NDA General Ability Test 14 Nov 2021 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is- 'c.'

Key Points 

• In the given sentence the verb 'starts' is incorrectly used.
• As the subject (Nursery classes) is a plural noun, the verb should also agree with the subject.
• Thus we should use the plural verb 'start' in place of 'starts.'
• Also, the preposition 'on' should be replaced with 'in.' 'In' is used for months, years, centuries and long periods.
• Example: He should come back home in January.
• So option 3 is the correct answer.

And the correct sentence is: Nursery classes for the children start in April every year.

Additional Information 

• Let's understand more about the subject-verb agreement:
• The verb in an either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
• Examples:
• Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
• Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
• As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and.
• Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation.

The correct answer is- 'c.'

Key Points

• In the given sentence the verb 'becomes' is incorrectly used.
• As the pollution level is already high, so it is an existing health hazard for the city. So we should use 'has/have become a health hazard'
• As the subject is a singular noun (the pollution level) so we will use a singular verb (has become).
• To make the sentence grammatically correct replace the verb 'becomes' with 'has become'.
• So option 3 is the correct answer.

And the correct sentence is: The pollution level is very high in our city, and has become a health hazard.

Confusion Points  

• Many students doubt about the comma (,) used before the coordinating conjunction 'and' so let's learn more about the coordinating conjunction.
• Coordinating conjunction joins two elements that have equal syntactic importance and grammatical rank. They are able to join two independent clauses, two phrases, two adjectives, two verbs or two nouns. There are seven coordinating conjunctions, they are - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. The easiest way to remember these conjunctions is with an acronym called FANBOYS.
• When the coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, a comma has to be used before that conjunction.
• Example: I wanted to go shopping, but my friend wants to go to a movie.
• When coordinating conjunction is joining two phrases or words, a comma is not used before the conjunction.
• Example: I like to ride bikes and swim.

The correct answer is- 'd.'

Key Points 

• The given sentence is grammatically correct and error-free.
• As the singular subject (India) is followed by a singular verb (is), hence it follows the subject-verb agreement.
• Thus there is no error in any part of the sentence and it is free from error.
• So option 4 is the correct answer.

And the correct sentence is: India is a country of linguistic and cultural diversity with multiple ethnic and social groups.

Additional Information 

• Let's learn more about the subject-verb agreement:
• The verb in an either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
• Examples:
• Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
• Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
• As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and.
• Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation.

 Confusion Points

• ​In such questions, most of the students mark 'linguistic' as an incorrect part. So let's learn more about it:
• Linguistic - It is an adjective and it means related to language.
• Example: I'm particularly interested in the linguistic development of young children.
• Linguistics - It is a noun and it means the scientific study of the structure and development of language.
• Example: She is studying Linguistics at Oxford.

The correct answer is- 'b.'

Key Points  

• In the given sentence the noun 'effect' is incorrectly used.
• As we know, after the subject (the lapse rate) we need a verb and not a noun.
• Thus to make the sentence correct replace the noun 'effect' with the verb 'affect.'
• So option 2 is the correct answer.

And the correct sentence is: Why does the lapse rate affect the tendency of air to rise?

Additional Information 

• Let's understand the difference between 'affect' and 'effect':
• Affect - Affect is a verb and it means to influence or to produce a change in something.
• Example: The tornado affected citizens within forty miles of radius.
• Effect - Effect is a noun and it means the result of a change.
• Example: The effect of the tornado was devastating.​​

The correct answer is- 'c.'

Key Points   

• In the given sentence an article 'the' is missing.
• An article should be used before the name of our body parts. An article is missing before the noun 'diaphragm.'
• Thus to make the sentence correct place the article 'the' before 'diaphragm' as the ribs and the diaphragm are two different parts of our body.
• So option 3 is the correct answer.

And the correct sentence is: The thorax is the upper part of your body from the neck down to the bottom of the ribs and the diaphragm.

Additional Information  

• Let's understand more about the use of the article 'the':
• We use a single article before nouns joined by 'and' to show that both the nouns refer to the same person or thing.
• Example:
• The teacher and coach of that team is missing from the school. (Here teacher and coach refers to the same person)
• The teacher and the coach of that team are missing from the school. (Here teacher and coach refers to two different persons)

The correct answer is- 'd.'

Key Points 

• The given sentence is grammatically correct and error-free.
• The sentence is in the passive voice, thus the use of the verb 'have + been + verb 3^rd form' (have been studied) is correct.
• The plural subject (The practical uses) is followed by a plural verb (have), hence it follows the subject-verb agreement.
• So option 4 is the correct answer.

And the correct sentence is: The practical uses of astrology have seldom been seriously studied outside India.

Additional Information  

• Let's understand the meaning and uses of the adverb seldom:

• The meaning of the adverb 'seldom' is almost never.

• Example: Now that we have a baby, we seldom get the chance to go to the cinema.

• If there is no auxiliary verb or be verb seldom usually goes in front of the main verb.

• Example: He seldom laughed.

• Seldom goes after the be verb and the auxiliary verb and in front of the main verb.

• Example: 

• ​She was seldom late for work.

• These birds are seldom seen.

• If there is more than one auxiliary verb, seldom goes after the first one.

• Example: I have seldom been asked such difficult questions.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The primary issue in the sentence is the the phrase "some armful of medicines."
• Singular countable nouns typically require an article (like "a" or "an").
• The correct phrase should be "an armful of medicines," ensuring grammatical correctness and clarity.
• Thus, the error is located in part B of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Correct Sentence: "She collected an armful of medicines and poured them down the drain."

Additional Information

• A: "She collected," – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• C: "and poured them down the drain." – This part of the sentence is grammatically correct and does not require any changes.
• D: "No error" – This would be the correct option if there were no mistakes in the sentence, but there is an error in part B.

The correct answer is- 'b.'

Key Points  

• In the given sentence the conjunction 'or' is incorrectly used.
• As the sentence suggests, both the United Nations and other forces are trying to keep the peace.
• If we use 'or' then it means either United Nations or other forces are trying to keep the peace, hence this is not correct.
• Thus to make the sentence correct replace the conjunction 'or' with 'and'.
• So option 2 is the correct answer.

 And the correct sentence is: In many countries, the United Nations and other internationally organised peacekeeping forces are trying to keep the peace.

Additional Information 

• Let's understand more about the subject-verb agreement:
• The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
• Examples:
• Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
• Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
• A plural verb is used with two or more subjects when they are connected by and.
• Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation.
• But note these examples: 
• Breaking and entering is against the law.
• The bed and breakfast was charming. (Because in these sentences, breaking and entering and bed and breakfast are compound nouns.)​

The correct answer is- 'a.'

Key Points  

• In the given sentence the verb 'rely' is incorrectly used.
• As the sentence mentions a thing of the past (early cities), thus part participle form of the verb 'rely' should be used in the sentence.
• Thus to make the sentence grammatically correct replace 'rely on' with 'relied on.'
• So option 1 is the correct answer.

And the correct sentence is: Early cities relied on food and water from the surrounding countryside, but today cities often depend on distant sources.

Additional Information 

• Let's learn the meaning of the verb 'rely on':
• The word rely on is a phrasal verb and it means to need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or succeed.
• Example: I rely on you for good advice.

The correct answer is- 'c.'

Key Points  

• In the given sentence the article 'the' is incorrectly used.
• As the noun (people) is not specified in this sentence. The use of the article 'the' before people is incorrect.
• Thus to make the sentence correct remove the article 'the.'
• So option 3 is the correct answer.

And the correct sentence is: Climate change, whether it is natural or human-induced, is stressful for people.

Additional Information 

• Let's understand the use of the definite article 'the':
• The definite article 'the' is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The shows that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular person, thing or group. For example:
• I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat. (Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. It is the one who saved the cat.)
• Do not use the before:
• ​names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States
• names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
• names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.
• names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes
• names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn
• names of continents: Asia, Europe
• names of islands: Easter Island, Maui, Key West except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands

The correct answer is- 'To do something quickly'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Once-over​: To look at and examine something or someone quickly.(किसी चीज या किसी व्यक्ति को जल्दी से देखना और जांचना।)
• Example: The security guards gave me the once-over, but they didn't ask me for any identification.

**​​​

From the above lines, we can say that Once-over is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'An extremely thin person'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• A bag of bones: A very thin person or animal.(बहुत पतला व्यक्ति या जानवर।)
• Example: I can't believe how thin he is. He's just a bag of bones.

From the above lines, we can say that An extremely thin person is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'To make the situation complicated'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Muddy the waters: Make an issue or situation more confused or complicated.(किसी मुद्दे या स्थिति को अधिक भ्रमित या जटिल बनाना।)
• Example: The conflation of two distinct hypotheses has merely served to muddy the waters.

                                     His suggestions just muddied the waters further, rather than helping the situation.

​​

​From the above lines, we can say that Muddy the waters is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'To be honest'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• To level with: To speak honestly to someone.(किसी से ईमानदारी से बात करना।)
• Example: He never leveled with his parents about the accident.​

                                     I'm going to level with you, OK?

