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh.
• It drains the area between the Pir Panjal and the Dhaola Dhar ranges.

The correct answer is the Preamble is enforceable in a Court of Law.

Key Points

• The preamble is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose, principles, and philosophy of the constitution.
• The Preamble to the Indian constitution is based on the Objective Resolution of Nehru.
• Jawaharlal Nehru introduced an objective resolution on December 13, 1946, and it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 January 1947.

Additional Information

• The preamble states the objectives like: 
• The source of the constitution
• Nature of the Indian state
• A statement of its objectives
• The date of its adoption
• The 42^nd Amendment Act 1976 amended the preamble and the terms socialist, secular, and integrity were added.
• Republic - A state in which supreme power is held by the individual citizens and their elected representatives.
• The preamble is neither enforceable nor justifiable in a court of law.

The correct answer is Speaker will cast vote in the first instance in the House.

Key Points

• The Speaker is the member of the lower house, elected by a simple majority.
• Speaker can resign by tendering his resignation to the Deputy Speaker.
• Speaker can be removed by an effective majority (i.e. more than 50% of the effective strength of the house).
• He can exercise his vote only when the House is divided equally on any question, called casting vote. Hence option 2 is correct answer.
• At present, the Speaker of Lok Sabha is Om Birla.

Additional Information

• Important powers of the Speaker:
• Conduct regular workings and decide the agenda of the Lok Sabha.
• Speakers will have the power to maintain order within the House of the People.
• Article 108: Presides the joint sitting of the Parliament.
• Authority to certify a bill as a money bill and his decision is final.
• Power to disqualify a member of the house for violating the Tenth Schedule.
• Speaker can adjourn the House or suspend the meeting till there is a quorum.

The correct answer is Fundamental Duties.

Key Points

• Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976.
• Currently, it consists of 11 Fundamental Duties but it was 10 in the beginning.
• In 2002, by the 86^th Amendment Act, one more duty was added.
• It was recommended by Swaran Singh Committee in 1976.
• The concept was borrowed from USSR.
• They are nonjusticiable in nature.
• They are categorized as Moral Duty and Civic Duty since they are not mandatory in nature.

Additional Information

• Suspension of Fundamental Rights:
• During National emergency, Fundamental Rights can be suspended except Articles 20 and 21.
• National emergency is mentioned under Article 352 and can be proclaimed only by the President.
• While It can be restricted in the case of Martial law which is mentioned under Article 34 of the Indian Constitution.
• Special Powers of Governors:
• Article 153 - Provision of the Governor of a State.
• Article 161 - Power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person.
• Writs:
• It is a kind of written order and can be issued only by the Supreme Court and the High Courts of India.
• It is issued in case of violation of the Fundamental Rights of a person.
• Article 32 - Empowers the Supreme Court to issue Writs.
• Article 226 - Empowers the High Courts to issue Writs.
• It is of 5 types:
• Quo-Warranto (By what authority)
• Prohibition (To forbid)
• Certiorari (To be certified)
• Mandamus (We command)
• Habeas Corpus (To have the body of)

The correct answer is Singapore.

Key Points

• An outward direct investment (ODI) is a business strategy in which a domestic firm expands its operations to a foreign country.
• In Outward Direct Investment ranking up to Nov 2020, Singapore stood at the top with 1295.48$ million.
• Outward Direct Investment is also called Overseas Direct Investment.
• For the year 2020-21, net ODI is 5,954.57$ million, which is 53.8% less than the previous year.
• For the year 2019-20, net ODI was 12,880.27$ million.

Additional Information

• Top 5 Countries for the year 2020-21.

The correct answer is France.

Key Points

• Indian Air Force and French Air and Space Force conducted a bilateral Air exercise, Ex Desert Knight-21.
• It was conducted at Air Force Station Jodhpur from 20 to 24 Jan 2021.
• The exercise is unique as it includes fielding of Rafale aircraft by both sides.
• The Indian Air Force aircraft participating in the exercise included 
• Mirage 2000
• Su-30 MKI
• Rafale
• IL-78 Flight Refuelling Aircraft
• AWACS and AEW&C aircraft

Additional Information

• Indian Air Force exercises:
• With France - Garuda, Pitch Black
• With USA - Cope India, Red Flag, Pitch Black
• With Britain - Indradhanush
• With Isreal - Blue Flag

Important Points

• Indian Air Force:
• Headquarter - New Delhi.
• Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari is the current Air Force Chief.

