NDA General Ability Test 10 April 2022 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is- 'QSPR.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be Q as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• The verb dealing should be followed by 'with.'
• Therefore, S follows Q.
• Hence, by looking at the options, QSPR is the correct option.
• Correct sentence: There are many ways of dealing with intransigent customers but perhaps the best way is to agree with them without excessive argumentation.

Additional Information        

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish      

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, Q होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• Verb, dealing के बाद 'with' होना चाहिए।
• इसलिए, S, Q का अनुसरण करता है।
• इसलिए, विकल्पों को देखते हुए, QSPR सही विकल्प है।

The correct answer is- 'QPSR.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be Q as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• After this, P will come as it is completing the sentence Q.
• SR is a pair as the word via is followed by liberalization and provides a complete meaning.
• Correct sentence: India achieved remarkable economic development in the years following the landmark reforms inaugurated via liberalization in the year 1991.

Additional Information       

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish      

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, Q होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• इसके बाद, P आएगा क्योंकि यह वाक्य Q को पूरा कर रहा है।
• SR एक जोड़ी है क्योंकि via शब्द के बाद liberalization होता है और एक पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान करता है।

The correct answer is- 'QSPR.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be Q as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• PR is a pair as the word victory is followed by against and provides a complete meaning.
• Correct sentence: In the arena of sport, perhaps the greatest moment in Indian Olympic history was the victory secured by the women's hockey team against Australia in the Tokyo Olympics.

Additional Information        

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish       

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, Q होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• PR एक जोड़ी है क्योंकि victory शब्द के बाद against होता है और एक पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान करता है।

The correct answer is- 'SPRQ.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be S as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• P follows S because it's adding some more information.
• R follows P because it's having a relative clause adding R and P.
• Q is providing a conclusion to the context.
• Correct sentence: Economic progress is determined in terms of GDP and GNP, which are the two major determinants for gauging the success of a nation.

Additional Information         

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish        

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, S होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• P, S का अनुसरण करता है क्योंकि यह कुछ और जानकारी जोड़ रहा है।
• R, P का अनुसरण करता है क्योंकि इसमें R और P को जोड़ने वाला एक relative clause है।
• Q संदर्भ के लिए एक निष्कर्ष प्रदान कर रहा है।

The correct answer is- 'RPSQ.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be R as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• P follows R because it's adding some more information.
• Q follows S because it's having a relative clause adding S and Q.
• Q is providing a conclusion to the context.
• Correct sentence: They can twist and shake their wobbly heads with the aplomb of a stage artist, mesmerizing the gullible into believing that they are not men of straw.

Additional Information          

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish        

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, R होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• P, R का अनुसरण करता है क्योंकि यह कुछ और जानकारी जोड़ रहा है।
• Q, S का अनुसरण करता है क्योंकि इसमें S और Q को जोड़ने वाला एक relative clause है।
• Q संदर्भ के लिए एक निष्कर्ष प्रदान कर रहा है।

The correct answer is- 'RPQS.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be R as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• P follows R because it's adding some more information.
• Q follows P because of the presence of 'and.'
• S is providing a conclusion to the context.
• Correct sentence: On the one hand there is the immense beauty of its rain-soaked verdure and on the other there are the artifacts of its visible modernity.

Additional Information           

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish       

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, R होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• P, R का अनुसरण करता है क्योंकि यह कुछ और जानकारी जोड़ रहा है।
• Q, 'and' की उपस्थिति के कारण P का अनुसरण करता है।
• S संदर्भ के लिए एक निष्कर्ष प्रदान कर रहा है।

The correct answer is- 'QRPS.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be Q as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• R follows Q with the help of 'of.'
• P follows R because of the helping verb 'are.'
• S is providing a conclusion to the context.
• Correct sentence: The causes of extreme poverty are often rooted in the inequalities of social systems.

Additional Information            

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish        

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, Q होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• R 'of' की सहायता से Q का अनुसरण करता है।
• Helping verb 'are.' के कारण P, R का अनुसरण करता है।
• S संदर्भ के लिए एक निष्कर्ष प्रदान कर रहा है।

The correct answer is- 'RPQS.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be R as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• The verb judge should be followed by a noun therefore P follows R.
• S is providing a conclusion to the context.
• Correct sentence: You must judge a person by the way he behaves and not by the way he looks.

Additional Information             

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish        

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, R होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• Verb judge के बाद Noun होनी चाहिए इसलिए P, R का अनुसरण करता है।
• S संदर्भ के लिए एक निष्कर्ष प्रदान कर रहा है।

The correct answer is- 'RSQP.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be R as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• S follows R because they are providing a sensible meaning.
• Q follows S because it is having a relative clause.
• P is providing a conclusion to the context.
• Correct sentence: Whenever in doubt always opt for the option that causes the least discomfort to the greatest number of people.

Additional Information              

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish 

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, R होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• S, R का अनुसरण करता है क्योंकि वे एक समझदार अर्थ प्रदान कर रहे हैं।
• Q, S का अनुसरण करता है क्योंकि इसमें एक सापेक्ष उपवाक्य है।
• P संदर्भ के लिए एक निष्कर्ष प्रदान कर रहा है।

The correct answer is- 'SRQP.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the passage given in the options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.  
• The opener will be S as it introduces the context of the paragraph.
• R follows S because they are providing a sensible meaning.
• RQ is a pair as the word defence is followed by against and provides a complete meaning.
• P is providing a conclusion to the context.
• Correct sentence: Faith and belief are our greatest defence against the despondency brought by bad times.

Additional Information               

• Steps for solving Para Jumbles:
• Clues include pronouns, like he, she, it, this, that, these, those; adverbs like formally, really; article a, an and the; definers like actually, finally, another; connectors like but, yet, both, also and neither nor, or, however, nevertheless.
• Now, with the help of clues, try to find out qualifier and qualified sentences, so that we can make pairs of qualified and qualifier sentences to eliminate the wrong choices given in the question.
• After making pairs, start eliminating the wrong choices or options given in the question.
• In case there is more than one choice, try to follow the sequence of sentences according to the occurrence of the events.

Hinglish 

• विकल्पों में दिए गए गद्यांश के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय, हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• Opener, S होगा क्योंकि यह पैराग्राफ के संदर्भ का परिचय देता है।
• R, S का अनुसरण करता है क्योंकि वे एक समझदार अर्थ प्रदान कर रहे हैं।
• RQ एक जोड़ी है क्योंकि defence शब्द के बाद against आता है और एक पूर्ण अर्थ प्रदान करता है।
• P संदर्भ के लिए एक निष्कर्ष प्रदान कर रहा है।

The correct answer is- 'Praise'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Compliment(noun): a remark that expresses approval, admiration, or respect. (एक टिप्पणी जो अनुमोदन, प्रशंसा या सम्मान व्यक्त करती है।)
• ​Example: He complained that his husband never paid him any compliments anymore.
• Praise(verb): to express admiration or approval of the achievements or characteristics of a person or thing. (किसी व्यक्ति या चीज़ की उपलब्धियों या विशेषताओं की प्रशंसा या अनुमोदन व्यक्त करना।)
• Example: He should be praised for his honesty.
  

Hence, the word Compliment is the most appropriate synonym for Praise.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Tip(verb):  to (cause to) move so that one side is higher than another side. (करने के लिए (कारण) आगे बढ़ना ताकि एक पक्ष दूसरे पक्ष से ऊंचा हो।)
• Example: The table tipped, and all our drinks fell on the floor.
• Admonish(verb): to tell someone that they have done something wrong. (किसी को बताना कि उन्होंने कुछ गलत किया है।)
• Example: ​His mother admonished him for eating too quickly.
• Revile(verb): to criticize someone strongly, or say unpleasant things to or about someone. (किसी की कड़ी आलोचना करना, या किसी को या उसके बारे में अप्रिय बातें कहना।)
• Example: The judge was reviled in the newspapers for his opinions on rape.

The correct answer is- 'Praiseworthy'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• laudable(adjective): (of actions and behaviour) deserving praise, even if there is little or no success. ((कार्यों और व्यवहार के) प्रशंसा के योग्य, भले ही बहुत कम या कोई सफलता न हो।)
• ​Example: The recycling programme is laudable, but does it save much money?
• Praiseworthy(adjective):  deserving approval and admiration. (अनुमोदन और प्रशंसा के पात्र।)
• Example: the government's praiseworthy efforts.
  

Hence, the word Praiseworthy is the most appropriate synonym for laudable.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• laughable(adjective):  silly and not deserving to be seriously considered. (मूर्खतापूर्ण और गंभीरता से विचार करने के योग्य नहीं।)
• Example: Privately they thought the idea laughable.
• Bold(adjective): not frightened of danger. (खतरे से नहीं डरते।)
• Example: She was a bold and fearless climber.​
• Loud(adjective): making a lot of noise. (बहुत शोर कर रहे हैं।)
• Example: I heard a loud bang and then saw black smoke.

The correct answer is- 'Capable'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Competent(adjective): able to do something well. (कुछ अच्छा करने में सक्षम।)
• ​Example: I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent at his job.​
• Capable(adjective): able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achieve results. (चीजों को प्रभावी ढंग से और कुशलता से करने और परिणाम प्राप्त करने में सक्षम।)
• Example: We need to get an assistant who's capable and efficient.
  

Hence, the word Capable is the most appropriate synonym for Competent.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Exceptional(adjective): much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc. (सामान्य से बहुत अधिक, विशेष रूप से कौशल, बुद्धि, गुणवत्ता आदि में।)
• Example: The company has shown an exceptional growth over the past two years.​
• Inept(adjective): not skilled or effective. (कुशल या प्रभावी नहीं।)
• Example: He was criticized for his inept handling of the situation.
• Clumsy(adjective): A clumsy person often has accidents because they do not behave in a careful, controlled way. (एक अनाड़ी व्यक्ति के साथ अक्सर दुर्घटनाएं होती हैं क्योंकि वे सावधान, नियंत्रित तरीके से व्यवहार नहीं करते हैं।)
• Example: That's the third glass you've smashed this week - you're so clumsy!

The correct answer is- 'Conscientious'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Diligent (adjective): careful and using a lot of effort. (सावधान और बहुत प्रयास का उपयोग करना।)
• ​Example: Their lawyer was extremely diligent in preparing their case.
• Conscientious(adjective): putting a lot of effort into your work. (अपने काम में बहुत मेहनत करना।)
• Example: a conscientious student.
  

Hence, the word Conscientious is the most appropriate synonym for Diligent.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Dilly-dallying(adjective): waste time through aimless wandering or indecision. (लक्ष्यहीन भटकने या अनिर्णय के माध्यम से समय बर्बाद करें।)
• Example: don't dilly-dally for too long.
• Procrastinating(adjective): to keep delaying something that must be done, often because it is unpleasant or boring. (कुछ ऐसा करने में देरी करना जो अक्सर किया जाना चाहिए, क्योंकि यह अप्रिय या उबाऊ है।)
• Example: I know I've got to deal with the problem at some point - I'm just procrastinating.​
• Intelligent(adjective): showing intelligence, or able to learn and understand things easily. (बुद्धि दिखाना, या चीजों को आसानी से सीखने और समझने में सक्षम होना।)
• Example: He is a highly intelligent person who can think outside the box.