​​​From the above lines, we can say that To be honest is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'To tell people about your plans'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Show your hand: To allow people to know about intentions that you had previously kept secret.(लोगों को उन इरादों के बारे में जानने की अनुमति देने के लिए जिन्हें आपने पहले गुप्त रखा था।)
• Example: In negotiations, never show your hand too early.​

                                      Keep the names of the team secret - don't show your hand until the day of the game.​

​​

​From the above lines, we can say that To tell people about your plans is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'To check oneself​'

Key Points

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• To pull up: To check oneself.(अपने आप को जाँचने के लिए।)
• Example: The jockey tried to pull up the apparently injured horse.

**​​​From the above lines, we can say that To check oneself  is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'To become dysfunctional'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Be out of action: Temporarily unable to work or function.(अस्थायी रूप से काम करने या कार्य करने में असमर्थ।)
• Example: A heart attack put him out of action.

From the above lines, we can say that To become dysfunctional is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'Learning things through difficult experiences'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Learning from the school of hard knocks: If you learn something in the school of hard knocks, you learn it as a result of difficult or unpleasant experiences.(यदि आप हार्ड नॉक के स्कूल में कुछ सीखते हैं, तो आप इसे कठिन या अप्रिय अनुभवों के परिणामस्वरूप सीखते हैं।)
• Example: A self-made man, he never went to college but came up through the school of hard knocks. ​

​From the above lines, we can say that Learning things through difficult experiences is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'To annoy'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• Raise some hackles: Cause someone or some people to be upset.(किसी को या कुछ लोगों को परेशान करने का कारण।)
• Example: The court ruling is sure to raise some hackles.

​​​From the above lines, we can say that To annoy is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'A scholar in literature'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given idiom
• A man of letters: A scholar in literature or A man of letters is someone who is an expert in the arts and literature, and often a writer too.(साहित्य का विद्वान या विद्वान वह होता है जो कला और साहित्य का विशेषज्ञ होता है, और अक्सर एक लेखक भी होता है।)
• Example: He wished to fashion for himself a career as a man of letters                 .

​

​From the above lines, we can say that A scholar in literature is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

The correct answer is- 'QPRS.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that Q will come first as we need a subject (The Gupta Empire) to start our sentence.
• P will follow next, as we need an object (symbolic) after the verb 'is.'
• Part R and S form a pair joined by the coordinate conjunction 'and,' joining two nouns of equal degree.
• In this way, 'QPRS' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: The Gupta Empire in India is symbolic of peace, and prosperity represented through numismatic archaeological and literary evidence of multiple kinds. 

Important Points 

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'SPRQ.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'S' will come first as we need a subject (ways) to start our sentence.
• Part P will come next, as we need an object (transportation system).
• R will follow P, as the verb (provides) will follow the pronoun (it).
• In this way, 'SPRQ' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: There are many ways to restructure the transportation system so that it provides mobility to everyone and not just the affluent section of society. 

Important Points  

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'RPQS.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'R' will come first as we need a subject (The globe) to start our sentence.
• Part P will come next, as the verb (displays) agrees to the subject (globe).
• Q will follow P, as after the adjective (spatial) we need a noun (relationships).
• In this way, 'RPQS' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: The globe shows Earth’s spherical shape and accurately displays spatial relationships between landforms and water bodies and comparative distance between locations. 

Important Points  

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'PRQS.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'P' will come first as we need a subject (The function) to start our sentence.
• R will follow next, as after the singular subject (The function) we need a singular verb (is).
• Q will come next as it joins the noun (other material) with the conjunction 'and', and completes its meaning.
• The only option that remains is S, thus it will come last.
• In this way, 'PRQS' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: The function of the capillaries is to take nutrients, oxygen and other material to all the cells in the body and to take away their waste material. 

Important Points  

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'SQRP.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'S' will come first as we need a subject (singing) to start our sentence.
• Q will be the next part as it shows to whom the singing sounded melodious.
• R will be the next part as it further states that it sounded melodious to someone with a tin ear.
• P is the last part.
• In this way, 'SQRP' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is:  Her singing sounded pretty melodious even to someone with a tin ear like mine.

 Important Points   

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'QRSP.' 

Key Points 

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'Q' will come first as we need a subject (The Government of India) to start our sentence.
• R will follow next, as the preposition (under) shows the relationship between the nouns India and British.
• P will follow S, as we need an object (the sorry state) to take the action of the verb (mitigate).
• In this way, 'QRSP' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: The Government of India under the British was pro-capitalist though it took some half-hearted steps to mitigate the sorry state of affairs in the modern factories. 

Important Points  

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'RSQP.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'R' will come first as we need a subject (characteristic) to start our sentence.
• S will follow R, as the sentence talks about the British rule and its economic policies.
• Part Q will follow next, as after the subject (characteristic) we need a verb (was).
• Now the only option that remains is P, thus it will come last.
• In this way, 'RSQP' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: A major characteristic of British rule in India and the net result of British economic policies was the prevalence of extreme poverty among its people. 

Important Points   

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'SQPR.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'S' will come first as we need a subject (he) to start our sentence.
• Q will follow next, as we need an object (intelligent) after the verb (look).
• Part Q will follow P, as they together form an idiom 'you can't judge a book by its cover.'
• In this way, 'SQPR' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: He doesn’t look very intelligent, but you can’t judge a book by its cover. 

Important Points   

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'RQPS.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'R' will come first as we need a subject (evidence) to start our sentence.
• Q will follow next as we need a verb (found) after the noun (evidence).
• Part S will follow P, as the conjunction (as well as) joins the noun party membership and antiparty groups.
• In this way, 'RQPS' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: Evidence of a crisis in party politics can be found in the decline in party membership and partisanship as well as in the rise of antiparty groups and movements. 

Important Points   

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'RSQP.' 

Key Points

• By reading the question, it is clear that 'R' will come first as we need a subject (provision) to start our sentence.
• S will follow next, as after the subject (provision) we need a verb (regarded).
• P will follow Q, as the preposition (from) shows the relationship between contribution and government, market and voluntary organisations.
• In this way, 'RSQP' will form a grammatically correct sentence.
• Thus option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: The provision of public goods and services can be regarded as a complex mixture of contributions from government, market and voluntary organisations. 

Important Points   

• Some tips to solve the jumbled sentences:
• Inspecting the theme and the construction of a sentence gives you an overview of the jumbled sentences and can help you identify the nouns, pronouns, subjects and all other parts of sentences.
• Read all the options thoroughly. While the first and second one looks obvious it might so happen that the construction might be completely different as given in the last option.
• Look for the Opening words like a noun.
• Try relating the words given like yet, but, when, then, they, anyway, etc. This will give you a clearer idea of how the sentences can be rearranged.
• Once you think you are done with arranging the statements correctly, re-read the entire sentence to ensure that it is logically and grammatically correct.

The correct answer is- 'Coarse'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Lowbrow(adjective): Not complicated or demanding much intelligence to be understood. (जटिल नहीं है या समझने के लिए बहुत अधिक बुद्धिमत्ता की आवश्यकता नहीं है।)
• ​Example: He regards the sort of books I read as very lowbrow.​
• Coarse(): Rough and not smooth or soft, or not in very small pieces. (खुरदरा और चिकना या मुलायम नहीं, या बहुत छोटे टुकड़ों में नहीं।)
• Example: Linen is a coarse-grained fabric.

Hence, the word Coarse is the most appropriate word similar to Lowbrow.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Proud(): Feeling pleasure and satisfaction because you or people connected with you have done or got something good.(खुशी और संतुष्टि महसूस करना क्योंकि आपने या आपसे जुड़े लोगों ने कुछ अच्छा किया है या किया है।)
• Example: You must be very proud of your son.​​​
• Passionate(): Having very strong feelings or emotions. (बहुत मजबूत भावनाएँ या भावनाएँ होना।)
• Example: ​The child's mother made a passionate plea for help.
• Pathetic(): Causing feelings of sadness, sympathy, or sometimes lack of respect, especially because a person or an animal is suffering. (उदासी, सहानुभूति, या कभी-कभी सम्मान की कमी की भावना पैदा करना, खासकर क्योंकि कोई व्यक्ति या जानवर पीड़ित है।)
• Example: The refugees were a pathetic sight - starving, frightened and cold.

The correct answer is- 'Longing'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Nostalgia(noun): A feeling of pleasure and also slight sadness when you think about things that happened in the past. (जब आप अतीत में हुई चीजों के बारे में सोचते हैं तो खुशी की अनुभूति होती है और थोड़ी सी उदासी भी।)
• ​Example: Some people feel nostalgia for their schooldays.
• Longing(noun):  A feeling of wanting something or someone very much. (किसी चीज या किसी को बहुत ज्यादा चाहने की भावना।)
• Example: He gazed at her, his eyes full of longing.

Hence, the word Longing is the most appropriate word similar to Nostalgia.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Excitement(noun): A feeling of being excited, or an exciting event.(उत्साहित होने की भावना, या एक रोमांचक घटना।)
• Example: ​​ Robin's heart was pounding with excitement.
• Happiness(): The feeling of being happy. (खुश होने की भावना।)
• Example: ​It was only later in life that she found happiness and peace of mind.
• Ability(noun): The physical or mental power or skill needed to do something. (कुछ करने के लिए आवश्यक शारीरिक या मानसिक शक्ति या कौशल।)
• Example: There's no doubting her ability.