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• India celebrated its 72^nd Republic Day in 2021 with the iconic Republic Day parade at Rajpath in New Delhi.
• There was no chief guest due to the pandemic.
• A total of 32 tableaux participated this year.
• 17 of various states and UTs, 9 of ministries, and 6 from the defense.
• The tableau of Uttar Pradesh was adjudged as the best tableau among the 32 tableaux.
• The theme of the UP tableau was “Ayodhya: The cultural heritage of Uttar Pradesh”.

Additional Information

• Ladakh:
• The display of cultural tableaus began at the parade, with Ladakh leading.
• It's the first-ever tableau of the UT that showed Ladakh's culture & communal harmony besides art & architecture, languages, etc.
• Tripura:
• The theme of the tableau was Eco-Friendly Aatma-Nirbhar.
• Celebrated their eco-friendly tribal culture and the importance of bamboo.
• Uttarakhand:
• The theme of the tableau was KEDAR KHAND, the preferred destination of the state for tourists.

The correct answer is Central African Republic.

Key Points

• Central African Republic President Faustin-Archange Touadera has won a second term in office.
• Touadera secured the win with 53.9% of the votes.
• Anicet-Georges Dologuele came second with 21.1% of the vote.
• Martin Ziguele came in third with 7.4% votes.

Additional Information

• Central African Republic:
• Capital - Bangui
• Currency - Central African CFA franc
• Republic of South Africa:
• President - Cyril Ramaphosa.
• Capital - Pretoria (Administrative capital)
• Currency - South African Rand
• Republic of Ghana:
• President - Nana Akufo-Addo
• Capital - Accra
• Currency - Ghanaian cedi
• Republic of Mozambique:
• President - Filipe Nyusi
• Capital - Maputo
• Currency - Mozambican Metical

The correct answer is it is the highest civilian award of the United States of America.

Mistake Points

• The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the United Nation’s highest civilian honour. 
• It is presented to individuals who have made especially meritorious contributions to the security or national interests of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.

Key Points

• The Legion of Merit award was instituted in 1942 by former U.S President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• It is awarded to members of the U.S. armed forces and also members of foreign armed forces and sometimes heads of state or government.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded the ‘Legion of Merit’ by U.S. President Donald Trump on 21 Dec 2020.
• The award was received on behalf of the PM by the Ambassador of India to the USA Taranjit Singh Sandhu.
• President Donald Trump presented the Legion of Merit to Indian PM Narendra Modi for his leadership in elevating the U.S.-India strategic partnership.
• The award was also presented to former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison.

Additional Information

• The award is presented to foreign recipients in four categories:
• Chief Commander
• Commander
• Officer
• Legionnaire.
• Other Indians who have won the award include Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa who received the Legion of Merit (Degree: Chief Commander) in 1949.

The correct answer is joint military exercise involving the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, the Indian Air Force, and also the Indian Coast Guard.

Key Points

• It is a Joint Military exercise involving assets of the Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force, and Indian Coast Guard.
• The exercise was conducted under the aegis of the Andaman and Nicobar Command.
• Andaman and Nicobar Command is the only Joint Forces Command of the country.
• It aims to fine-tune joint war-fighting capabilities of the tri-services and SOPs towards enhancing operational synergy.
• It will also help in executing multi-domain, high-intensity offensive and defensive manoeuvres in the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Additional Information

• Indian Army:
• Headquarters - New Delhi.
• Lieutenant General Manoj Pande is the current Army Chief.
• Indian Navy:
• Headquarters - New Delhi.
• Admiral Karambir Singh is the current Naval Chief.
• Indian Air Force:
• Headquarters - New Delhi.
• Air Chief Marshal RKS Bhadauria is the current Air Force Chief.
• Indian Coast Guard:
• Headquarters - New Delhi.
• Director General K Natarajan is the head of ICG.

The correct answer is Myanmar.

Key Points

• Myanmar’s military has taken control of the country under a one-year state of emergency.
• Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing is now in the power of the State for the duration of the state of emergency.
• Vice President U Myint Swe now serves temporarily as President.
• State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, President U Win Myint, and NLD officials across the country were detained by the military.
• All legislative functions of parliament were be suspended and dissolved automatically.