The correct answer is- 'Withdrawn'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Reticent(adjective): unwilling to speak about your thoughts or feelings. (अपने विचारों या भावनाओं के बारे में बात करने को तैयार नहीं।)
• ​Example: Most of the students were reticent about answering questions.
• Withdrawn(adjective): shy and quiet and preferring to be alone rather than with other people. (शर्मीला और शांत और अन्य लोगों के बजाय अकेले रहना पसंद करते हैं।)
• Example: Following her son's death, she became quiet and withdrawn and rarely went out.
  

Hence, the word Withdrawn is the most appropriate synonym for Reticent.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Expansive(adjective):  very happy to talk to people in a friendly way. (लोगों से दोस्ताना तरीके से बात करके बहुत खुशी हुई।)
• Example: He was in an expansive mood on the night of the party.
• Jolly(adjective): happy and smiling. (खुश और मुस्कुराते हुए।)
• Example: She's a very jolly, upbeat sort of a person.​
• Extrovert: an outgoing, socially confident person.

The correct answer is- 'Cheerful'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Jovial(adjective): showing or feeling good humour; friendly. (अच्छा हास्य दिखाना या महसूस करना; दोस्ताना।)
• ​Example: He seemed a very jovial guy.
• Cheerful(adjective):  happy and positive in feeling or attitude. (भावना या दृष्टिकोण में खुश और सकारात्मक।)
• Example: He was a cheerful man with a kind words for everybody.
  

Hence, the word Cheerful is the most appropriate synonym for Jovial.

Additional Information  

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Callous(adjective):  unkind, cruel, and without sympathy or feeling for other people. (निर्दयी, क्रूर, और अन्य लोगों के लिए सहानुभूति या भावना के बिना।)
• Example: It might sound callous, but I don't care if he's homeless. He's not living with me!​
• Garrulous(adjective): having the habit of talking a lot, especially about things that are not important. (बहुत सारी बातें करने की आदत होना, खासकर उन चीजों के बारे में जो महत्वपूर्ण नहीं हैं।)
• Example: I had talked too much about myself and felt like a garrulous old fool.
• Credulous(adjective): too willing to believe what you are told and so easily deceived. (आपको जो कहा जाता है उस पर विश्वास करने के लिए बहुत इच्छुक और इतनी आसानी से धोखा दिया जाता है।)
• Example: The credulous semantics of an argumentation framework is given by the following definition.

The correct answer is- 'Sullen'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Morose(adjective): unhappy, annoyed, and unwilling to speak or smile. (दुखी, नाराज और बोलने या मुस्कुराने को तैयार नहीं।)
• ​Example: Why are you so morose these days?
• Sullen(adjective): angry and unwilling to smile or be pleasant to people. (गुस्सा और मुस्कुराने या लोगों के लिए सुखद नहीं होना।)
• Example: His daughters stared back at him with an expression of sullen resentment.
  

Hence, the word Sullen is the most appropriate synonym for Morose.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Introspective(adjective): examining and considering your own ideas, thoughts, and feelings, instead of talking to other people about them. (अन्य लोगों से उनके बारे में बात करने के बजाय, अपने स्वयं के विचारों, विचारों और भावनाओं की जांच करना और उन पर विचार करना।)
• Example: She is famous for her introspective songs about failed relationships.
• Generous(adjective): willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or expected. (पैसा, मदद, दया, आदि देने के लिए तैयार, विशेष रूप से सामान्य या अपेक्षा से अधिक।)
• Example: She's been very generous with her time.​
• Chirpy(adjective): happy and active. (खुश और सक्रिय।)
• Example: She seemed quite chirpy this morning.

The correct answer is- 'Unwilling'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Reluctant (adjective): not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it. (कुछ करने को तैयार नहीं है और इसलिए इसे करने में धीमा है।)
• ​Example: Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children.
• Unwilling(adjective):  not wanting to do something. (कुछ नहीं करना चाहते।)
• Example: The bank was unwilling to lend her money.
  

Hence, the word Unwilling is the most appropriate synonym for Reluctant.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Enthusiastic(noun):  a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an eagerness to be involved in it. (किसी विशेष विषय या गतिविधि में ऊर्जावान रुचि की भावना और उसमें शामिल होने की उत्सुकता।)
• Example: One of the good things about teaching young children is their enthusiasm.
• Eager(adjective): wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyable. (कुछ करने या करने की बहुत इच्छा होना, विशेष रूप से कुछ दिलचस्प या आनंददायक।)
• Example: They crowded around the spokesperson, eager for any news.
• Fearful(adjective): frightened or worried about something. (किसी बात को लेकर भयभीत या चिंतित होना।)
• Example: He hesitated before calling her, fearful of what she might say.

The correct answer is- 'Sanguine'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Optimistic (adjective): hoping or believing that good things will happen in the future. (आशा करना या विश्वास करना कि भविष्य में अच्छी चीजें होंगी।)
• ​Example: She is optimistic about her chances of winning a gold medal.
• Sanguine(adjective): Optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation. (आशावादी या सकारात्मक, विशेष रूप से स्पष्ट रूप से बुरी या कठिन स्थिति में।)
• Example: They are less sanguine about the prospects for peace.
  

Hence, the word Sanguine is the most appropriate synonym for Optimistic.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Pessimistic(adjective):  thinking that bad things are more likely to happen or emphasizing the bad part of a situation. (यह सोचना कि बुरी चीजें होने की संभावना अधिक होती है या किसी स्थिति के बुरे हिस्से पर जोर देना।)
• Example: The tone of the meeting was very pessimistic.
• Uncaring(adjective): not worrying about other people's troubles or doing anything to help them. (दूसरे लोगों की परेशानियों के बारे मे�� चिंता न करना या उनकी मदद के लिए कुछ भी नहीं करना।)
• Example: The charity criticized the city for its "callous, uncaring attitude" to the homeless.
• Carefree(adjective): having no problems or not being worried about anything. (कोई समस्या न होना या किसी बात की चिंता न होना।)
• Example: I remember my carefree student days.

The correct answer is- 'complaisant'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Cooperative(adjective): willing to help or do what people ask. (मदद करने या करने के लिए तैयार जो लोग पूछते हैं।)
• ​Example: I asked them to turn down their music, but they were not being very cooperative.​
• Complaisant(adjective):  willing to satisfy others by being polite and fitting in with their plans. (अपनी योजनाओं के साथ विनम्र और फिट रहकर दूसरों को संतुष्ट करने के लिए तैयार।)
• Example: She carried on passionate love affairs with the consent of her complaisant husband.
  

Hence, the word Complaisant is the most appropriate synonym for Cooperative.

Additional Information    

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Covert(adjective):  hidden or secret. (छिपा हुआ या गुप्त।)
• Example: The government was accused of covert military operations against the regime.
• Complacent(noun): a feeling of calm satisfaction with your own abilities or situation that prevents you from trying harder. (अपनी खुद की क्षमताओं या स्थिति से शांत संतुष्टि की भावना जो आपको कठिन प्रयास करने से रोकती है।)
• Example: What annoys me about these girls is their complacency - they seem to have no desire to expand their horizons.
• Conniving(adjective): A conniving person deceives others for their own advantage. (धूर्त व्यक्ति अपने फायदे के लिए दूसरों को धोखा देता है।)
• Example: He's a conniving bastard!

The correct answer is- 'confident of success '

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Counting your chickens: usually used in negative statements to mean that someone should not depend on something hoped for until he or she knows for certain that it will happen.(आमतौर पर नकारात्मक बयानों में इस्तेमाल किया जाता है, इसका मतलब यह है कि किसी को किसी चीज की आशा पर निर्भर नहीं होना चाहिए जब तक कि वह निश्चित रूप से नहीं जानता कि यह होगा।)
• Example: *Don't **count your chickens (*before they hatch)—you don't know yet if she will accept your offer.

                           *She wanted to buy a dress in case someone asked her to the dance, but I told her not to count her chickens before they hatched.***​​

​From the above lines, we can say that 'confident of success' is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'extra benefit over and above an already good deal '

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• The icing on the cake: something that makes a good situation even better.(कुछ ऐसा जो एक अच्छी स्थिति को और भी बेहतर बना देता है।)
• Example: I love my job and getting public recognition is merely the icing on the cake*.***

                           *I was just content to see my daughter in such a stable relationship but a grandchild, that really was **the icing on the cake.*​​

​From the above lines, we can say that 'extra benefit over and above an already good deal' is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'timely action that prevents negative outcome'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• A stitch in time:  is said to mean that it is better to deal with a problem in its early stages, in order to prevent it from getting worse.(इसका मतलब यह है कि किसी समस्या को उसके शुरुआती चरणों में ही निपटा देना बेहतर है, ताकि इसे और खराब होने से रोका जा सके।)
• Example: It seems that something is wrong with my car, it's better to get its check-up as a stitch in time saves nine.

                           *When she points it out to Robert, he encourages her to inflate the tire now because a stitch in time saves nine.***​​

​From the above lines, we can say that 'timely action that prevents negative outcomes' is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'state of total confusion'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• At sixes and sevens: in a confused, badly organized, or difficult situation.(एक भ्रमित, बुरी तरह से संगठित या कठिन स्थिति में।)
• Example: We've been at sixes and sevens in the office this week.

                          The government is at sixes and sevens over the issue of domestic security.​​

​From the above lines, we can say that 'state of total confusion' is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'talking hurriedly and rapidly'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Talking twenty to the dozen:  to speak rapidly and without stopping.(तेजी से और बिना रुके बोलना।)
• Example: He showed us around the house while talking nineteen to the dozen.

                           *My aunt can get talking twenty to the dozen if you get her on a topic she's passionate about.***​​

​From the above lines, we can say that 'talking hurriedly and rapidly' is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'unwell'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Under the weather: not completely well.(पूरी तरह से ठीक नहीं।)
• Example: I noticed that the cat was looking a little under the weather.

                           I'm feeling a bit under the weather - I think I'm getting a cold.

​​

​From the above lines, we can say that Under the weather is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'To be undecided'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• To sit on the fence: to delay making a decision or you avoid supporting a particular side in a discussion or argument.(निर्णय लेने में देरी करने के लिए या आप किसी चर्चा या तर्क में किसी विशेष पक्ष का समर्थन करने से बचते हैं।)
• Example: You can't sit on the fence any longer - you have to decide whose side you're on.

                           *He's not afraid of making decisions and is a man who never sits on the fence. ***​​

​From the above lines, we can say that 'To be undecided' is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'rarely'

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given proverb
• Once in a blue moon: Not very often/An incident that happens extremely rarely.(बहुत बार नहीं/एक घटना जो बहुत कम होती है।)
• Example: My sister lives in Alaska, so I only see her once in a blue moon.
• Once in a blue moon, there's an issue I can't resolve.
  

​​

​From the above lines, we can say that 'rarely' is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'through difficult times'

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Through difficult times: If you support or stay with someone through thick and thin, you always support or stay with them, even if there are problems or difficulties.(यदि आप मोटे और पतले किसी का साथ देते हैं या उसके साथ रहते हैं, तो आप हमेशा उसका समर्थन करते हैं या उसके साथ रहते हैं, भले ही समस्याएँ या कठिनाइयाँ हों।)
• Example: She has stuck with me through thick and thin.