The correct answer is- 'Absenteeism'

Key Points     

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Truancy(noun): The problem or situation of children being absent from school regularly without permission. (बच्चों के बिना अनुमति के नियमित रूप से स्कूल से अनुपस्थित रहने की समस्या या स्थिति।)
• ​Example: Truanting was a serious problem in a fifth of the schools surveyed.
• Absenteeism(noun): A situation in which people are not at school or work when they should be. (ऐसी स्थिति जिसमें लोग स्कूल या काम पर नहीं होते हैं जब उन्हें होना चाहिए।)
• Example: The high rate of absenteeism is costing the company a lot of money.

Hence, the word Absenteeism is the most appropriate word similar to Truancy.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Loyalty(noun): The quality of being loyal.(वफादार होने का गुण।)
• Example: ​​His loyalty was never in question.
• Integrity(noun): The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change. (ईमानदार होने और मजबूत नैतिक सिद्धांत रखने का गुण जिसे आप बदलने से इनकार करते हैं।)
• Example: ​No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.
• Honesty(noun): The quality of being honest. (ईमानदार होने का गुण।)
• Example: I appreciate your honesty.

The correct answer is  'criminal'.

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Maleficent(adjective): Bad or harmful. (बुरा या हानिकारक।)
• ​Example: He denied any maleficent intent.
• Criminal: of an action or situation) deplorable and shocking (बहुत बुरा या नैतिक रूप से गलत).
• Example: ​Since the New Year police have received several reports of burglaries and criminal damage

Hence, the word Criminal is the most appropriate word similar to Maleficent.

Additional Information

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Generous(adjective): Willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or expected.(पैसा, मदद, दया, आदि देने के लिए तै��ार, विशेष रूप से सामान्य या अपेक्षा से अधिक।)
• Example: ​​It was generous of you to lend me the money.
• Cunning(adjective): Skillful in planning and ready to deceive people in order to get what you want.(योजना बनाने में कुशल और आप जो चाहते हैं उसे पाने के लिए लोगों को धोखा देने के लिए तैयार हैं।)
• Example: A cunning scheme.
• Friendly(): Behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone. (किसी के प्रति सुखद, दयालु व्यवहार करना।)
• Example: I'm on friendly terms with my daughter's teacher.

The correct answer is- 'Dignity'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Solemnity(adjective): Serious and without any humour. (गंभीर और बिना किसी हास्य के।)
• ​Example: Everyone looked very solemn.
• Dignity(noun): Calm, serious, and controlled behaviour that makes people respect you. (शांत, गंभीर और नियंत्रित व्यवहार जिससे लोग आपका सम्मान करें।)
• Example: He is a man of dignity and calm determination.

Hence, the word Dignity is the most appropriate word similar to Solemnity.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Greed(noun): A strong desire to continually get more of something, esp. money.(लगातार कुछ पाने की तीव्र इच्छा, विशेष रूप से। पैसे।)
• Example: He was motivated by pure greed.​​
• Desire(verb): To want something, especially strongly. (कुछ चाहते हैं, विशेष रूप से दृढ़ता से।)
• Example: ​I certainly have no desire to have children.
• Trust(verb): To believe that someone is good and honest and will not harm you, or that something is safe and reliable.(यह विश्वास करने के लिए कि कोई अच्छा और ईमानदार है और आपको नुकसान नहीं पहुंचाएगा, या यह कि कुछ सुरक्षित और विश्वसनीय है।)
• Example: My sister warned me not to trust him.

The correct answer is- 'Benevolence'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Bounty(noun): Great kindness or willingness to give. (महान दया या देने की इच्छा।)
• ​Example: The charity is totally dependent on the Church's bounty.
• Benevolence(noun): the quality of being kind and helpful. (दया और गुण का गुण।)
• Example: His sunny, calm tone suggested a man of deep benevolence.

Hence, the word Benevolence is the most appropriate word similar to Bounty.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Gallantry(noun): The quality of being brave when something is difficult or dangerous.(कुछ मुश्किल या खतरनाक होने पर बहादुर होने का गुण।)
• Example: He had gained a popular reputation for his gallantry towards women.​​​
• Nepotism(noun): The act of using your power or influence to get good jobs or unfair advantages for members of your own family. (अपने परिवार के सदस्यों के लिए अच्छी नौकरी या अनुचित लाभ पाने के लिए अपनी शक्ति या प्रभाव का उपयोग करने का कार्य।)
• Example: ​He was guilty of nepotism and corruption.
• Chivalry(noun): The system of behaviour followed by knights in the medieval period of history, that put a high value on honour, kindness, and courage. (इतिहास के मध्ययुगीन काल में शूरवीरों द्वारा अपनाई जाने वाली व्यवहार की प्रणाली, जो सम्मान, दया और साहस पर एक उच्च मूल्य रखती है।)
• Example: The age of chivalry.

The correct answer is- 'Destruction'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Holocaust(noun): A very large amount of destruction, especially by fire or heat, or the killing of very large numbers of people. (विनाश की एक बहुत बड़ी मात्रा, विशेष रूप से आग या गर्मी से, या बहुत बड़ी संख्या में लोगों की हत्या।)
• ​Example: A nuclear holocaust would leave few survivors.
• Destruction(noun): The act of destroying something, or the fact of being destroyed. (किसी चीज को नष्ट करने की क्रिया, या नष्ट होने का तथ्य।)
• Example: Many people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests.

Hence, the word Destruction is the most appropriate word similar to Holocaust.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Celebration(noun): A special social event, such as a party, when you celebrate something.(एक विशेष सामाजिक कार्यक्रम, जैसे कोई पार्टी, जब आप कुछ मनाते हैं।)
• Example: ​​There were lively New Year celebrations all over town.
• Construction(): The work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc. (कुछ बनाने या बनाने का कार्य, विशेषकर भवन, पुल आदि।)
• Example: She works in the construction industry. ​
• Beautiful(adjective): having an attractive quality that gives pleasure to those who experience it or think about it. ()
• Example: I thought she was the most beautiful woman I’d ever seen.

The correct answer is- 'Hostility'

Key Points  

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Aversion(noun): A feeling of strong dislike or of not wishing to do something. (मजबूत नापसंदगी या कुछ करने की इच्छा न रखने की भावना।)
• ​Example: I felt an instant aversion to his parents.
• Hostility(adjective): Unfriendly and not liking something. (अमित्र और कुछ पसंद नहीं करना।)
• Example: The president had a hostile reception in Ohio this morning.

Hence, the word Hostility is the most appropriate word similar to Aversion.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Hospitality(): The act of being friendly and welcoming to guests and visitors.(मेहमानों और आगंतुकों के अनुकूल और स्वागत करने का कार्य।)
• Example: The local people showed me great hospitality.
• Humility(noun): The quality of not being proud because you are aware of your bad qualities.(गर्व न करने का गुण क्योंकि आप अपने बुरे गुणों से अवगत हैं।)
• Example: ​He doesn't have the humility to admit when he's wrong.
• Humbleness(noun): The good quality of not being proud or not believing that you are important. (गर्व न करने का अच्छा गुण या यह विश्वास न करना कि आप महत्वपूर्ण हैं।)
• Example: He did not want his picture to be displayed, which showed his humbleness.

The correct answer is- 'Decode'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Decipher(verb): To discover the meaning of something written badly or in a difficult or hidden way. (बुरी तरह से या मुश्किल या छिपे हुए तरीके से लिखी गई किसी चीज का अर्थ खोजना।)
• ​Example: Can you decipher the writing on this envelope?​
• Decode(verb): To discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way. (गुप्त या जटिल तरीके से दी गई जानकारी का अर्थ खोजने के लिए।)
• Example: Decoding the paintings is not difficult once you know what the component parts symbolize.

Hence, the word Decode is the most appropriate word similar to Decipher.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Encode(verb):To change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.(गुप्त रूप से संदेश भेजने के लिए सिस्टम में कुछ बदलने के लिए, या जटिल जानकारी को सरल या संक्षिप्त तरीके से प्रस्तुत करने के लिए।)
• Example: ​Many satellite broadcasts are encoded so that they can only be received by people who have paid to see them.​​
• Simulate(verb): To do or make something that looks real but is not real. (ऐसा कुछ करना या बनाना जो वास्तविक दिखता है लेकिन वास्तविक नहीं है।)
• Example: ​In cheap furniture, plastic is often used to simulate wood.
• Animate(verb): To make someone seem more happy or active. (किसी को अधिक खुश या सक्रिय दिखने के लिए।)
• Example: A sparkle in his eyes animated his face whenever he smiled.

The correct answer is- 'Appropriate'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Opportune(adjective): Happening at a time that is likely to produce success or is convenient. (ऐसे समय में हो रहा है जिससे सफलता मिलने की संभावना हो या जो सुविधाजनक हो।)
• ​Example: This seems to be an opportune moment for reviving our development plan.​
• Appropriate(adjective): Suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion.(किसी विशेष स्थिति या अवसर के लिए उपयुक्त या सही।)
• Example: Appropriate footwear for the country​​.