Additional Information

• Myanmar:
• Capital - Naypyidaw
• Currency - Myanmar kyat
• Maldives:
• President - Ibrahim Mohamed Solih
• Capital - Male
• Currency - Maldivian rufiyaa
• Bhutan:
• King - Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
• Capital - Thimphu
• Currency - Bhutanese Ngultrum
• Nepal:
• Prime Minister - Khadga Prasad Oli
• Capital - Kathmandu
• Currency - Nepalese Rupee

The correct answer is Tamil Nadu.

Key Points

• Tamil Nadu won the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2021.
• Baroda was the runner-up in this trophy.
• Tamil Nadu defeated Baroda to win India's domestic T20 tournament for the second time.
• Narayan Jagadeesan finished as the highest run-scorer of the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2021.
• Ashutosh Aman, with 16 wickets finished as the highest wicket-taker of the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2021.

Additional Information

• Important Indian Domestic Cricket Trophies:
• Duleep Trophy
• Ranji Trophy
• Vijay Hazare Trophy
• Deodhar Trophy
• Irani Cup
• Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
• Indian Premier League

The correct answer is Madagascar.

Key Points

• Madagascar replaced the Maldives as host of the 2023 Indian Ocean Island Games.
• The event was awarded to the Maldives last year, but members of the IOIG Federation voted to move the Games to Madagascar.
• This decision was taken due to concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The first edition took place in 1979 and it takes place every 4 years.
• It pools together island nations and territories of Mauritius, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar, Mayotte, Réunion, and the Maldives.

Additional Information

• Madagascar:
• Capital - Antananarivo
• National Game - Fanorona
• Sri Lanka:
• Capital - Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
• National Game - Volleyball
• India:
• Capital - New Delhi
• National Game - Hockey (unofficial)
• Mauritius:
• Capital - Port Louis
• National Game - Football

The correct answer is the first female match official to conduct a men's cricket test match.

Key Points

• Australia's Claire Polosak became the 1^st woman umpire to officiate in men's Test cricket.
• She started with men's test between India and Australia in Sydney.
• Claire Polosak is also the first woman umpire to officiate in an men's ODI.
• In 2019, she officiated the final of World Cricket League (WCL) Division 2 between Namibia and Oman.
• Also, in 2016, New Zealand's Kathy Cross and Polosak became the first two female umpires to officiate at the Women's World T20.

Additional Information

• Important Indian women personalities:
• GS Lakshmi - First ever woman to be appointed to the ICC International Panel of Match Referees in 2019.
• Vrinda Rathi - First female national umpire to officiate in the T20 contest.
• Arohi Pandit - First Indian woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean solo in a light sport aircraft.

The correct answer is the RBC will lyse

Key Points

• When red blood cells (RBCs) are placed in a 2% detergent solution, the detergent disrupts the cell membrane, causing the RBCs to lyse, or break apart.
• The detergent molecules interact with the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, leading to its disintegration and ultimately causing the cell to burst.

Additional Information

• Isotonic Solution: The concentration of solute remains the same both inside and outside the cell.
• Hypotonic Solution: A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution.
• Hypertonic Solution: A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes such as salt, than is found in normal cells and blood.
• The water diffuses from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
• Salt in RBC = 0.9% and salt in detergent = 2%, thus it is hypertonic solution.
• In this case, RBC is placed in a hypertonic solution and having more water, while detergent having less concentration of water.

The correct answer is vegetables and fruits.

Key Points

• Fruits and vegetables contain important vitamins, minerals, and plant chemicals. They also contain fiber.
• These include:
• Vitamin A(retinol) - It is essential for supporting cell growth, immune function, fetal development, and vision.
• Vitamin C(Ascorbic Acid) - It Helps to protect cells and keep them healthy. It also helps in maintaining healthy skin, blood vessels, bones, and cartilage.
• Vitamin E(Tocopherol) - Acts as an antioxidant, helps to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals.
• Magnesium - It helps to maintain normal nerve and muscle function, supports a healthy immune system, keeps the heartbeat steady, and helps bones remain strong.
• Zinc - It is needed for the body's defensive (immune) system to properly work. It plays a role in cell division, cell growth, wound healing, and the breakdown of carbohydrates.
• Phosphorous - The main function of phosphorus is in the formation of bones and teeth.
• Folic acid - It helps in making healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body.