                           *My brother has stuck with me *through thick and thin.​​​

• From the above lines, we can say that 'through difficult times is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'very different from each other

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Like chalk and cheese: If two people are like chalk and cheese, they are completely different from each other. (अगर दो लोग चाक और पनीर की तरह हैं, तो वे एक दूसरे से बिल्कुल अलग हैं।)
• Example: My brother and I like chalk and cheese.
• we'll never get on—we're like chalk and cheese.​​
• ​From the above lines, we can say that the correct meaning of the given idiom is very different from each other.

The correct answer is 'c.'

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (c) of the sentence.
• According to the subject-verb agreement, the countable noun 'company' should have a singular verb or helping verb.
• Example: A company of five people has reached the venue.
• Therefore, the use of 'have' in Part (c) of the sentence should be replaced by 'has' to make it grammatically correct.
• Correct sentence: A company of five thousand soldiers, having marched tirelessly for over five days, has just moved into their cantonment.

Additional Information 

• The meaning of the word 'injure' is 'to hurt or cause physical harm to a person or animal.'
• Example: A bomb exploded at the embassy, injuring several people.

Hinglish 

• त्रुटि वाक्य के Part (c) में है।
• Subject-verb agreement के अनुसार, countable noun 'company' में एकवचन क्रिया या सहायक क्रिया होनी चाहिए।
• Example: A company of five people has reached the venue.
• इसलिए वाक्य को व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही बनाने के लिए, Part (c) में 'have' के प्रयोग को 'has' से प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए।

The correct answer is 'c.'

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (c) of the sentence.
• Whenever we use every in front of a subject, then it should be followed by a singular verb and singular pronoun.
• Example: Every person ​knows his truth.
• Therefore, the use of 'their' in Part (c) of the sentence should be replaced by 'his' to make it grammatically correct.
• Correct sentence: Every person who believes in principles must stand up to fight for his convictions.

Additional Information 

• The past indefinite tense, also known as simple past tense, is used to indicate a finished or completed action/task that occurred/happened at a specific point in time in the past. 
• Structure: Subject + verb in the past form + . . . . . + adverb of time + . . . . .
• Example: I ate a mango a few minutes ago.

Hinglish 

• त्रुटि वाक्य के Part (c) में है।
• जब भी हम किसी विषय के सामने every का प्रयोग करते हैं, तो उसके बाद  singular verb and singular pronoun का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
• Example: Every person ​knows his truth.
• इसलिए वाक्य को व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही बनाने के लिए, Part (c) में 'their' के प्रयोग को 'his' से प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए।

The correct answer is 'a.'

Key Points

• ​​The error lies in part 'a' of the sentence.
• As the subject 'Olympic Games' is a plural subject, we need a plural verb 'reflect.'
• Correct sentence*: The Olympic Games reflect the highest spirit of human endeavour and achievement.*

Additional Information    

• Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural).
• Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular.
• Example: The dog chases the cat.
• If a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
• Example: The dogs chase the cat.

Hinglish 

• ​​त्रुटि वाक्य के भाग 'a' में है।
• चूंकि  subject 'Olympic Games' एक plural subject है, हमें plural verb 'reflect' की आवश्यकता है।

The correct answer is 'd.'

Key Points

• ​​The sentence is error-free.
• The word among is used when talking about people or things that are not distinct and are viewed as a group.
• Example: There was chaos among the candidates.
• Amongst is sometimes used as an alternative to among.
• Example: There was chaos amongst all the students.
• Correct sentence*: The principal of the school stressed the need for discipline amongst the students.*

Additional Information   

• Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural).
• Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular.
• Example: The dog chases the cat.
• If a subject is a plural, its verb must also be plural.
• Example: The dogs chase the cat.

Hinglish 

• वाक्य त्रुटिरहित है।
• Among शब्द का उपयोग उन लोगों या चीजों के बारे में बात करते समय किया जाता है जो अलग नहीं हैं और एक समूह के रूप में देखे जाते हैं।
• Example: There was chaos among the candidates.
• Amongst कभी-कभी Among के विकल्प के रूप में उपयोग किया जाता है।
• Example: There was chaos amongst all the students.

The correct answer is- 'd.'

Key Points

• ​​The sentence is error-free.

The phrase stepping stone means an event or experience that helps you achieve something else.

• Example: I see this job just as a stepping stone to better things.
• Correct sentence: Failure is the stepping stone to success; however, successive failures are not successive stepping stones to success.

Additional Information 

• Countable nouns, as the term suggests, refer to things that can be counted.
• They have singular and plural forms.
• Example: table, tables; month, months; pen, pens.
• Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
• They have a singular form and do not have a plural form.
• Example: dirt, rice, information, furniture, and hair.

Hinglish 

• वाक्य त्रुटिरहित है।
• स्टेपिंग स्टोन वाक्यांश का अर्थ है एक घटना या अनुभव जो आपको कुछ और हासिल करने में मदद करता है।
• Example: I see this job just as a stepping stone to better things.

The correct answer is 'c'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (c) of the sentence.
• 'It’s' is a contraction of “it is” or “it has.”
• 'Its' is a possessive determiner we use to say that something belongs to or refers to something.
• Example: Its been a year since the last time they met. [Incorrect]
  

                 It's been a year since the last time they met. [Correct]

• ​Therefore, the use of 'it's' should be replaced by 'its'​ to make it grammatically correct.
• ​​Correct sentence: India's strengths are its diversity of culture and the spirit of tolerance in its people.

Additional Information    

• Subject pronouns are pronouns that replace the subject in the sentence.
• The subject pronouns are we, you, he, she, it, and they.
• Object pronouns do not replace the subject.
• Instead, an object pronoun would replace the object in the sentence.
• The object is the part of the sentence that is being done to, from or with the action.
• The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.

Hinglish   

• त्रुटि वाक्य के Part (c) में है।
• 'It’s', "it is" या "it has" का संकुचन है।
• 'Its' एक possessive determiner है जिसका उपयोग हम यह कहने के लिए करते हैं कि कोई चीज किसी चीज से संबंधित है या उसका संदर्भ है।
• Example: Its been a year since the last time they met. [Incorrect]
  

                 It's been a year since the last time they met. [Correct]

• ​इसलिए वाक्य में 'it's' के प्रयोग को  'its'​ से बदल देना चाहिए ताकि वह व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही हो।​

The correct answer is 'a'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (a) of the sentence.
• The word 'ninth' is an ordinal number.
• The definite article 'the' is used before ordinal numbers and superlative adjectives:
• Example:  The 20th century has seen the bloodiest wars in the history of humankind.
• ​Therefore, the use of 'ninth' should be replaced by 'the ninth'​ to make it grammatically correct.
• ​​Correct sentence: Once considered the ninth planet of the solar system, Pluto is today listed as the largest dwarf planet of the solar system.

Additional Information    

• Subject pronouns are pronouns that replace the subject in the sentence.
• The subject pronouns are we, you, he, she, it, and they.
• Object pronouns do not replace the subject.
• Instead, an object pronoun would replace the object in the sentence.
• The object is the part of the sentence that is being done to, from or with the action.
• The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.

Hinglish   

• त्रुटि वाक्य के Part (a) में है।
• Word 'ninth' एक ordinal number है।
• Definite article 'the'  का प्रयोग ordinal numbers and superlative adjectives से पहले किया जाता है:
• Example:  The 20th century has seen the bloodiest wars in the history of humankind.
• ​इसलिए, व्याकरणिक रूप से सही करने के लिए वाक्य में 'ninth' शब्द को  'the ninth'​ word से बदल देना चाहिए।​

The correct answer is 'b'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (b) of the sentence.
• The possessive pronoun “one’s” requires an apostrophe before the S, unlike “its,” “hers,” and other personal pronouns.
• Example: Pull oneself up by one’s own bootstraps.
• The only times “ones” has no apostrophe are when it is being used to mean “examples” or “people” as in “ripe ones” or “loved ones.”
• Example:  I don't play video games, except ones [non-specific games] that get left at my apartment by friends.
• ​Therefore, the use of 'ones' should be replaced by 'one's'​ to make it grammatically correct.
• ​​Correct sentence: The greatest glory in life is to be able to realize one's dreams and ambitions without trampling on those of others.

Additional Information     

• Subject pronouns are pronouns that replace the subject in the sentence.
• The subject pronouns are we, you, he, she, it, and they.
• Object pronouns do not replace the subject.
• Instead, an object pronoun would replace the object in the sentence.
• The object is the part of the sentence that is being done to, from or with the action.
• The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.

Hinglish   

• त्रुटि वाक्य के Part (b) में है।
• Possessive pronoun “one’s” को  “its,” “hers,” and other personal pronouns के विपरीत, s से पहले एक एस्ट्रोफ़े की आवश्यकता होती है।
• Example: Pull oneself up by one’s own bootstraps.
• ​केवल  “ones” का apostrophe नहीं होता है, जब इसका उपयोग "उदाहरण" या "लोग" के रूप में "पके हुए" या "प्रियजन" के रूप में किया जाता है।
• Example:  I don't play video games, except ones [non-specific games] that get left at my apartment by friends.
• ​इसलिए वाक्य में 'ones' के प्रयोग को  'one's'​ से बदल देना चाहिए ताकि वह व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही हो।​

The correct answer is 'b'.

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (b) of the sentence.
• The possessive pronoun “one’s” requires an apostrophe before the S, unlike “its,” “hers,” and other personal pronouns.
• Example: Pull oneself up by one’s own bootstraps.
• Also, we can see that the sentence has 'one's' in the first part so there is no need to introduce other pronouns in the second half.
• ​Therefore, the use of 'an individual's' should be replaced by 'one's'​ to make it grammatically correct.
• ​​Correct sentence: To be able to manage one's anger is a reflection of one's psychological maturity.

Additional Information      

• Subject pronouns are pronouns that replace the subject in the sentence.
• The subject pronouns are we, you, he, she, it, and they.
• Object pronouns do not replace the subject.
• Instead, an object pronoun would replace the object in the sentence.
• The object is the part of the sentence that is being done to, from or with the action.
• The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.

Hinglish   

• त्रुटि वाक्य के Part (b) में है।
• Possessive pronoun “one’s” को  “its,” “hers,” and other personal pronouns के विपरीत, s से पहले एक एस्ट्रोफ़े की आवश्यकता होती है।
• Example: Pull oneself up by one’s own bootstraps.
• साथ ही, हम देख सकते हैं कि वाक्य के पहले भाग में 'one's' है, इसलिए दूसरे भाग में अन्य सर्वनामों को पेश करने की कोई आवश्यकता नहीं है।
• ​इसलिए वाक्य में 'an individual's' के प्रयोग को  'one's'​ से बदल देना चाहिए ताकि वह व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही हो।​

The correct answer is 'a.'