Hence, the word Honorary is the most appropriate word similar to opportune.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Difficult(adjective): Needing skill or effort. (कौशल या प्रयास की आवश्यकता है।)
• Example: It will be very difficult to prove that they are guilty.​
• Unsuitable(adjective): Not acceptable or right for someone or something; not suitable. (किसी या किसी चीज़ के लिए स्वीकार्य या सही नहीं; उपयुक्त नहीं।)
• Example: The software blocks material that is unsuitable for children.
• ​Honorary(adjective): Given as an honour to someone who has not done a course of study. (किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को सम्मान के रूप में दिया जाता है जिसने अध्ययन का कोर्स नहीं किया है।)
• Example: She received an honorary doctorate from Exeter University in recognition of her work for the homeless.

The correct answer is- 'Balanced'

Key Points  

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Lopsided(adjective): With one side bigger, higher, etc. than the other; not equally balanced. (एक तरफ दूसरे से बड़ा, ऊंचा, आदि; समान रूप से संतुलित नहीं।)
• ​Example: The Yankees won by the lopsided score of 17 to 2.​
• Balanced(adjective): Giving all sides equal attention and consideration. (सभी पक्षों को समान ध्यान और विचार देना।)
• Example: The news program prided itself on its balanced reporting.

Hence, the word Balanced is the most appropriate word opposite to Lopsided.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Partial(adjective): Not complete.(पूरा नहीं।)
• Example: The general has ordered a partial withdrawal of troops from the area.​​
• Crooked(adjective): Not forming a straight line, or having many bends. (एक सीधी रेखा नहीं बनाना, या कई झुकना नहीं।)
• Example: ​You have to drive slowly on these crooked country roads.
• Unequal(adjective): Different in size, level, amount, etc. (आकार, स्तर, राशि आदि में भिन्न।)
• Example: The slices were unequal in size.

The correct answer is- 'condemnable'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Praiseworthy(adjective): Deserving praise. (प्रशंसा के पात्र।)
• ​Example: His actions during the crisis were truly praiseworthy.
• Condemnable(adjective):  Bringing or deserving severe rebuke or censure. (गंभीर फटकार या निंदा करना या लाना।)
• Example: He said the root cellar was a condemnable hazard is what.

Hence, the word Condemnable is the most appropriate word opposite to Praiseworthy.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Admirable(adjective): Deserving respect or approval.(सम्मान या अनुमोदन के योग्य।)
• Example:​ I think you showed admirable tact/restraint/self-control in your answer.
• Commendable(adjective): Deserving praise. (प्रशंसा के पात्र।)
• Example: ​It is commendable that the author draws on qualitative and quantitative measures throughout these chapters.
• Creditable(adjective): Deserving praise, trust, or respect. (प्रशंसा, विश्वास या सम्मान के योग्य।)
• Example: Our team came in a creditable third in the competition.

The correct answer is- 'Progressive'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Retrograde(adjective): Returning to older and worse conditions, methods, ideas, etc. (पुरानी और बदतर परिस्थितियों, विधियों, विचारों आदि की ओर लौटना।)
• ​Example: He said it would be a retrograde step to remove single parent benefits.
• Progressive(adjective): Developing or happening gradually. (धीरे-धीरे विकसित या हो रहा है।)
• Example: There's been a progressive decline in the standard of living over the past few years.

Hence, the word Progressive is the most appropriate word opposite to Retrograde.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Negative(adjective): Bad or harmful.(बुरा या हानिकारक।)
• Example: The warm winter has had a very negative effect/impact on the ski industry.​ ​​
• Retreating(verb): To go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger. (लड़ाई या खतरे से बचने के लिए किसी स्थान या व्यक्ति से दूर जाना।)
• Example: Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat.​
• Reverse(verb): To change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its opposite. (किसी चीज की दिशा, क्रम, स्थिति, परिणाम आदि को उसके विपरीत में बदलना।)
• Example: The new manager hoped to reverse the decline in the company's fortunes.

The correct answer is- 'Unacceptable'

Key Points let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.

• Palatable(adjective): Acceptable. (स्वीकार्य।)
• ​Example: I'm afraid the members won't find all these changes very palatable.
• Unacceptable(adjective): Too bad to be accepted, approved of, or allowed to continue. (स्वीकार किए जाने, स्वीकृत या जारी रखने की अनुमति देने के लिए बहुत बुरा है।)
• Example: The teachers' union has described the latest pay offer as unacceptable.​ 

Hence, the word Unacceptable is the most appropriate word opposite to Palatable.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Acceptable(adjective): Satisfactory and able to be agreed to or approved of.(संतोषजनक और सहमत या अनुमोदित होने में सक्षम।)
• Example: *Clearly we need to come to an arrangement that is acceptable to both parties.*​​
• Agreeable(adjective): Pleasant or pleasing. (सुखद या मनभावन।)
• Example: ​We spent a most agreeable evening by the river.
• Pleasant(adjective): Enjoyable, attractive, friendly, or easy to like. (सुखद, आकर्षक, मिलनसार, या पसंद करने में आसान।)
• Example: Harold did his best to be pleasant to the old man.

The correct answer is- 'Broad-based'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Microscopic(adjective): Very small and only able to be seen with a microscope. (बहुत छोटा और केवल सूक्ष्मदर्शी से देखा जा सकता है।)
• ​Example: When observers finished reading the biopsies, gross and microscopic results were compared.
• Broad-based(adjective):  Wide-ranging; general. (व्यापक; आम।)
• Example: we expect to see broad-based support.

Hence, the word Broad-based is the most appropriate word opposite to Microscopic.

Additional Information

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Minute(noun): Used in spoken English to mean a very short time.(बहुत कम समय के लिए बोली जाने वाली अंग्रेजी में उपयोग किया जाता है।)
• Example: ​Just a minute - I'll be with you when I've finished this.​
• Precise(adjective): Exact and accurate in form, time, detail, or description. (रूप, समय, विवरण या विवरण में सटीक और सटीक।)
• Example: ​The precise recipe is a closely guarded secret.
• Fine(adjective): Very thin or in very small pieces or drops. (बहुत पतले या बहुत छोटे टुकड़ों या बूंदों में।)
• Example: The baby's head was covered in fine blond hair.

The correct answer is- 'Flexible'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Obdurate(adjective): Extremely determined to act in a particular way and not to change despite what anyone else says. (एक विशेष तरीके से कार्य करने के लिए अत्यधिक दृढ़ संकल्प और किसी और के कहने के बावजूद बदलने के लिए नहीं।)
• ​Example: The president remains obdurate on immigration.
• Flexible(): Able to change or be changed easily according to the situation. (स्थिति के अनुसार आसानी से बदलने या बदलने में सक्षम।)
• Example: My schedule is flexible - I could arrange to meet with you any day next week.​ 

Hence, the word Flexible is the most appropriate word opposite to Obdurate.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Callous(): Unkind, cruel, and without sympathy or feeling for other people.(निर्दयी, क्रूर, और अन्य लोगों के लिए सहानुभूति या भावना के बिना।)
• Example: It might sound callous, but I don't care if he's homeless. He's not living with me! ​​
• Insensible(adjective): To not care about something or be unwilling to react to it. (किसी चीज की परवाह न करना या उस पर प्रतिक्रिया करने को तैयार न होना।)
• Example: ​We found her lying on the floor, drunk and insensible.
• Obnoxious(adjective): Very unpleasant or rude. (बहुत अप्रिय या अशिष्ट।)
• Example: Some of his colleagues say that he's loud and obnoxious.

The correct answer is- 'Superficial'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Profound(adjective): Felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way.(बहुत दृढ़ता से या अत्यधिक तरीके से महसूस या अनुभव किया।)
• ​Example: His mother's death when he was aged six had a very profound effect on him.
• Superficial(adjective): Never thinking about things that are serious or important. (कभी भी उन चीजों के बारे में न सोचें जो गंभीर या महत्वपूर्ण हों।)
• Example: He's fun to be with, but he's very superficial.

Hence, the word Superficial is the most appropriate word opposite to Profound.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Deep(adjective): Very strongly felt or experienced and usually lasting a long time.(बहुत दृढ़ता से महसूस या अनुभव किया और आमतौर पर लंबे समय तक चलने वाला।)
• Example: Their son has been a deep disappointment to them.​ ​​
• Extreme(adjective): Very large in amount or degree. (मात्रा या डिग्री में बहुत बड़ा।)
• Example: ​He has rather extreme views.
• Sincere(adjective): Not pretending or lying; honest. (दिखावा या झूठ नहीं; ईमानदार।)
• Example: He seems so sincere.

The correct answer is- 'Calm'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Turbulent(adjective): Involving a lot of sudden changes, arguments, or violence. (बहुत सारे अचानक परिवर्तन, तर्क या हिंसा शामिल है।)
• ​Example: This has been a turbulent week for the administration.​
• Calm(adjective): peaceful, quiet, and without worry. (शांतिपूर्ण, शांत और बिना किसी चिंता के।)
• Example: He has a very calm manner.

Hence, the word calm is the most appropriate word opposite to Turbulent .