Additional Information

• Fruit and vegetables are required for good health because:
• Reduce obesity and maintain a healthy weight
• Lower cholesterol
• Lower blood pressure

CONCEPT:

• The amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge in an electric field from infinity to that point without accelerating the charge against the direction of the electric field is electrostatic potential. The electrostatic potential is given by

⇒ $V = \frac{W}{q}$

Where V = Electrostatic potential , W = Work , q = Charge

EXPLANATION: 

• The electrostatic potential of a charge  q is given by

⇒ $V = \frac{W}{q}$

From the above equation, it is clear that the electrostatic potential depends on work and charge

• To move a charge in an electric field force that is equal to electrostatic force is to be applied.  Hence statements 1 and 4 are correct
• The work done by an electrostatic field in moving a charge from one point to another depends only on the initial and the final points and is independent of the path taken to go from one point to the other. This is the fundamental characteristic of a conservative force. Hence statement 2  is correct and statement 3  is incorrect.

CONCEPT:

• Total Internal Reflection (TIR): When a ray of light goes from denser to the rarer medium it bends away from the normal and as the angle of incidence in denser medium increases, the angle of refraction in the rarer medium also increases and at a certain angle, angle of refraction becomes 90°, this angle of incidence is called critical angle (C).
• When Angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle than light ray comes back into the same medium after reflection from the interface. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection (TIR).

Conditions for TIR: 

1. The ray must travel from denser medium to rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence i must be greater than the critical angle C.

EXPLANATION:

• On hot summer days, the air near the ground becomes hotter than the air at higher levels.
• The refractive index of air increases with its density. Hotter air is less dense and has a smaller refractive index than the cooler air. Therefore option 2 is correct.
• If the air currents are small, that is, the air is still, the optical density at different layers of air increases with height.
• As a result, light from a tall object such as a tree passes through a medium whose refractive index decreases towards the ground.
• Thus, a ray of light from such an object successively bends away from the normal and undergoes total internal reflection, if the angle of incidence for the air near the ground exceeds the critical angle.
• To a distant observer, the light appears to be coming from somewhere below the ground. The observer naturally assumes that light is being reflected from the ground, say, by a pool of water near the tall object.
• Such inverted images of distant tall objects cause an optical illusion to the observer. This phenomenon is called a mirage. Therefore option 4 is correct.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Plaster of Paris.

Key Points

• Preparation of Plaster of Paris doesn't require the use of NaCl.
• It is simply obtained by heating gypsum (CaSO₄.2H₂O) at 120°C in a rotary kiln.
• Reaction involved: 2(CaSO₄.2H₂O) $\longrightarrow$  2(CaSO₄).H₂O + 2H₂O.

                                             (Gypsum)           (Plaster of Paris)  (Water)

• It turns in solid mass when mixed with water and hence used for plasterwork.​

Additional Information

• Bleaching powder is also called calcium chlorohypochlorite because it is considered a mixed salt of hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid.
• Limestone and chlorine gas(produced from NaCl and HCl) are used as raw materials to manufacture bleaching powder which is used as a disinfectant and as an oxidizing agent.
• Raw materials needed for manufacturing baking soda are Sodium chloride, water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
• Balanced equation:- NaCl + H₂O + CO₂ + NH₃ → NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃
• Sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), are used as the raw materials for making washing soda using the Solvay process.
• The chemical equation of this reaction is: 2NaCl + CaCO₃ $\longrightarrow$ Na₂CO₃ + CaCl₂.
• Washing soda can also be formed by heating baking soda as 2NaHCO₃ $\longrightarrow$ Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂.

The correct answer is Balakot.

Key Points

• Balakot is one of four known ancient coastal sites in Pakistan.
• These sites remained unexcavated until the opportunity arose in 1973 to launch a project at Balakot.
• Fishbones and shells dominate the faunal remains.
• People engaged in the manufacturing of jewelry, especially bangles and perhaps inlays for wooden furniture, from shells. Hence it was a specialised centre for making shell objects.

Additional Information

• Lothal:
• It was discovered by S.R. Rao in 1955.
• It is located in Gujarat near the Bhogavo river.
• It is considered a port city of Indus valley civilization, as a dock is present adjacent to the river.
• Kot Diji:
• Kot Diji is located on the left bank of the Indus River in the Sindh province of Pakistan.
• It was a pre-Harappan site and continued its presence during the Harappan period.
• Storage jars, toy carts, terracotta figurines of animals and mother goddess, pottery with different designs, etc. were found.
• Amri:
• It ​is an archaeological site dating back to 3600 BC with the remains of a pre-Harappan fortified town.
• The site is located south of Mohenjo-Daro near Sindh, Pakistan.