Key Points 

• The error lies in part (a) of the sentence.
• In the given sentence, an article 'a' is used before a singular noun 'honest' which is wrong.
• An should be used before honest because it is pronounced as “anest”, that is it starts with a vowel sound.
• Article A and An are used according to the pronunciation of the word.
• We use the article 'a' with the words starting with consonants sound and article 'an' with the words that start with vowel sounds.
• Example: 
• We are looking for an honest person.
• Hence, the article 'a' should be replaced by the article 'an' to make the sentence grammatically correct.
• ​Correct sentence:* An honest mistake is no more than that; just an honest mistake.*

Additional Information 

• There are three articles: a, an, and the.
• Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective.
• Indefinite article 'a': before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound whose specific identity is not known
• Indefinite article 'an': before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound whose specific identity is not known
• Definite article 'the': before a singular or plural noun whose specific identity is known

Hinglish

• त्रुटि वाक्य के भाग  (a) में निहित है।
• दिए गए वाक्य में, singular noun 'honest' के पहले, article 'a' का प्रयोग किया गया है जो कि गलत है।
• Honest से पहले 'an' का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए क्योंकि इसे "एनेस्ट" के रूप में उच्चारित किया जाता है, अर्थात यह vowel sound से शुरू होता है।
• शब्द के उच्चारण के अनुसार article A and An का उपयोग किया जाता है।
• हम article 'a' का प्रयोग consonant sound से शुरू होने वाले शब्दों के साथ और article an शब्दों के साथ करते हैं जो स्वर ध्वनियोंvowel sounds से शुरू होते हैं।
• Example: 
• We are looking for an apartment.
• इसलिए, वाक्य को व्याकरणिक रूप से सही बनाने के लिए article 'a' को article 'an' द्वारा प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए।

The correct answer is- 'Refined'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Crude(adjective): Simple and not skillfully done or made. (सरल और कुशलता से नहीं किया या बनाया गया।)
• ​Example: a crude device/weapon.
• Refined(adjective): A refined substance has been made pure by removing other substances from it. (एक परिष्कृत पदार्थ को उसमें से अन्य पदार्थों को निकालकर शुद्ध किया गया है।)
• Example: refined foods such as white bread and white sugar*.***
  

Hence, the word Refined is the most appropriate antonym for Crude.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Coarse(adjective):  rough and not smooth or soft, or not in very small pieces. (खुरदरा और चिकना या मुलायम नहीं, या बहुत छोटे टुकड़ों में नहीं।)
• Example: Linen is a coarse-grained fabric.
• Eager(adjective): wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyable. (कुछ करने या करने की बहुत इच्छा होना, विशेष रूप से कुछ दिलचस्प या आनंददायक।)
• Example: They crowded around the spokesperson, eager for any news.​
• Balanced(adjective): considering all sides or opinions equally. (सभी पक्षों या मतों पर समान रूप से विचार करना।)
• Example: The news programme prided itself on its balanced reporting.

The correct answer is- ' Diffidence'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Confidence(noun): the quality of being certain of your abilities or of having trust in people, plans, or the future. (अपनी क्षमताओं के बारे में निश्चित होने या लोगों, योजनाओं या भविष्य पर भरोसा करने का गुण।)
• ​Example: She's completely lacking in confidence.​
• Diffidence(noun): the quality of being shy and not confident of your abilities. (शर्मीला होने और अपनी क्षमताओं पर भरोसा न करने का गुण।)
• Example: The biggest difficulty is overcoming natural British diffidence.
  

Hence, the word Diffidence is the most appropriate antonym for Confidence.

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Eagerness(noun): wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyable. (कुछ करने या करने की बहुत इच्छा होना, विशेष रूप से कुछ दिलचस्प या आनंददायक।)
• Example: They crowded around the spokesperson, eager for any news.
• Steadfastness(noun): the quality of staying the same for a long time and not changing quickly or unexpectedly. (लंबे समय तक एक ही रहने और जल्दी या अप्रत्याशित रूप से न बदलने का गुण।)
• Example: He was unwavering in his steadfastness and devotion to science.
• Endurance(noun): the ability to keep doing something difficult, unpleasant, or painful for a long time. (किसी कठिन, अप्रिय या कष्टदायक कार्य को लंबे समय तक करते रहने की क्षमता।)
• Example: Running a marathon is a test of human endurance.

The correct answer is- 'dishonesty'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Integrity (noun): the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change. (ईमानदार होने और मजबूत नैतिक सिद्धांत रखने का गुण जिसे आप बदलने से इनकार करते हैं।)
• ​Example: No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.
• Dishonesty(noun): the quality or an act of not being honest. (ईमानदार न होने का गुण या कार्य।)
• Example: Her dishonesty landed her in prison.
  

Hence, the word dishonesty is the most appropriate antonym for Integrity .

Additional Information   

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Skilfulness(adjective): Someone who is skillful at something does it very well. (कोई व्यक्ति जो किसी चीज में कुशल होता है, वह बहुत अच्छा करता है।)
• Example: He is widely regarded as Hungary's most skillful politician.
• Ability(noun): the physical or mental power or skill needed to do something. (कुछ करने के लिए आवश्यक शारीरिक या मानसिक शक्ति या कौशल।)
• Example: There's no doubting her ability.
• Dependability(noun): the quality of being able to be trusted and being very likely to do what people expect. (भरोसेमंद होने में सक्षम होने और लोगों की अपेक्षा करने की बहुत संभावना होने का गुण।)
• Example: The car offers value for money, comfort, and dependability.

The correct answer is-'Malevolent'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Benevolent (adjective): kind and helpful. (दयालु और मददगार।)
• ​Example: He was a benevolent old man and wouldn't hurt a fly.
• Malevolent(adjective):  causing or wanting to cause harm or evil. (नुकसान या बुराई पैदा करना या करना चाहते हैं।)
• Example: The central character is a malevolent witch out for revenge.

Hence, the word Malevolent is the most appropriate antonym for benevolent.

Additional Information  

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Clever(adjective): having or showing the ability to learn and understand things quickly and easily. (चीजों को जल्दी और आसानी से सीखने और समझने की क्षमता होना या दिखाना।)
• Example: Judy has never been very clever, but she tries hard.
• Muddled(adjective): badly organized or confusing. (बुरी तरह से संगठित या भ्रमित करने वाला।)
• Example: a muddled legal situation.
• Ambivalent(adjective): having two opposing feelings at the same time, or being uncertain about how you feel. (एक ही समय में दो विरोधी भावनाएँ होना, या आप कैसा महसूस करते हैं, इसके बारे में अनिश्चित होना।)
• Example: I felt very ambivalent about leaving home.

The correct answer is- 'Unstylish'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Sartorial(adjective): relating to the making of clothes, usually men's clothes, or to a way of dressing. (कपड़े बनाने से संबंधित, आमतौर पर पुरुषों के कपड़े, या कपड़े पहनने के तरीके से।)
• ​Example: Spirited young noblemen defied tradition and rejected the formal sartorial trappings of their birth.
• Unstylish(adjective): not elegant or stylish. (सुरुचिपूर्ण या स्टाइलिश नहीं।)
• Example: Many wear running shoes, but some are barefoot, and almost all have slumped posture and unstylish haircuts.
  

Hence, the word Unstylish is the most appropriate antonym for Sartorial.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Uncompromising(adjective): If people or their beliefs are uncompromising, they are fixed and do not change, especially when faced with opposition. (यदि लोग या उनकी मान्यताएँ अडिग हैं, तो वे स्थिर हैं और नहीं बदलते हैं, खासकर जब विरोध का सामना करना पड़ता है।)
• Example: The city council has taken an uncompromising stand against the proposals for the new building.
• Common(adjective): The same in a lot of places or for a lot of people. (वही बहुत सी जगहों पर या बहुत सारे लोगों के लिए।)
• Example: It's quite common to see couples who dress alike.​
• Crude(adjective): simple and not skillfully done or made. (सरल और कुशलता से नहीं किया या बनाया गया।)
• Example: a crude device/weapon.

The correct answer is- 'Fake'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Authentic(adjective): If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is. (अगर कुछ प्रामाणिक है, तो वह वास्तविक है, सत्य है, या लोग जो कहते हैं वह है।)
• ​Example: He was there and saw what happened, so he is the only authentic account.
• Fake(noun): an object that is made to look real or valuable in order to deceive people. (एक वस्तु जो लोगों को धोखा देने के लिए वास्तविक या मूल्यवान दिखने के लिए बनाई जाती है)
• Example: Experts revealed that the painting was a fake.
  

Hence, the word fake is the most appropriate antonym for Authentic.

Additional Information

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Genuine(adjective):  If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be. (अगर कुछ वास्तविक है, तो यह वास्तविक है और जैसा दिखता है वैसा ही होता है।)
• Example: If it is a genuine Michelangelo drawing, it will sell for millions.​
• Expensive(adjective): costing a lot of money. (बहुत सारे पैसे खर्च करना।)
• Example: Big houses are expensive to maintain.
• Rare(adjective): not common or frequent; very unusual. (आम या लगातार नहीं; अत्यंत असामान्य।)
• Example: The museum is full of rare and precious treasures.

The correct answer is- 'Drought'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Deluge(noun): a very large amount of rain or water. (बहुत बड़ी मात्रा में बारिश या पानी।)
• ​Example: This little stream can become a deluge when it rains heavily.
• Drought(noun): a long period when there is little or no rain. (एक लंबी अवधि जब कम या कोई बारिश नहीं होती है।)
• Example: This year (a) severe drought has ruined the crops.
  

Hence, the word Drought is the most appropriate antonym for Deluge.

Additional Information

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Cloudburst(noun):  a heavy fall of rain that begins and ends suddenly. (बारिश की एक भारी गिरावट जो अचानक शुरू और समाप्त होती है।)
• Example: Do you mean that it would prevent the cloudburst?
• Deforestation(noun): the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people. (एक बड़े क्षेत्र में पेड़ों की कटाई, या लोगों द्वारा जंगलों का विनाश।)
• Example: Deforestation is destroying large areas of the tropical rainforest.
• Drizzle(noun): rain in very small, light drops. (बहुत कम, हल्की बूंदों में बारिश।)
• Example: Tomorrow will be cloudy with outbreaks of rain and drizzle.

The correct answer is- 'Apathy'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Dedication(noun): the willingness to give a lot of time and energy to something because it is important. (किसी चीज को बहुत समय और ऊर्जा देने की इच्छा क्योंकि यह महत्वपूर्ण है।)
• ​Example: He has always shown great dedication to the cause.
• Apathy(noun): behaviour that shows no interest or energy and shows that someone is unwilling to take action, especially over something important. (व्यवहार जो कोई दिलचस्पी या ऊर्जा नहीं दिखाता है और दिखाता है कि कोई कार्रवाई करने को तैयार नहीं है, खासकर किसी महत्वपूर्ण चीज पर।)
• Example: widespread apathy among students.
  

Hence, the word Apathy is the most appropriate antonym for Dedication.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Anger(noun):  a strong feeling that makes you want to hurt someone or be unpleasant because of something unfair or unkind that has happened. (एक मजबूत भावना जो आपको किसी अनुचित या निर्दयी होने के कारण किसी को चोट पहुँचाना या अप्रिय होना चाहती है।)
• Example: There is a danger that anger at the new law may turn into anti-government feelings.
• Clarity(noun): the quality of being clear and easy to understand. (स्पष्ट और समझने में आसान होने का गुण।)
• Example: There has been a call for greater clarity in this area of the law.
• Hostility(noun): an occasion when someone is unfriendly or shows that they do not like something. (ऐसा अवसर जब कोई अमित्र होता है या दिखाता है कि उन्हें कुछ पसंद नहीं है।)
• Example: They showed open (= obvious) hostility to/towards their new neighbours.