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Destructive(adjective): Causing, or able to cause, damage.(कारण, या कारण, क्षति करने में सक्षम।)
• Example: ​​Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship.
• Unstable(adjective): Not solid and firm and therefore not strong, safe, or likely to last. (ठोस और दृढ़ नहीं और इसलिए मजबूत, सुरक्षित या लंबे समय तक चलने की संभावना नहीं है।)
• Example: ​That chair looks unstable to me.
• Stormy(adjective): With strong wind, heavy rain, and often thunder and lightning. (तेज हवा, भारी बारिश, और अक्सर गरज और बिजली के साथ।)
• Example: The sky was dark and stormy.

The correct answer is- 'Amenable'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Dogmatic(adjective): If you are dogmatic, you are certain that you are right and that everyone else is wrong. (यदि आप हठधर्मी हैं, तो आप निश्चित हैं कि आप सही हैं और बाकी सभी गलत हैं।)
• ​Example: Meanwhile, dogmatic positions on whether perceived color is a property of physical objects or of the observer's nervous system are unreasonable.​
• Amenable(adjective): Willing to accept or be influenced by a suggestion. (किसी सुझाव को स्वीकार करने या प्रभावित होने के लिए तैयार।)
• Example: She might be more amenable to the idea if you explained how much money it would save.

Hence, the word Amenable is the most appropriate word opposite to Dogmatic.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Assertive(): Someone who is assertive behaves confidently and is not frightened to say what they want or believe.(कोई व्यक्ति जो मुखर है वह आत्मविश्वास से व्यवहार करता है और यह कहने से नहीं डरता कि वे क्या चाहते हैं या विश्वास करते हैं।)
• Example: ​If you really want the promotion, you'll have to be more assertive.​
• Bold(): Not frightened of danger. (खतरे से नहीं डरते।)
• Example: ​She was a bold and fearless climber.
• Rigid(): Stiff or fixed; not able to be bent or moved. (कठोर या स्थिर; मुड़ने या हिलाने में सक्षम नहीं।)
• Example: A rigid steel and concrete structure.

The correct answer is- 'Stable'

Key Points 

• let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer.
• Fickle(adjective): Likely to change your opinion or your feelings suddenly and without a good reason. (आपकी राय या आपकी भावनाओं को अचानक और बिना किसी अच्छे कारण के बदलने की संभावना है।)
• ​Example: The world of popular music is notoriously fickle.​
• Stable(adjective): Firmly fixed or not likely to move or change. (मजबूती से स्थिर या हिलने या बदलने की संभावना नहीं है।)
• Example: If the foundations of the house aren't stable, collapse is possible.

Hence, the word Stable is the most appropriate word opposite to Fickle.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the meaning of other options:
• Capricious(adjective): Changing mood or behaviour suddenly and unexpectedly.(अचानक और अप्रत्याशित रूप से मूड या व्यवहार बदलना।)
• Example: He was a cruel and capricious tyrant.​​
• Mercurial(adjective): Changing suddenly and often. (अचानक और अक्सर बदलना।)
• Example: ​She was entertaining but unpredictable, with mercurial mood swings.
• Vacillating(verb): To be uncertain what to do, or to change often between two opinions. (अनिश्चित होना कि क्या करना है, या दो मतों के बीच अक्सर बदलना।)
• Example: Her mood vacillated between hope and despair.

The correct answer is Earth.

Key Points

• Planets according to size
• Mercury
• It is the smallest planet in our Solar System since Pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet.
• It has a diameter of 4,879 km, and a surface area of 17.48 x 10⁷ km², which is only about 11% of Earth’s surface area.
• Its volume is even smaller in comparison at 6.083 x 10¹⁰ km³, which is only 5.4% of the volume of Earth.
• Venus
• It is similar in size to Earth, which earned it the title of Earth’s twin.
• It has a diameter of 12,100 km and a surface area of 4.6 x 10⁸ km².
• These measurements are 95% and 90% of Earth’s diameter and surface area respectively.
• With a volume of 9.38 x 10¹¹ km³, Venus’ volume is 86% of  Earth’s.
• Earth
• It has a diameter of 12,742 km and a surface area of 5.1 x 10⁸ km².
• Its volume of 1.08 x 10¹² km³ gives the planet the largest volume of any of the terrestrial planets.
• Mars
• It is also a small planet, the second smallest in our Solar System.
• Mars’ diameter is 6,792 km, only about 53% of Earth’s diameter.
• At only 28% of Earth’s surface area, Mars has a very small surface area of 1.45 x 10⁸ km². Mars’ volume of 1.63 x 10¹¹ km³ is only 15% of Earth’s volume.
• Therefore, In the given option Earth is is the largest planet. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• Planet according to size.

Additional Information

The correct answer is 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - a.

Key Points

• Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Additional Information

• Mumbai Port
• It is India's largest port by size and shipping traffic.
• Located in west Mumbai on the western coast of India, the Mumbai Port is situated in a natural harbor.
• The water reaches depths of 10-12 meters, allowing easy docking and passage for large cargo ships.
• Kochi
• It is known as Queen of the Arabian Sea".
• It was an important spice trading center on the west coast of India from the 14^th century onward and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era.
• The Kingdom of Cochin became a protectorate of the Portuguese in 1503.
• Vishakhapatnam harbor
• It is located in Andhra Pradesh is an example of a landlocked harbor.
• Chennai
• It is the oldest port on the eastern coast.

The correct answer is Lonar lake.

Key Points

• Lonar Lake
• It is also known as Lonar crater, is a notified National Geo-heritage Monument, saline (pH of 10.5), Soda Lake, located at Lonar in Buldhana district, Maharashtra. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• It was created by an asteroid collision with earth impact during the Pleistocene Epoch.
• It is one of the four known, hyper-velocity, impact craters in basaltic rock anywhere on Earth.
• It sits inside the Deccan Plateau—a massive plain of volcanic basalt rock created by eruptions some 65 million years ago.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Playa.

Key Points

• Playa
• It is also called pan, flat, or dry lake, flat-bottom depression found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semiarid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the groundwater system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom and around the edges of the depression.
• It is defined as the flat-floored bottom of an undrained desert basin that becomes at times a shallow lake.
• They are the most kind of flattest known landforms.
• It occupies the flat central basins of desert plains.
• They require a drainage system from the place where evaporation takes place.
• When it floods, a la playa lake forms where fine-grained sediment and salts concentrate. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• It is the process of inundation that develops and maintains the near-perfect flatness so characteristic of these arid-region landforms.

Additional Information

• An oasis
• It is a place in a desert where water comes up to the surface from deep underground.
• Drumlins
• ​They are smooth oval-shaped ridge-like features composed mainly of glacial till with some masses of gravel and sand.
• Natural levees
• It is embankments formed naturally after a river floods and recedes.

The correct answer is Distance from the sea.

Key Points

• Factors affecting Groundwater
• Precipitation 
• The greatest factor controlling infiltration is the amount and characteristics (intensity, duration, etc.) of precipitation that falls as rain or snow.
• Precipitation that infiltrates into the ground often seeps into streambeds over an extended period, thus a stream will often continue to flow when it hasn't rained for a long time and where there is no direct runoff from recent precipitation.
• Infiltration
• It is defined as the flow of water from aboveground into the subsurface.
• More generally, a quantitative understanding of this process is vital to our ability to relate surface and subsurface processes in describing the hydrologic cycle.
• Infiltration rate may be defined as the meters per unit time of water entering into the soil regardless of the types or values of forces or gradients.
• Baseflow 
• To varying degrees, the water in streams has a sustained flow, even during periods of lack of rain. Much of this "base flow" in streams comes from groundwater seeping into the bed and banks of the stream.
• Soil characteristics
• ​Some soils, such as clays, absorb less water at a slower rate than sandy soils. Soils absorbing less water result in more runoff overland into streams.
• Soil saturation
• ​Like a wet sponge, soil already saturated from previous rainfall can't absorb much more ... thus more rainfall will become surface runoff.
• Land cover
• ​Some land covers have a great impact on infiltration and rainfall runoff.
• Vegetation can slow the movement of runoff, allowing more time for it to seep into the ground.
• Impervious surfaces, such as parking lots, roads, and developments, act as a "fast lane" for rainfall - right into storm drains that drain directly into streams.
• Agriculture and the tillage of land also change the infiltration patterns of a landscape. Water that, in natural conditions, infiltrated directly into soil now runs off into streams.
• The slope of the land
• ​Water falling on steeply-sloped land runs off more quickly and infiltrates less than water falling on flat land.
• Evapotranspiration:
• Some infiltration stays near the land surface, which is where plants put down their roots.
• Plants need this shallow groundwater to grow, and, by the process of evapotranspiration, water is moved back into the atmosphere.
• ​Therefore, Distance from the sea is not a direct factor affecting the distribution of groundwater. Hence, Option 4 is correct.

The correct answer is Sikkim.

Key Points

• 35^th Amendment Act, 1974
• The status of Sikkim as a protectorate state was terminated and Sikkim was given the status of ‘Associate State’ of India.
• The state of Sikkim was given an associate status in the Indian Constitution in the year 1974. Hence, Option 2 is correct.

Mistake Point

• In the year 1975, 36^th Constitutional Amendment was passed making Sikkim a full-fledged state in India.
• The State of Sikkim joined as the 22^nd state in Indian Union.

 Additional Information

• Sikkim
• It is a state in northeast India, bordered by Bhutan, Tibet, and Nepal.
• It is part of the Himalayas, the area has a dramatic landscape that includes India’s highest mountain, 8,586m Kangchenjunga.
• It is also home to glaciers, alpine meadows, and thousands of varieties of wildflowers.
• Steep paths lead to hilltop Buddhist monasteries such as Pemayangtse, which dates to the early 1700s.

The correct answer is First-Past-the-Post System.

Key Points

• The first-past-the-post (FPTP) system
• It is also known as the simple majority system. In this voting method, the candidate with the highest number of votes in a constituency is declared the winner.
• This system is used in India's direct elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
• While FPTP is relatively simple, it does not always allow for a truly representative mandate, as the candidate could win despite securing less than half the votes in a contest.
• In 2014, the National Democratic Alliance led by the Bharatiya Janata Party won 336 seats with only 38.5% of the popular vote.
• Also, smaller parties representing specific groups have a lower chance of being elected in FPTP.
• In India, all key representatives except the President, Vice President, Members of Rajya Sabha, and Members of the state legislative council are elected via the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system**.**
• It is the main electoral system of India. Hence, Option 1 is correct.

Additional Information

• Mixed System
• ​It is when the electoral system uses both a majoritarian formula and a proportional formula.
• The electoral system used for legislating elections (for the House of Representatives) in the United States is. Single Member District Plurality.
• Proportional Representation
• This refers to an electoral system in which the distribution of seats corresponds closely with the proportion of the total votes cast for each party.
• This is a more complicated but representative system than the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system, which is used in India.

The correct answer is Right to adequate livelihood.

Key Points

• Non-justiciable right
• Rights that cannot be challenged in a court of law or cannot come under Judicial review in terms of their violation are called non-justiciable rights.
• In other words, all rights beyond the scope of fundamental rights ( article 15 to 35 part 3) are non-justiciable rights.
• Unlike fundamental rights, the non-justiciable rights cannot be challenged in a Court but still, they are necessary for the smooth functioning of a government. It brings social order and helps to create a welfare state.
• The right to adequate livelihood comes under article 39 of DPSP. Therefore, It is Non Justiciable right. Hence, Option 1 is correct.

Additional Information

• Right against exploitation
• Article 23 of the Indian Constitution prohibits human trafficking and begar (forced labour without payment) to protect the millions of underprivileged and deprived people of the country. The right is available to citizens of India as well as to non-citizens.
• Right of accused
• Article 22(2) of the Constitution provides rights of accused in CrPC, that he/she must be produced before a Judicial Magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.
• Right to life and personal liberty
• Article 21 of this part states that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law”, and this is known as the Right to Life and Personal Liberty.

The correct answer is Severability.

Key Points

• Writs
• Article 32 confers the right to remedies for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of an aggrieved citizen.
• Under this, the Supreme Court shall have the power to issue directions or orders or writs for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights.
• The writs issued may include habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo-warranto. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• High Court under Article 226 can also issue writs.
• The Parliament (under Article 32) can empower any other court to issue these writs.

Important Points

Additional Information

• Severability
• It is a provision in a piece of legislation or a contract that allows the remainder of the legislation's or contract's terms to remain effective, even if one or more of its other terms or provisions are found to be unenforceable or illegal.

The correct answer is the Right to be conferred with titles.

Key Points

• Article 18 of the Indian constitution talks about the Abolition of titles: Hence, Option 3 is not part of Fundamental Rights.
• No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.
• No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.
• No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State.
• No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State.

Important Points

• The Fundamental Rights
• It is enshrined in Part III of the Constitution (Articles 12-35).
• Part III of the Constitution is described as the Magna Carta of India.
• The Constitution of India provides for six Fundamental Rights:
• Right to equality (Articles 14–18)
• Right to freedom (Articles 19–22)
• Right against exploitation (Articles 23–24)
• Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25–28)
• Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29–30)
• Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)
• Originally the constitution also included the Right to property (Article 31). However, it was deleted from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44^th Amendment Act, 1978.
• It is made a legal right under Article 300-A in Part XII of the Constitution.

The correct answer is To ensure the participation of good people in politics.

Key Points

• Constitution
• It is the supreme law according to which the form of Government, the various organs of the Government and their functions, their power and mutual relations as well as the rights and duties of citizens are fixed.
• Functions of the constitution are:
• The constitution should provide a set of basic rules that allows the people to live together with trust and coordination.
• It should specify how the government will be constituted, and who will have the power to make the decision for a particular scenario, and so on.
• It expresses the aspirations of the people to create a good society.
• it gave birth to how the government will be formed and who will have the power to make which decisions.
• It limits the power of the government and tells us what the rights of citizens are.
• It expresses the people's desire to create a good society.
• It established a national government composed of legislative, executive, and judicial departments, and established a mechanism of checks and balances among these three departments.
• It distributes power between the federal government and the states.
• Therefore, ensuring the participation of good people in politics is not a function of the constitution. Hence, Option 1 is correct.

The correct answer is More than 100 hotspots of biodiversity are identified in the world.

Key Points

Biodiversity

• It refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is typically a measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.
• It deals with biological and geographical units such as genes, chromosomes, species, families, and biogeographic religions
• It is an additional sum of genetic, taxonomic, and ecosystem diversity.
• It is a measure of species richness i.e  The number of groups of genetically or functionally related individuals.
• It can be defined as a community of all the living organisms on the earth and the diversity among them from all the ecosystems.
• It is thus the variability between the species, within the species, and between the ecosystem.
• The term biodiversity was coined by Walter G. Rosen in the year 1986. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• Biodiversity Hotspots
• The concept of biodiversity hotspots was developed by Norman Myers in 1988 when he identified that the tropical forest losing its plants species as well as habitat. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• It is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• Conservation International was a pioneer in defining and promoting the concept of hotspots.
• In 1989, just one year after scientist Norman Myers wrote the paper that introduced the hotspots concept.
• Many of the biodiversity hotspots exceed the two criteria. For example, both the Sundaland Hotspot in Southeast Asia and the Tropical Andes Hotspot in South America has about 15,000 endemic plant species.
• The loss of vegetation in some hotspots has reached a startling 95
• Around the world, 36 areas qualify as hotspots. They represent just 4% of Earth’s land surface, but they support more than half of the world’s plant species as endemics — i.e., species found no place else — and nearly 43% of bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species as endemics. Hence, Statement 4 is not correct.

​​​​​

The correct answer is Long wave terrestrial radiation.

Key Points

• Terrestrial Radiation
• The insolation received by the earth is in the form of shortwaves.
• The earth after being heated itself becomes a radiating body and it radiates energy to the atmosphere in the long waveform.
• This energy heats the atmosphere from below.
• This process is known as terrestrial radiation.
• The longwave radiation is absorbed by atmospheric gases particularly by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
• Thus, the atmosphere is indirectly heated by the earth’s radiation.
• The atmosphere in turn radiates and transmits heat to the space.
• Finally, the amount of heat received from the sun is returned to space, thereby maintaining a constant temperature at the earth’s surface and in the atmosphere.
• The earth does not heat up due to the short wave radiation it gets from the sun.
• The Earth gets heated due to the greenhouse effect.
• In the greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases absorb the terrestrial radiation and re-radiate the heat into the atmosphere thereby keeping it warm.
• ​Therefore, the atmosphere is mainly heated by long-wave terrestrial radiation. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• ​

Additional Information

• The earth’s surface receives most of its energy in short wavelengths.
• The energy received by the earth is known as incoming solar radiation which in short is termed insolation.
• The atmosphere is largely transparent to short-wave solar radiation.
• The incoming solar radiation passes through the atmosphere before striking the earth’s surface.

The correct answer is Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere.

Key Points

• Layers of Atmosphere
• The Earth's atmosphere has a series of layers, each with its unique characteristics.
• Going away from the ground level, these levels are called the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• The exosphere eventually slips away into the realm of interplanetary space.
• The troposphere:
• It is the lowest layer of our atmosphere.
• Starting at ground level, it stretches up to around 10 km above sea level.
• The stratosphere:
• ​ It stretches from the tip of the troposphere to about 50 km above the earth.
• The notorious coating of ozone is contained inside the stratosphere.
• The mesosphere
• It reaches up to a height of around 85 km above our earth.
• A very unusual layer of air above the mesosphere is called the thermosphere.
• High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere, raising the temperature to hundreds or even thousands of degrees.
• The exosphere:
• It is the top layer of the Earth's atmosphere.
• It begins at an altitude of about 500 km and goes up to about 10,000 km.
• The ionosphere:
• ​It is the ionized component of the Earth's upper atmosphere, at an altitude of about 48 km to 965 km an area that covers the thermosphere and portions of the mesosphere and the exosphere.

The correct answer is Human habitation.