The correct  answer is- 'dullness'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Perspicacity(noun): the ability to understand things quickly and make accurate judgments. (चीजों को जल्दी से समझने और सटीक निर्णय लेने की क्षमता।)
• ​Example: a woman of exceptional perspicacity.
• Dullness(noun): the fact of not being interesting or exciting, or of not being interested in anything. (दिलचस्प या रोमांचक नहीं होने या किसी भी चीज़ में दिलचस्पी न होने का तथ्य।)
• Example: She managed to get exquisite material out of the dullness of her hometown.
  

Hence, the word dullness is the most appropriate antonym for Perspicacity.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• smartness(noun):  the quality of being intelligent, or able to think quickly or intelligently in difficult situations. (बुद्धिमान होने का गुण, या कठिन परिस्थितियों में जल्दी या समझदारी से सोचने में सक्षम।)
• Example: He's always had great maturity and smartness.
• Dedication(noun): the willingness to give a lot of time and energy to something because it is important. (किसी चीज को बहुत समय और ऊर्जा देने की इच्छा क्योंकि यह महत्वपूर्ण है।)
• Example: He has always shown great dedication to the cause.
• Deviousness(noun): the quality of being dishonest or tricking people, but often also being clever and successful. (बेईमान होने या लोगों को बरगलाने का गुण, लेकिन अक्सर चतुर और सफल भी।)
• Example: This is a movie that explores the deviousness of human nature.

The correct  answer is- 'dislike'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Penchant(noun): a liking for, enjoyment of, or a habit of doing something, especially something that other people might not like. (पसंद करना, आनंद लेना, या कुछ करने की आदत, विशेष रूप से ऐसा कुछ जो अन्य लोगों को पसंद न हो।)
• ​Example: Her penchant for disappearing for days at a time worries her family.
• Dislike(verb): to not like someone or something. (किसी को या कुछ को पसंद नहीं करना।)
• Example: Why do you dislike her so much? 
  

Hence, the word dislike is the most appropriate antonym for Penchant.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Affinity(noun):  a liking or sympathy for someone or something, especially because of shared characteristics. (किसी या किसी चीज़ के लिए पसंद या सहानुभूति, विशेष रूप से साझा विशेषताओं के कारण।)
• Example: She seems to have a natural affinity for/with water.
• Fear(noun): an unpleasant emotion or thought that you have when you are frightened or worried by something dangerous, painful, or bad that is happening or might happen. (एक अप्रिय भावना या विचार जो आपके पास तब होता है जब आप किसी खतरनाक, दर्दनाक, या बुरी चीज से भयभीत या चिंतित होते हैं जो हो रही है या हो सकती है।)
• Example: Trembling with fear, she handed over the money to the gunman.
• Tendency(noun): If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it or like it. (अगर किसी में कुछ करने या पसंद करने की प्रवृत्ति है, तो वे शायद इसे करेंगे या पसंद करेंगे।)
• Example: His tendency to exaggerate is well known.

The correct answer is Forest fire.

Key Points

• Instances of Forest Fires in 2021:
• January 2021 saw prolonged fires in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh (Kullu Valley), and the Nagaland-Manipur border (Dzukou Valley). Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• The Simlipal National Park in Odisha saw a major fire between February-end and early March.
• Recent fires also include those in Bandhavgarh Forest Reserve in Madhya Pradesh, and in sanctuaries for the Asiatic lion and the great Indian bustard in Gujarat.

Important Points

• Forest Fires:
• Also called bush or vegetation fire or wildfire, it can be described as any uncontrolled and non-prescribed combustion or burning of plants in a natural setting such as a forest, grassland, brushland, or tundra, which consumes the natural fuels and spreads based on environmental conditions (e.g., wind, topography).
• Forest Fires can be incited by human actions, such as land clearing, extreme drought, or in rare cases lightning.
• There are three conditions that need to be present in order for a wildfire to burn: fuel, oxygen, and a heat source.

Additional Information

• The Total Forest and Tree cover is 24.62% of the geographical area of the country.
• The Total Forest cover is 7,13,789 sq km which is 21.71% of the geographical area of the country.
• The Tree cover is 2.91% of the geographical area of the country.

The correct answer is 28 States and 8 Union Territories.

Key Points

• India
• India is a union of states.
• It is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government.
• The President is the constitutional head of the Executive of the Union.
• In the states, the Governor, as the representative of the President, is the head of the Executive.
• The system of government in states closely resembles that of the Union.
• There are 28 states and 8 Union territories in the country. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• Union Territories are administered by the President through an Administrator appointed by him/her.
• From the largest to the smallest, each State/UT of India has a unique demography, history, culture, dress, festivals, language, etc.

Important Points

• India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population.
• India lies to the north of the equator in Southern Asia
• Latitude is 8° 4′ to 37° 6′ N
• Longitude is 68° 7′ to 97° 25′ E
• Pakistan and Afghanistan share political borders with India on the West while Bangladesh and Myanmar stand adjacent on the Eastern borders.
• The northern boundary comprises the Sinkiang province of China, Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan.
• Sri Lanka is another neighbouring country that is separated by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.

The correct answer is Precipitation.

Explanation:

• Precipitation is the falling of water from the sky in various forms.
• They are all formed by clouds in the troposphere, which is located between 8 and 16 kilometers (4 and 11 miles) above the ground.
• Precipitation occurs when water particles of any size fall from the upper atmosphere to the earth's surface.
• This can happen in either liquid or solid form.
• The precipitation in the form of water is called rainfall, when the temperature is lower than the 0⁰C, precipitation takes place in the form of fine flakes of snow and is called snowfall.
• Moisture is released in the form of hexagonal crystals. These crystals form flakes of snow.
• Besides rain and snow, other forms of precipitation are sleet and hail.
• Sleet is formed when raindrops freeze as they pass through the air in the atmosphere at subfreezing temperatures.
• Hail is a type of showery precipitation that comes in the form of pellets or lumps larger than 8mm in size. Hail can fall during severe thunderstorms.

Additional Information

• Condensation:
• Condensation is the process by which gas transforms into a liquid.
• Transpiration:
• Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water by plants.
• It occurs mainly through the stomata in the leaves.
• Evaporation:
• Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes into vapours even when it is below its boiling point.

The correct answer is Mechanical.

Key Points

• Weathering in Deserts
• Deserts have little soil because moisture is so low and the rate of chemical weathering is slow.
• Little plant life develops because of a lack of soil and water. Plants tend to hold soil and fine-grained rock fragments in place so, without plants, erosional processes can remove the thin desert soils.
• Desert soils are usually coloured like the bedrock nearby.  Trace elements in the soils bring out wide colour variations.
• The desert surface is dominated by mechanical weathering processes. Rock fragments tend to be angular, rather than rounded. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• Deserts are dominated by rock falls, rock slides, and the accumulation of coarse-grained material, and generally have steeper slopes.
• Cliffs of solid rock are common in desert regions. If the rock making up the cliff has numerous vertical joints and they are underlain by more easily eroded rocks like shales, erosion and mechanical weathering will eventually cause rock falls.

Additional Information

• Mechanical Weathering
• It is also called physical weathering. It causes rocks to crumble.
• The change in temperature can also contribute to mechanical weathering in a process called thermal stress.
• Change in temperature causes the rock to expand with heat and contract with cold. As this happens, again and again, the structure of the rock weakens and after some time, it breaks.
• Chemical Weathering
• Chemical Weathering changes the molecular structure of rocks and soil.
• It involves multiple modes like Solution, Carbonation, Oxidation, and Reduction, etc.
• Sometimes, It dissolves large portions of limestone or other rock on the surface of the Earth to form a landscape called karst.
• One of the world’s best examples of karst is the Stone Forest, near Kunming, China.
• Biological Weathering
• The weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals, and microbes are known as biological weathering.
• Plant roots that are growing can put stress or pressure on the rock.
• Despite the fact that the process is physical, the pressure is applied by a biological process (i.e., growing roots).
• Chemical weathering can also be caused by biological processes, such as the production of organic acids by plant roots or microorganisms, which aid in the dissolution of minerals.

The correct answer is New York.

Key Points

• Megacity
• The term ‘megacity’ refers to metropolitan areas with a total population of more than 10 million people.
• In 1950, the only megacities were New York-Newark and Tokyo. By 1995 the number had risen to 14. In 2020, there were 34. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• The definition of what constitutes a megacity generally refers to the population of an urban agglomeration, that is, it includes people living in the immediate suburbs outside of the established border of the city.
• Megacities are a distinctly modern phenomenon, the proliferation of which has spread with the large-scale urbanization that has occurred in many countries around the world. Whereas only 3% of the global population lived in cities in 1800, by the end of the 20th century that figure had risen to 47%.
• This figure is predicted to rise to more than 70% by the second half of the 21st century, a number made even more startling by the fact that the human population is expected to have increased by two billion by that point.
• Historically, the growth of big cities first occurred during the industrial revolution, when large numbers of people moved to cities in order to find work - a trend broadly associated with developed nations.
• In contrast, contemporary megacity development is predominantly focused on areas of the world that are the least developed, such as Mumbai.

The correct answer is the Peninsular plateau. 

Key Points

• Peninsular plateau 
• The land of India is characterized by great diversity in its physical features.
• The north has a vast expanse of rugged topography consisting of a series of mountain ranges with varied peaks, beautiful valleys, and deep gorges.
• The south consists of stable tableland with highly dissected plateaus, denuded rocks, and developed series of scarps. In between these two lies the vast north Indian plain. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• The Peninsular plateau is a tableland made up of crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. It was produced by the breakup and drifting of the Gondwana continent, making it the oldest landmass on the planet. Tors, block mountains, rift valleys, spurs, bare rocky formations, series of hummocky hills, and wall-like quartzite dykes are some of the region's key physiographic characteristics, which provide natural water storage sites.
• It was developed as a result of the breakup and drifting of the Gondwana continent, making it one of the oldest landmasses.
• The plateau has large and shallow valleys as well as rounded hills.
• This plateau is divided into two sections: the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.
• The Central Highlands are the parts of the Peninsular plateau to the north of the Narmada river that cover a large portion of the Malwa plateau.
• The general height of the plateau is from west to east, as seen by the direction of river flow.
• This Peninsular plateau has seen recurring periods of uplift and submergence, which have been accompanied by crustal faulting and fractures.
• The relief of the Peninsular plateau has become more diverse as a result of these spatial variations.

Additional Information

• Northern mountains
• The northern mountain complex contains the Himalayas, Trans Himalayas and Purvachal.
• The Himalayas are in the north, Hindukush and Sulaiman are in the northwest and Purvachal in the east.
• The Himalayas are true mountains. They are formed from the continent-continent plate collision. They have sediments of marine origin. It is not a single range but a series of ranges.
• The Himalayas have three ranges namely the great Himalayas [Himadri], middle or lesser Himalayas [Himachal] and outer Himalayas [Shiwaliks].
• Northern Plain
• Youngest physiographic feature in India. Depositional flood plain created by Himalayan rivers like Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra and Yamuna.
• Densely populated with 30% of the world's population on 10% of the world's agricultural land.
• Coastal plains
• It extends from Rann of Kutch to Sunderbans.
• It has two parts western coastal plain and the eastern coastal plain.