Key Points

• Soil:
• It is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials which develop on the earth’s surface.
• Components of the soil are mineral particles, humus, water, and air.
• The actual amount of each of these depends upon the type of soil.
• Some soils are deficient in one or more of these, while there are some others that have varied combinations.
• Formation of soil:
• Soil forms layers or horizons, roughly parallel to the earth’s surface, in response to five soil-forming factors.
• The whole soil, from the surface to its lowest depths, develops naturally as a result of these five factors.
• The five factors are: 1) parent material, 2) relief or topography, 3) organisms (including humans), 4) climate, and 5) time. Therefore, Human habitation is not a direct factor for soil making. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• If a single parent material is exposed to different climates then a different soil individual will form.
• If any one of the five factors is changed but the remaining four factors remain the same, new soil will form. This process is called “soil genesis”.
• The major factors affecting the formation of soil are:
• Parent Rock: Determines color, texture, chemical properties  mineral, content, permeability
• Climate: Temperature, Rainfall influence the rate of weathering and humus
• Relief: Altitude and slope, determine the accumulation of soil
• Organic matter (Flora, Fauna, and Micro-organism): Affect the rate of humus formation
• Time: Determines thickness of soil profile

The correct answer is Crust and Upper mantle.

Key Points

• Lithosphere
• It is the outer solid part of the earth, including the crust and uppermost mantle.
• It is about 100 km thick, although its thickness is age-dependent.
• The lithosphere, that is the rigid outer part of the earth with thickness varying between 10-200 km.
• It includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. Hence option 3 is correct.
• The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates (lithospheric plates), and therefore the movement of these tectonic plates causes large-scale changes within the earth’s geological structure (folding, faulting).
• The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is that the primordial heat leftover from the planet’s formation also because of the decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium in Earth’s crust and mantle.​

Additional Information 

• | Crust | - It is the outermost solid part of the earth, normally about 8-40 kms thick. - It is brittle in nature. Nearly 1% of the earth’s volume and 5% of earth’s mass are made of the crust. - The thickness of the crust under the oceanic and continental areas are different. - Oceanic crust is thinner (about 5kms) as compared to the continental crust (about 30kms). | | --- | --- | | Mantle | - The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle. - The discontinuity between the crust and mantle is called the Mohorovich Discontinuity or Moho discontinuity. - The mantle is about 2900kms in thickness. - Nearly 84% of the earth’s volume and 67% of the earth’s mass is occupied by the mantle. - The major constituent elements of the mantle are Silicon and Magnesium and hence it is also termed as SIMA. | | Core | - It is the innermost layer surrounding the earth’s center. - The core is separated from the mantle by Guttenberg’s Discontinuity. - It is composed mainly of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and hence it is also called NIFE. - The core constitutes nearly 15% of the earth’s volume and 32.5% of the earth’s mass. |

The correct answer is Bhutan.

Key Points

Greenwich Mean Time

• It is the time displayed by the Shepherd Gate Clock at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. When the sun is at its highest point exactly above the Prime Meridian, it is noon at Greenwich.
• It is not affected by Daylight Saving Time (DST) clock changes.
• The Greenwich Meridian (Prime Meridian or Longitude Zero degrees) is the reference point for every Time Zone in the world.
• Every 15° longitude represents one hour's difference in time: (24 x 15 = 360, the degrees of a circle).
• You can work out the time at every location on earth if you know how many degrees it is east or west of Greenwich.
• Greenwich Mean Time of Bhutan is 6 hours and 0 minutes ahead. Hence, Option 4 is correct.

Additional Information

• The Indian Government has accep­ted the meridian of 82.5° east for the standard time which is 5 hours 30 mins, ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
• Greenwich Mean Time of Nepal is 5 hours and 45 minutes ahead.
• Greenwich Mean Time of Srilanka is the same as India is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead.

The correct answer is It specifies the supremacy of the judiciary. 

Key Points

• Constitution of India
• It is the supreme law according to which the form of Government, the various organs of the Government and their functions, their power and mutual relations as well as the rights and duties of citizens are fixed.
• ​The Constitution of India became effective on 26 January 1950.
• B. R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting committee.
• Major Features of Indian Constitution
• It lays down the fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions.
• Also, it sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens.
• It is the supreme law of India.
• It provides a set of basic rules.
• The Indian Constitution does not specify the supremacy of the judiciary. Indian constitution talks about the supremacy of the Indian Constitution. Hence, Option 4 is not correct.

Additional Information

• Other basic features of the Indian Constitution are: 
• Rigidity and flexibility
• The parliamentary system of government
• The federal system with a unitary bias
• Fundamental rights and fundamental duties
• Directive principles of state policy
• Secularism
• Independent judiciary
• Single citizenship
• Bicameral legislatures
• Emergency powers
• Special provisions for minorities.

The correct answer is He has the right of audience only in the Supreme Court of India.

Key Points

• The Attorney General (AG) of India
• S/he is a part of the Union Executive.
• It is the highest law officer in the country.
• Article 76 of the Constitution provides for the office of AG of India.
• AG is appointed by the President on the advice of the government.
• S/he must be a person who is qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court, i.e. must be a citizen of India and must have been a judge of some high court for five years or an advocate of some high court for ten years or an eminent jurist, in the opinion of the President. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• The term of the Office is not fixed by the Constitution.
• Procedures and grounds for the removal of AG are not stated in the Constitution. S/he holds office during the pleasure of the President (may be removed by the President at any time).
• The remuneration of the Attorney General of India is not fixed by the Constitution.
• He receives such remuneration as the President may determine. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

Additional Information

• Duties and Functions of Attorney General of India:
• To advise the Government of India (GoI) upon such legal matters, which are referred to her/him by the President. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.
• To perform such other duties of a legal character that are assigned to her/him by the President.
• To appear on behalf of the government of India in all cases in the Supreme Court or any case in any High Court in which the GOI is concerned. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.
• To represent the GoI in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 (Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court) of the Constitution.
• To discharge the functions conferred on her/him by the Constitution or any other law.
• S/he has the right to speak and to take part in the proceedings of both the Houses of Parliament or their joint sitting and any committee of the Parliament of which s/he may be named a member but without a right to vote.
• S/he enjoys all the privileges and immunities that are available to a member of Parliament.
• S/he does not fall in the category of government servants. S/he is not debarred from private legal practice.
• However, s/he should not advise or hold a brief against the GoI.

The correct answer is B. R. Ambedkar.

Key Points

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
• It is enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51.
• The framers of the Constitution borrowed this idea from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution.
• DPSPs build a vast social, economic and political program for a welfare state.
• DPSPs are different from the Fundamental Rights by their nature which means they (DPSP) are not enforceable by the courts.
• Various Views about DPSP
• Dr. B R Ambedkar
• ​He mentioned these principles as 'Novel Features’ of our Constitution.
• He described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• The Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and are the soul of the Constitution.
• Granville Austin
• He thought of these principles as those which would help further the goals of social exclusion and revolution.
• These principles act as signposts indicating what has been achieved and what still has to be achieved; they provide criteria to judge the performance of the rulers; they help induce the governments to work for the welfare of the people.
• K. C. Wheare
• It is a manifesto of aims and aspirations.
• K.T. Shah
• He said it is a cheque payable by the bank concerned at its convenience.
• Srinivasan
• He held the view that these principles combine rather incongruously the modem with the old, and provisions suggested by reason and science with provision based purely on sentiment and prejudice.
• B.N. Rau
• He was the advisor of the Constituent Assembly had said that these principles are ‘moral precepts for the authorities of the state” and that “they have an educative value’.

The correct answer is 1 only.

Key Points 

• Indian Councils Act 1861
• It transformed the viceroy’s Executive Council into a miniature cabinet run on the portfolio system.
• Each of the five ordinary members was placed in charge of a distinct department of Calcutta’s government home, revenue, military, finance, and law.
• The portfolio system was introduced by Lord Canning.
• In this system, each member was assigned a portfolio of a particular department.
• The Governor-General’s Council was enlarged for legislative purposes. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• Now, there were to be between 6 and 12 additional members (nominated by the Governor-General). Therefore, the Governor-General was authorized to increase the number of members. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
• There were appointed for a period of 2 years. Out of these, at least half of the additional members were to be non-official (British or Indian).
• Their functions were confined to legislative measures.
• Lord Canning nominated three Indians to the Council in 1862 namely, the Raja of Benares, the Maharaja of Patiala, and Sir Dinkar Rao.
• Any bill related to public revenue or debt, military, religion, or foreign affairs could not be passed without the Governor-General’s assent.
• The Viceroy had the power to overrule the council if necessary.
• The Governor-General also had the power to promulgate ordinances without the council’s concurrence during emergencies.
• The Secretary of State for India in Britain could also dissolve any act passed by the Governor-General’s Council.
• This Act restored the legislative powers of the Governor-in-Councils of the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay (which was taken away by the Charter Act of 1833).

The correct answer is It promoted a systematic study of India’s past in the Bengali language.