The correct answer is Desert Region.

Key Points

• Tropical Thorn Forests
• The Thorn Forests are found in the semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana. Tropical thorn forests occur in areas that receive rainfall less than 50 cm.
• These forests occur in the areas where annual rainfall is between 20 to 70 cm, the dry season is hot and very long.
• It includes semi-arid areas of southwest Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
• The main animals found in Thorn forests are as follows:- Wolf, Rats and Mice, Rabbits, Fox, Tigers and Lions, Wild Ass, Horses, Camels, Spotted Dear, Tibetan Antelope, Wild Sheep, etc.
• Thorn Forest is a type of desert formation that has scrub-like vegetation.
• In these forests, plants remain leafless for the most part of the year and give an expression of scrub vegetation.
• Acacias, palms, euphorbias, and cacti are the main plant species. Important species found are babool, ber, wild date palm, Khair, neem, khejri, palm, etc. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• Tussocky grass grows up to a height of 2 m as the undergrowth.
• They are mostly tropical and subtropical forests having trees and plants with armed thorns and spines.
• The forests remain leafless for the most part of the year and are sometimes called thorn scrub or scrub jungles.
• Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into the soil in order to get moisture.
• Leaves are modified into spines (thorns) and are small to minimize transpiration.
• The vegetation found here is often short and small with few tall trees set against the sparse ground where grass lacks.

Important Points

• The Malabar Coast moist forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of southwestern India.
• Garo Hills, physiographic region, western Meghalaya state, northeastern India. It comprises the western margin of the Shillong Plateau and rises to a top elevation of about 4,600 feet (1,400 metres).
• Sundarban, the world's largest delta, spans 10,200 square kilometres of Mangrove Forest in India and Bangladesh.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

• Rock Cycle
• Rocks do not remain in their original form for long but may undergo transformation. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• It is a continuous process through which old rocks are transformed into new ones.
• Igneous rocks are primary rocks and other rocks (sedimentary and metamorphic) form from these primary rocks.
• Igneous rocks can be changed into metamorphic rocks.
• The fragments derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks form sedimentary rocks.
• Sedimentary rocks themselves can turn into fragments and the fragments can be a source for the formation of sedimentary rocks.
• The crustal rocks (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary) once formed may be carried down into the mantle (interior of the earth) through the subduction process (parts or whole of crustal plates going down under another plate in zones of plate convergence) and the same meltdown due to increase in temperature in the interior and turn into molten magma, the original source for igneous rocks.
• The transformation of rocks is caused by weathering, erosion, and metamorphic action. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

The correct answer is Denudation.

Key Points

• Denudation
• All the exogenic geomorphic processes are covered under the general term, denudation.
• The word ‘denude’ means to strip off or to uncover.
• Weathering, mass wasting/movements, erosion, and transportation are included in denudation. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• Denudation mainly depends on rock type and its structure including folds, faults, orientation and inclination of beds, presence or absence of joints, bedding planes, hardness or softness of constituent minerals, chemical susceptibility of mineral constituents; permeability, or impermeability, etc.
• The effects of most of the exogenic geomorphic processes are small and slow but will, in the long run, affect the rocks severely due to continued fatigue.

Additional Information

• Endogenic forces or endogenetic forces are the pressure that originates inside the earth, therefore also called internal forces. These internal forces lead to vertical and horizontal movements and result in subsidence, land upliftment, volcanism, faulting, folding, earthquakes, etc.
• Diastrophism is the general term applied to slow bending, folding, warping, and fracturing.
• A mountain can be defined as an area of land that rises abruptly from the surrounding region and is higher than the hill.
• The term ‘orogeny was coined by the American geologist, G.K. Gilbert, in 1890 to describe the process of mountain building.
• The term was originally used by Gilbert to describe the fold mountain belts of the Alps and the Rockies.

The correct answer is Ladakh.

Key Points

• Glaciers
• It forms only on land and not on water bodies.
• Moraines, eskers and outwash plains terms are related to the glacier.
• Most glaciers on India's map are scattered across Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, and the Union Territory of Ladakh. A few glaciers are also present in Arunachal Pradesh. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• Some of these glaciers can be as small as football fields, while others can extend for hundreds of kilometres.
• The Siachen Glacier is the longest glacier in India in the Himalayas-Karakoram region.

Important Points

• Moraines
• Moraines are made up of granite fragments fractured by frost, lodged in glaciers, and carried down the valley.
• The one that falls on the glacier's sides generates lateral moraines.
• The interior lateral moraines of two glaciers converge to produce a medial moraine when they meet.
• When the glacier melts, rock fragments carried beneath the frozen ice are released and scattered across the valley floor as ground moraine.
• When the glacier reaches the valley's foot, it melts, and the mound of transported debris left behind at the snout is known as terminal moraine or end moraine.
• Eskers
• Eskers are sinuous ridges formed by meltwater currents depositing glacial material, primarily sands and gravel, in glacial tunnels.
• Subglacial meltwater streams were once channelled through glacial tunnels.
• Their length can sometimes surpass 100 kilometres and their orientation is normally parallel to the path of glacier movement.
• Outwash plains
• When a glacier melts at its lowest point, it leaves behind a stratified deposition material consisting of rock debris, clay, sand, gravel, and other materials.
• Till plain or an outwash plain refers to this stratified surface.

Additional Information

• Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• It is a union territory of India consisting of 572 islands, of which 38 are inhabited, at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
• The territory is about 150 km north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated from Thailand and Myanmar by the Andaman Sea.
• Lakshadweep
• India’s smallest Union Territory, Lakshadweep is an archipelago consisting of 36 islands with an area of 32 sq km.
• It is directly under the control of the Centre through an administrator.
• Puducherry
• Puducherry city is the capital of Puducherry UT in southeastern India.
• UT was formed in 1962 out of the four former colonies of French India:
• Pondicherry (now Puducherry) and Karaikal along India’s southeastern Coromandel Coast, Yanam, farther north along the eastern coast, and Mahe, lying on the western Malabar Coast, surrounded by Kerala state.

The correct answer is Lucknow.

Key Points

• Brij Mohan Nath Mishra
• He is popularly known as Pandit Birju Maharaj.
• He was one of India's most famous and favourite artists and belonged to the Kalka-Bindadin Gharana of Lucknow, a classical Kathak dance form. He was born on February 4, 1938, in Lucknow. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• Birju Maharaj's father and guru Achhan Maharaj, uncle Shambhu Maharaj and Lachhu Maharaj were also famous Kathak dancers.
• The artistic personality of Pandit Birju Maharaj has been such, which is considered to be beyond logic.
• Awarded Padma Vibhushan in 1986, Birju Maharaj also choreographed dance in several Bollywood films, including Umrao Jaan, Dedh Ishqiya, and Bajirao Mastani. Apart from Padma Vibhushan, he has also received Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and Kalidas Samman.
• In 2012, he was awarded the National Film Award for choreography in the film Vishwaroopam.
• Apart from this, he received the Filmfare Award in the year 2016 for the choreography of the song 'Mohe Rang Do Laal' by Bajirao Mastani.
• Along with this, he also received honorary doctorates from Banaras Hindu University and Khairagarh University.

Additional Information

• Kathak Dance​
• The word Kathak has been derived from the word Katha which means a story. It is primarily performed in Northern India.
• It was primarily a temple or village performance wherein the dancers narrated stories from ancient scriptures. It is one of the classical dances of India.
• Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the Bhakti movement.
• The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called Rasa Lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak storytellers.
• Under the Mughal emperors and their nobles, Kathak was performed in the court, where it acquired its present features and developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style.
• Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, it grew into a major art form.

The correct answer is the Philippines.

Key Points

• India got its first-ever export order for BrahMos missiles from the Philippines when the Philippines' Defence Ministry signed a $374-million contract with BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited to supply an undisclosed number of missiles. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• The Philippines wants to induct this missile amid tensions with China over the disputed islands in the South China Sea.
• Several countries have shown interest in acquiring the BrahMos missile. For example, discussions are in advanced stages with Indonesia and Thailand.

Additional Information

• BrahMos
• It is a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation of India (DRDO) and the NPOM of Russia.
• BrahMos is named after the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva.
• It is a two-stage (solid propellant engine in the first stage and liquid ramjet in the second) missile.
• It is a multiplatform missile i.e it can be launched from land, air, and sea, and multi capability missile with pinpoint accuracy that works both day and night irrespective of the weather conditions.
• It operates on the "Fire and Forgets" principle i.e it does not require further guidance after launch.
• Brahmos is one of the fastest cruise missiles currently operationally deployed with the speed of Mach 2.8, which is nearly 3 times more than the speed of sound.
• Recently, an Advance Version of BrahMos (extended range sea-to-sea variant) was test-fired.

The correct answer is Justice Indu Malhotra.

Key Points

• Indu Malhotra Committee
• The Supreme Court has appointed former SC Judge, Indu Malhotra, as the Chairperson to head the inquiry committee, along with other members. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• The inquiry committee will look into the alleged security breach during the Prime Minister’s Punjab visit on 5th January 2022.
• The committee headed by Justice (Retired) Indu Malhotra will also comprise DG- NIA, DG Security of Punjab, and Registrar General of Punjab and Haryana High Court.
• The Apex court has passed the order after hearing a petition filed by NGO, Lawyers Voice, seeking appropriate directions and or orders in the alleged security breach of the Prime Minister, who was on his way to Punjab to address a rally.

Additional Information

• Justice Ashok Bhushan
• Former Supreme Court judge Justice Ashok Bhushan took over as the chairperson of the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal.
• Justice Navin Sinha 
• He retired on August 18th 2021.
• Sinha J studied law at Delhi University, after which he practiced before the courts in Patna.
• Justice Nariman
• He pursued his legal studies at the Faculty of Law and ranked 2nd at the University of Delhi.
• He pursued his master’ in Law from Harvard Law School and his thesis compared affirmative action in India and USA.
• He is the son of distinguished jurist Fali S. Nariman.

The correct answer is Ross Taylor.

Key Points

• Ross Taylor
• He picked up a wicket on the last ball of his career, as the Kiwis steamrolled Bangladesh by an innings and 117 runs to level the series 1-1 in Christchurch. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• Ross Taylor scored 7863 runs with 19 centuries.
• Taylor also equaled Daniel Vettori as New Zealand’s most-capped Test player with 112 appearances.
• By finishing with a wicket, Ross Taylor joined cricket greats like fellow countryman Richard Hadlee, Australian Glenn McGrath and Sri Lankan Muttiah Muralitharan to bag a wicket on the last ball of their Test careers.

Additional Information

• On 19 November 2021, De Villiers announced his retirement from all forms of cricket.
• Australian veteran Michael Hussey on 29 December 2012 announced that he would retire from Test cricket after playing the final match of the series against Sri Lanka in Sydney starting on 3 January 2013.
• Former South African captain Quinton de Kock announced sudden retirement from Test cricket on December 30, 2021. The wicket-keeper batsman announced his retirement from Test cricket with immediate effect, citing his intentions to spend more time with his growing family.

The correct answer is S. Somanath.

Key Points

• S. Somanath
• He is an eminent rocket scientist.
• He has been appointed as the tenth ISRO Chief on 12 January 2022 by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC). Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• He succeeds K Sivan.

Additional Information

• Mr Alur Seelin Kiran Kumar (2015 to 2018)
• He was Distinguished Scientist (Apex) and Director, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad, assumed the office of the Secretary, Department of Space, Chairman, Space Commission, and Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on January 14, 2015.
• He was the 8^th chairman of ISRO.
• Dr K. Sivan (2018 to 2022)
• He has significantly contributed to end-to-end mission planning, design, integration and analysis.
• His tenure has been marked by the launch of Chandrayaan-2 and the acceleration of India's manned space program.
• He was the 9^th chairman of ISRO.
• Dr K. Radhakrishnan (2009-2014)
• India's first interplanetary mission Mangalyaan was launched under the chairmanship of Mr.K. Radhakrishnan.
• He was the 7^th Chairman of ISRO.

Important Points

• ISRO
• It is the pioneer space exploration agency of India, headquartered in Bengaluru.
• ISRO was formed in 1969 with a vision to develop and harness space technology in national development while pursuing planetary exploration and space science research.
• ISRO replaced its predecessor, INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research), established in 1962 by India’s first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and scientist Vikram Sarabhai, are considered among the founding fathers of the Indian space program.

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh.

Key Points

• India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021
• It is the 17^th biennial assessment of India’s forests by the Forest Survey of India, an organisation under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
• The ISFR 2021 presents the latest status of the 'Forest cover' and 'Tree cover' of the country, estimates of growing stock, the extent of trees outside forests, mangrove cover, bamboo resources, and assessment of forest carbon stock.
• In addition to the regular chapters, this time around, a special chapter on “Forest Cover assessment in Tiger reserves and Tiger corridor areas of the country and decadal change in Forest Cover” has also been included.
• The Total Forest and Tree cover is 24.62% of the geographical area of the country.
• The Total Forest cover is 7,13,789 sq km which is 21.71% of the geographical area of the country.
• The Tree cover is 2.91% of the geographical area of the country.

• Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Mistake Points

• Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country(Area-wise).
• Mizoram has the largest forest cover in the country as a percentage of total geographical area of the State.

The correct answer is The Union Finance Minister.

Key Points

• GST Council
• It is a constitutional body under Article 279A. It makes recommendations to the Union and State Government on issues related to Goods and Service Tax and was introduced by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
• The GST Council is chaired by the Union Finance Minister and other members are the Union State Minister of Revenue or Finance and Ministers in charge of Finance or Taxation of all the States. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• It is considered a federal body where both the centre and the states get due representation.
• Every decision of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be taken at a meeting by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the members present and voting, in accordance with the following principles, namely:
• The vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of one-third of the total votes cast, and
• The votes of all the State Governments taken together shall have a weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast, in that meeting.

Additional Information

• Goods and Services Tax
• It is an indirect tax used in India on the supply of goods and services.
• It is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.
• It was launched in India on 1 July 2017 as a  comprehensive indirect tax for the entire country.
• It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination-based tax comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except a few state taxes.
• It is paid by the consumers and is remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services.
• It is of three types:
• CGST to be levied by the Centre,
• SGST to be levied by the States and
• IGST is a tax levied on all Inter-State supplies of goods and/or services.
• All these taxes are levied at rates mutually agreed upon by the Centre and the States.
• The GST Council headed by the Union Finance Minister is the governing and key decision-making body for GST.

The correct answer is the endangered category.

Key Points

• Red Sanders (or Red Sandalwood)
• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recently categorized the Red Sanders (or Red Sandalwood) again into the ‘endangered’ category in its Red List. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• It was classified as ‘near threatened’ in 2018.
• The species, Pterocarpus santalinus, is an Indian endemic tree species, with a restricted geographical range in the Eastern Ghats.
• The species is endemic to a distinct tract of forests in Andhra Pradesh.
• It usually grows in the rocky, degraded, and fallow lands with Red Soil and a hot and dry climate.
• Also scheduled in appendix II of the CITES and Wildlife Protection Act
• The species, Pterocarpus santalinus, is an Indian endemic tree species, with a restricted geographical range in the Eastern Ghats.
• Found in Tropical Dry Deciduous forest in Andhra Pradesh; usually grow in the rocky, degraded, and fallow lands with Red Soil and hot and dry climate.
• Known for their rich hue and therapeutic properties, are high in demand across Asia, particularly in China and Japan, for use in cosmetics and medicinal products as well as for making furniture, woodcraft, and musical instruments.

Additional Information

• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• It was established in 1964, by the IUCN and has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global extinction risk status of animal, fungus, and plant species.
• The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity.
• It uses a set of quantitative criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species.
• It provides information about a range, population size, habitat and ecology, use and/or trade, threats, and conservation actions that will help inform necessary conservation decisions.
• It is used by government agencies, wildlife departments, conservation-related NGOs, natural resource planners, educational organizations, students, and the business community.
• The Index is available for five groups: birds, mammals, amphibians, corals, and cycads.

The correct answer is 26th December.

Key Points

• Veer Baal Diwas
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared that December 26 shall henceforth be marked as Veer Baal Diwas to pay homage to the courage of the Sahibzades, four sons of Guru Gobind Singh, the last Sikh guru. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• While all four were martyred, the date has been chosen as it was the day observed as the martyrdom day of the Sahibzadas Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, who was killed at the tender age of six and nine in Sirhind by Mughal forces

Important Points 

• Sahibzadas Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh:
• Sahibzada Jorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh are among the most revered martyrs in Sikhism.
• A combination of Mughals soldiers besieged Anandpur Sahib on the orders of emperor Aurangzeb (1704).
• The two sons of Guru Gobind Singh were captured.
• They were offered safe passage if they became Muslims.
• They both refused, and so they were sentenced to death and were bricked alive.
• These two greats preferred death instead of deviating from the noble principles of Dharma.

Additional Information

• Guru Gobind Singh:
• The last of the ten Sikh Gurus, Guru Gobind Singh was born on 22^nd December 1666 in Patna, Bihar.
• His birth anniversary is based on the Nanakshahi calendar.
• He became the Sikh guru at the age of nine, following the demise of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru.
• He was assassinated in 1708.

The correct answer is The Ministry of AYUSH.

Key Points

• Global Surya Namaskar Demonstration programme
• The Ministry of AYUSH organized a global Surya Namaskar Demonstration programme on 14 January 2022 on the auspicious occasion of Makar Sakranti to commemorate the journey of the sun to the Northern Hemisphere. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• During the event, Surya Namaskar will be offered as a salutation to the Sun for exhibiting one’s gratitude for its rays because it nurtures all living beings.

Important Points

• Makar Sankranti
• Simply known as Sankranti, is one of the most devoted and awaited festivals in India.
• It is dedicated to Lord Surya (Sun God) and marks the sun’s transit into Makara (Capricorn) and Raashi (zodiac sign).
• This festival is aligned with the solar cycle and marks the beginning of the harvest season wherein people worship new crops and share them with delight.

Additional Information

• The Surya Namaskar
• It is a set of 8 Asanas performed in 12 steps with coordination of the body and mind.
• It is preferably performed in the early hours of the morning.
• Since Makar Sakranti is devoted to ‘Mother Nature’ for bestowing health, wealth and happiness, on this day, the ‘Surya Namaskar’ is offered as a salutation to the Sun to exhibit one’s gratitude for each of its rays as it nurtures everything living.
• The Sun, as the primary source of energy, is critical to maintaining the cycle of the food chain and also energizes the mind and body of human beings.
• In the language of science, the Surya Namaskar has been known to develop immunity and improve vitality, which are significant factors to keep our health in check, especially in light of the coronavirus pandemic. Exposure to the Sun further provides Vitamin D, which has been widely recommended in all medical branches around the world.

The correct answer is The National Commission for Women.

Key Points

• National Commission for Women
• The NCW is the statutory body generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters affecting women. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• It was established on 31 January 1992 under the provisions of the Indian Constitution as defined in the 1990 National Commission for Women Act.
• The first head of the commission was Jayanti Patnaik.
• The Indian Constitution doesn’t contain any provision specifically made to favour women intrinsically.
• Article 15 (3), Article 14 and Article 21 protect and safeguard women. They are more gender-neutral.

Additional Information

• National Commission for Scheduled Castes
• It is a constitutional body that works to safeguard the interests of the scheduled castes (SC) in India.
• Article 338 of the constitution of India deals with this commission:
• It provides for a National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with duties to investigate and monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them, inquire into specific complaints and participate in and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.
• National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
• It was set up with effect from 19th February 2004 by amending Article 338 and by inserting a new Article 338A in the Constitution through the 89th Constitution Amendment Act, 2003. Hence, it is a constitutional body.
• Objective: Article 338A inter-alia gives powers to the NCST to oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to STs under the Constitution or under any other law for time being in force or under any other order to the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards.
• National Commission for Backward Classes
• 102^nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018 provides constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
• It has the authority to examine complaints and welfare measures regarding socially and educationally backward classes.
• Previously NCBC was a statutory body under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

The correct answer is Xuanzang.

Key Points

• Xuanzang also known as Hiuen Tsang, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator.
• He visited India during the reign of Harsha Vardhana.
• Si-yu-ki or ‘The Records of the Western World’ was written by him.
• He spent 14 years traveling in India.
• Xuan Zang, who took the land route back to China through the north-west, and Central Asia carried back with him statues of the Buddha made of gold, silver and sandalwood, and over 600 manuscripts loaded on the backs of 20 horses.
• Over 50 manuscripts were lost when the boat on which he was crossing the Indus capsized.
• He spent the rest of his life translating the remaining manuscripts from Sanskrit into Chinese.

Additional Information

• | Traveller | During reign of | | --- | --- | | Abdur Razzak | Deva Raya ll | | Alberuni | Mahmud Ghazni | | Fa hien | Chandragupta II | | Huien Tsang | Harsha Vardhana | | Ibn Battuta | Mohammed Bin Tughlaq | | Marco Polo | Rudramma Devi |

The correct answer is 17th Lok Sabha.

Key Points

• 17th Lok Sabha
• The elections to the Lower House of the Parliament of India, held in 2019, constituted the 17th Lok Sabha. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• Elections were conducted in 7 phases from 11 April 2019 to 19 May 2019 by the Election Commission of India.
• About 900 million people were eligible to vote and turnout was over 67 per cent – the highest ever as well as the highest participation by women voters.
• 10 lakh polling stations were set up this time as against about nine lakhs in 2014.
• The ‘voter-verifiable paper audit trail’ (VVPAT) was used in all polling stations for the first time.
• The results of EVMs and VVPATs are matched in one polling station per constituency.
• The Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) and postal ballot papers would for the first time carry the photograph of all the candidates to help voters identify the political leaders in the fray.
• For the first time in India’s electoral history, in the 2019 Parliamentary elections, the voter turnout for men and women was almost equal.
• 66.79% of Men voted and 66.68% of women voted in these elections.
• After Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, Narendra Modi is the third prime minister of the country who has been able to retain power for a second term with a full majority in Lok Sabha.
• The BJP's total vote share stood at 37.4 per cent, an increase of over 6 percentage points from 31.34 per cent in 2014.
• The National Democratic Alliance secured a vote share of 45 per cent, compared to 38 per cent in 2014.

Additional Information

• | 14th Lok Sabha | 2004-2009 | | --- | --- | | 15th Lok Sabha | 2009-2014 | | 16th Lok Sabha | 2014-2019 |

The correct answer is Self-Government.

Key Points

• Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)
• It is a system of rural local self-government in India. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• Local Self Government is the management of local affairs by such local bodies that have been elected by the local people.
• PRIwas constitutionalized through the 73^rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 to build democracy at the grassroots level and was entrusted with the task of rural development in the country.
• In its present form and structure, PRI has completed 26 years of existence. However, a lot remains to be done to further decentralization and strengthen democracy at the grass-root level.
• After the Constitution came into force, Article 40 made a mention of panchayats and Article 246 empowers the state legislature to legislate concerning any subject relating to local self-government.

Important Points

• 73rd Amendment Act (1992)
• Local governments were provided constitutional sanction through the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 which was enforced on 24th April 1993.
• The 11th schedule was added to the constitution through this amendment which contained 29 subject matters of the Panchayats.
• This act also added Part IX to the Constitution which contained provisions from Articles 243 to 243O.
• This amendment brought the state governments under constitutional obligation to adopt the new system of Panchayati Raj by the provisions of the act.

Additional Information

• Popular Government
• Democracy is the most popular system of government at present in the world.
• A federal government
• It is a system of dividing up power between a central national government and local state governments that are connected by the national government.
• Some areas of public life are under the control of the national government, and some areas are under the control of the local governments.
• Quasi-Government
• It is supported by the government but managed privately by a quasi-governmental healthcare agency.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Key Points

• The United States Declaration of Independence, formally 'The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America', is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776.
• Enacted during the American Revolution, the Declaration explains why the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule.
• With the Declaration, these new states took a collective first step in forming the United States of America.
• The Declaration of Independence states three basic ideas:
• God made all men equal and gave them the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
• The main business of government is to protect these rights
• If a government tries to withhold these rights, the people are free to revolt and to set up a new government

Mistake Points

• Fraternity: This refers to a feeling of brotherhood and a sense of belonging with the country among its people.
• The idea of Fraternity has been taken from the French Revolution.

Important Points

• French revolution:
• It was a series of events that happened in France during the 18th century.
• The French society was divided into three estates, i.e., clergy, nobility, and commoners. There were vast differences in wealth distribution and also inequalities exist deeply.
• The French revolution happened during Louis XVI's regime.
• Impact of French revolution:
• End of social division in French society.
• Declaration of rights of man.
• Revolutionary ideas like equality, fraternity, freedom, and good governance find a place in France.
• End of Monarchy.

The correct answer is Abraham Lincoln.

Key Points

• Abraham Lincoln
• He was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.
• In the context of the Civil War, Lincoln also memorialized the sacrifices of those who gave their lives at Gettysburg and extolled virtues for the listeners (and the nation) to ensure the survival of America's representative democracy: that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Hence, Option 1 is correct.

Additional Information

• Thomas Jefferson
• He was a spokesman for democracy.
• He was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801–1809).
• George Washington
• He was an American general and commander in chief of the colonial armies in the American Revolution (1775–83) and subsequently the first president of the United States (1789–97).
• John F. Kennedy
• He was the 35th President of the United States (1961-1963), the youngest man elected to the office.
• On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, becoming also the youngest President to die.

Important Points

• Democracy
• In English, the word democracy is called Democracy, which originated from the Greek root word 'Demos' and Crescia Demos means 'common people' and Cressey means 'rule', thus democracy means the rule of people.
• Democracy is a form of government in which power ultimately comes from the people who are governed, either through direct voting or through elected representatives.
• To protect the ideas of democracy worldwide and promote its principles, the International Day of Democracy is observed on the 15^th of September every year. India is today the largest functioning democracy in the world.

CONCEPT:

• In a rotational motion, if the external Torque is Zero then the angular momentum and hence angular velocity of the rotating body becomes constant.

$\Rightarrow \vec L = I \vecω$

Where L is angular momentum, I is the Moment of Inertia, and ω is angular velocity.

• Earth while rotating on its own axis does not experience any external Torque.

EXPLANATION:

• While traveling in a bus or car, we can tell that it is moving either if we look outside or if the speed of the car or bus increases or decreases, and the same is the case for a rotational motion.
• In space, the earth does not experience any external torque while rotating on its own axis, and hence its angular velocity is always constant.
• Also, the atmosphere around the earth rotates with the earth because of gravity, friction, and viscosity.
• There is nothing out there in the space either stationary or moving which we can consider as a reference to notice the rotation of the earth. Hence, all the options are correct.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Key Points

• Mass movements/Mass wasting
• It is the down-slope movement of Regolith (loose uncemented mixture of soil and rock particles that covers the Earth's surface) by the force of gravity without the aid of a transporting medium such as water, ice, or wind. Still, as we shall see, water plays a key role.
• Mass movements are part of a continuum of erosional processes between weathering and stream transport. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• Mass movement causes regolith and rock to move down-slope where sooner or later the loose particles will be picked up by another transporting agent and eventually moved to a site of deposition such as an ocean basin or lake bed.
• Mass movement processes are occurring continuously on all slopes; some act very slowly, others occur very suddenly, often with disastrous results.
• Weathering and erosion impact the surface of the land in many ways.
• Much of this relates to the mechanical, chemical, and biological processes breaking down rocks while shaping the landscape, including the formation of soils.
• Gravity has a large role in moving material downhill by a variety of means called mass wasting.
• Mass wasting is associated with a variety of serious landslide hazards that are often associated with heavy precipitation.
• Landslides can take place slowly or rapidly, and intermittently (such as events associated with seasonal storm floods or some that are triggered by earthquakes or human activities).

Additional Information

• Boulder clay or Glacial till
• It is an unsorted glacial deposit comprising a range of eroded materials such as boulders, sticky clays & fine rock flour.
• It is spread out in sheets, not mounds, & forms gently undulating till or drift plains with monotonous landform.
• The degree of fertility of such glacial plains depends very much on the composition of the depositional materials.

The correct answer is 2 and 3 only.

Key Points

• Landslide
• It is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
• Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.
• The term "landslide" encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. These are further subdivided by the type of geologic material (bedrock, debris, or earth).
• Landslides are the second biggest natural disaster in Indonesia, occurring mostly in a volcanic area with thick and clay-rich soils. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• Debris flows (commonly referred to as mudflows or mudslides) and rockfalls are examples of common landslide types.
• Almost every landslide has multiple causes. Slope movement occurs when forces acting down-slope (mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope.
• Causes include factors that increase the effects of down-slope forces and factors that contribute to low or reduced strength.
• Landslides can be initiated in slopes already on the verge of movement by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion, changes in groundwater, earthquakes, volcanic activity, disturbance by human activities, or any combination of these factors. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.
• Earthquake shaking and other factors can also induce landslides underwater. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• These landslides are called submarine landslides.
• Submarine landslides sometimes cause tsunamis that damage coastal areas.

The correct answer is Avalanche.

Key Points

• Avalanche
• It is a mass of material moving rapidly down a slope.
• An avalanche is typically triggered when the material on a slope breaks loose from its surroundings; this material then quickly collects and carries additional material down the slope.
• When a mass of snow moves rapidly down a slope of a mountain is known as Avalanche.
• There are various kinds of avalanches, including rock avalanches (which consist of large segments of shattered rock), ice avalanches (which typically occur in the vicinity of a glacier), and debris avalanches (which contain a variety of unconsolidated materials, such as loose stones and soil).
• It involves a mix of falling, rolling, sliding and flowing of materials.
• The size of an avalanche can range from a small shifting of loose snow to the displacement of enormous slabs of snow.
• In a slab avalanche, the mass of descending snow may reach a speed of 130 km (80 miles) per hour and is capable of destroying forests and small villages in its path.
• It is hazardous to skiers and mountaineers.
• Avalanches also have been triggered intentionally in warfare to kill enemy troops.
• Avalanches contain three main features: the starting zone, the avalanche track, and the runout zone. Avalanches launch from the starting zone. That’s often the most unstable part of the stope and generally higher on the mountain.
• Once the avalanche starts to slide, it continues down the avalanche track, the natural path it follows downhill. After avalanches, large clearings or missing chutes of trees provide clues to an avalanche’s trajectory.
• The avalanche finally comes to a stop at the bottom of a slope, in the runout zone, where the snow and debris pile up.
• Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Additional Information

• Slump and earthflow
• Earth flows are made up of disintegrating soil and weathered rock, which moves by inter-particle or inter-layer shear above a failure plane in the underlying rock.
• The failure plane may be either planar or curved.
• Landslide
• It is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
• Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.
• Rockslide
• It is a type of landslide caused by rock failure in which part of the bedding plane of failure passes through compacted rock and material collapses en masse and not in individual blocks.
• Note that a rockslide is similar to an avalanche because they are both slides of debris that can bury a piece of land.

The correct answer is Macaulay's Minute on Indian Education, 1835.

Key Points

• The Macaulay's Minute on Indian Education, 1835
• Lord Macaulay arrived in India on June 10, 1834, as a law member of the Governor General's Executive Council and was appointed President of the Committee of Public Instruction.
• In 1835, he was tasked with settling a dispute between orientalists and Anglicists.
• He presented his famous minutes to the council in February 1835, which Lord Bentik approved, and a resolution was passed in March 1835.
• The following points were emphasized by him:
• That the main goal of the British government should be to promote European literature and science among Indians, and that "all funds appropriated for the purpose of education would be best spent on English education alone."
• All existing professors and students at all institutions under the committee's supervision shall continue to receive stipends, but no stipend shall be given to any students who may subsequently enter any of these institutions.
• No funds from the government were to be spent on the printing of oriental works.
• All funds available to the government would be spent in the future on imparting knowledge of English literature and science to Indians.
• Hence, Option 4 is correct.

Additional Information

• Charter act of 1813
• Charter act of 1813 ended the monopoly of the East India Company in India, the company’s monopoly in trade with China and trade in tea with India was kept intact.
• The company’s rule was extended to another 20 years.
• The act granted permission to the persons who wished to go to India for promoting moral and religious improvements. (Christian Missionaries)
• This act regulated the company’s territorial revenues and commercial profits. It was asked to keep its territorial and commercial accounts separate.
• The company’s dividend was fixed at 10.5% per annum.
• There was also a provision that Company should invest Rs. 1 Lakh every year in the education of Indians.
• It empowered the Local Governments in India to impose taxes on persons and to punish those who did not pay them.
• Charter Act 1793
• The British Parliament passed the Charter Act 1793 or the East India Company Act 1793 aimed at renewing the company’s charter for the next 20 years which was first given by the Regulating Act of 1773.
• This company’s monopoly in trade with India continued and was given the right to trade with India for the next 20 years.
• This was further renewed by the Charter Act of 1813.
• The Sarda Act of 1929
• The Child Marriage Restraint Act is popularly known as the Sharda Act after Harbilas Sarda.
• It was a statutory act passed on 28th September 1929 to fix the marriageable age of girls and boys at 14 years and 18 years respectively.