Key Points

• Tattwabodhini Patrika
• It was the organ of Tattwabodhini Sabha.
• The journal was first published on 16^th August 1843 from Calcutta to propagate the Brahmo faith and to enable regular contact among members of  Tattwabodhini Sabha.
• Akshoy Kumar Dutta was the first editor, and Debendranath Tagore was charged with its overall supervision.
• The best-known prose writers of the 19^th century- Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, Rajnarayan Basu, Debendranath Tagore- contributed regularly to the journal, spawning a new epoch in the Bangla language and literature.
• In 1839, Debendranath Tagore founded the Tatvabodhini Sabha to propagate Rammohun Roy‘s ideas.
• The Tatvabodhini Sabha and its organ the Tatvabodhini Patrika promoted a systematic study of India‘s past in the Bengali language. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• It also helped to spread a rational outlook among the intellectuals of Bengal.
• All its contributors and patrons were reformists.
• Tattwabodhini Patrika played a key role in the propagation of Brahmoism in Eastern Bengal.
• Tattwabodhini Patrika was published upto 1932. After Akshoy Kumar Dutta it was edited at different times by Nabin Chandra Banerjee, Satyendranath Tagore, Ayodhya Nath Pakrashi, Hemchandra Vidyaratna, Dwijendranath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore, and Kshitindranath Tagore.

The correct answer is 1832.

Key Points

• Damin-i Koh 
• Damin-i Koh in the Rajmahal area was a large area of land demarcated and declared to be the land of the Santhals.
• Damin-i Koh is in the area of Sahebganj, Pakur, and Godda districts in the Jharkhand.
• British persuaded the local tribe of Rajmahal Hills i.e. Santhals to live in the foothills of Rajmahal by giving land to them.
• It is a Persian term that means ‘skirts of the hills’.
• ​There was a stipulation in the certificate of land grants given by the British that the minimum of 1 by 10 of the total area had to be cleared and had to be cultivated within the first 10 years.
• By 1832 a large area of land was demarcated as Damin-i-Koh. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• This was declared to be the land of the Santhals.
• They were to live within it, practice plow agriculture, and become settled peasants.
• The land grant to the Santhals stipulated that at least one-tenth of the area was to be cleared and cultivated within the first ten years.
• Enclosed with boundary pillars, it was separated from both the world of the settled agriculturists of the plains and the Paharis of the hills.
• After the demarcation of Damin-i-Koh, Santhal settlements expanded rapidly.
• From 40 Santhal villages in the area in 1838, as many as 1,473 villages had come up by 1851.
• Over the same period, the Santhal population increased from a mere 3,000 to over 82,000.

The correct answer is Manipur.

Key Points

• The Tropic of Cancer
• It is passed through the Eight Indian States of India.
• It includes Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• It is an imaginary line that is at an angle of 231/2 degrees.
• It is present above the Equator. At this place, the midday sun rays are vertical on 21 June.
• It is also referred to as Northern Tropic.01-Feb-2020
• It is North of the equator.
• it almost passes through the middle of India.
• Tropic of Cancer passes through the 17 countries and India is one of them.
• It crosses two times of Mahi River.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3.

Key Points

• Major crops of India
• The agricultural crop year in India is from July to June.
• The Indian cropping season is classified into two main seasons-(i) Kharif and (ii) Rabi based on the monsoon.
• The Kharif cropping season is from July –October during the southwest monsoon and the Rabi cropping season is from October-March (winter).
• The crops grown between March and June are summer crops.
• Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.
• Ragi
• It is mentioned in India by the ancient Sanskrit writers who refer to it as ‘Rajika’.
• Commonly called Ragi in India, this millet is a staple food for the rural folk of south India.
• Ragi dosa, ragi roti, ragi balls, biscuits, crisps, and bread are common preparations made in Southern states.
• In India, Karnataka and Tamilnadu are the major Ragi growing states, besides Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
• In India, there are two species of Finger millet, viz., Wild species, Eleusine indica, and cultivated species, Eleusine coracana.
• Whole grains are usually ground and sued to make porridges, puddings, cakes, and pancakes.

Additional Information 

• | Types of Crops | Description | Major Crops | | --- | --- | --- | | Foodgrains | Crops that are used for human consumption | Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millets, Pulses, and Oilseeds | | Commercial Crops | Crops that are grown for sale either in raw form or in semi-processed form | Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, and Oilseeds | | Plantation Crops | Crops which are grown on Plantations covering large estates | Tea, Coffee, Coconut, and Rubber | | Horticulture | Sections of agriculture in which Fruits and Vegetables are grown | Fruits and Vegetables |

• Hence, Option 3 is correct.

The correct answer is Umaria.

Key Points

• Coal Mines in India
• Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock with a high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons.
• It is classified as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form. Coal contains the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swampy forests.
• It is also called black gold.
• It contains carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash
• The first coal mine in India is Raniganj, It was started during the East India Company i.e. in the year 1774.
• Umaria
• Umaria district is located to the North East of Madhya Pradesh. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• The district has extensive forests. About 42% of the total area is covered by forests only.
• The District is rich in minerals.
• The most important mineral found in the district is coal and as a result, 8 mines are being operated by South Eastern Coalfield Limited in the district.
• | Coal Mine | States | Features/Prominence | | --- | --- | --- | | Jharia, Dhanbad, Bokaro,   Jayanti, Godda, Giridih (Karbhari Coal Field), Ramgarh, Karanpura, Daltonganj, Deogarh | Jharkhand | - Dhanbad – One of the oldest in Jharkhand and the richest coalfields of India. It is the storehouse of the best metallurgical coal i.e coking coal. - Giridih (Karbhari Coal Field) gives the finest coking coal in India for metallurgical purposes. | | Raniganj Coalfield,  Dalingkot (Darjeeling) Birbhum, Chinakuri | West Bengal | - Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri are the chief producing districts. | | Korba, Bishrampur, Sonhat, Jhilmil, Hasdo-Arand | Chhattisgarh | | | Singrauli, Sohagpur,  Johila, Umaria, Satpura coalfield | Madhya Pradesh | - Singrauli is the largest coalfield of MP. Gondwana Coalfields. |

The correct answer is the Equator.

Key Point

• The Equator
• It is the longest possible latitude.
• It is centered at the latitude of 0 degrees which means that it is centered at the circumference of the earth.
• The Equator is the largest parallel on the globe.
• As the sphere is in the shape of the earth, this is the reason why the equator is the longest parallel of latitude.
• The latitude of a place on the earth’s surface is its distance north or south of the equator.
• It is measured along the meridian of that place at an angle from the center of the earth.
• Lines joining places with the same latitudes are called parallels.
• The line drawn midway between the North Pole and the South Pole that is 0°Latitude is called the equator.
• It is the largest circle and divides the globe into two equal halves, It is also called a great circle.

Additional Information

• The Tropic of Cancer
• It is located 23.5 degrees north of the Equator.
• States through which Tropic of cancer pass: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• Tropic of Capricorn
• It is located at 23° S in the Southern Hemisphere.
• It passes through Argentina, Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Chile, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, and Paraguay.
• The latitude of the North Pole is 90 degrees N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90 degrees S.
• The Arctic Circle is a parallel of latitude on the Earth at approximately 66.5 degrees north from the equator.
• The Antarctic Circle is a parallel of latitude on the Earth at approximately 66.5 degrees south of the equator.

The correct answer is Tides.

Key Points

• Tide
• The periodic short-term rise and fall in the sea level are known as Tide. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• It is produced due to the gravitational interaction of the earth, sun, and moon. Since the moon is closer to the earth, it has a pronounced influence on the tides. The rotation of the earth also aids the tides.
• The moon’s gravitational pull to a great extent and a lesser extent the sun’s gravitational pull, are the major causes for the occurrence of tides.
• Another factor is a centrifugal force that acts opposite to the gravitational pull of the earth.
• Tides occur due to a balance between all these forces.
• Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels around the world.
• There are two high tides and two low tides each day.

Additional Information 

• | Current | - It is the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density. | | --- | --- | | Waves | - It is essentially the movement of water molecules within the ocean and is restricted to the surface layers of our oceans and seas. | | Tsunami | - It is a long, high sea wave, produced by a disturbance, such as a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or coastal landslide. |

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

• The first Indian Factory Act 
• It was passed in 1881.
• The first Factories Act was adopted in 1881 during Lord Ripon.
• A Factory Commission was appointed in 1885.
• The 1881 Act aimed to improve the working conditions of labor.
• The Act primarily dealt with the problem of child labor. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• It laid down that children below 7 could not work in factories, while children between 7 and 12 would not work for more than 9 hours a day. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• Children would also get four holidays in a month. The Act also provided for the proper fencing off of dangerous machinery.
• The second Indian Factories Act was passed in 1891. It provided a weekly holiday for all workers.
• The Factory Act 1881 did not provide for equal pay for equal work for men and women. Whereas, the second Factory Act, 1891 fixed working hours for women at 11 hours per day.

The correct answer is 1 only.

Key Points

Mahatma Gandhi

• He is also known in India as the father of the nation.
• He was born on 2^nd October 1869 in the Porbandar region of Gujarat.
• He was born and raised in a Hindu merchant caste family and was trained in law in London.
• In 1932, Gandhi founded the Harijan Sevak Sanghas as part of his efforts to eradicate the concept of ‘untouchability from India’s caste system. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• He put his close friend, the pioneering industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, in charge of the organization.
• The group’s efforts have helped the depressed classes to access public places such as temples, schools, roads, and water resources that were previously available only to those of privilege.
• Gandhi believed that standing at the heart of the inherited Hindu tradition, including its caste system, it was possible to overcome untouchability.
• He firmly believed that ultimately the removal of untouchability depended on the change of heart of millions of caste Hindus.
• Gandhi had insisted that untouchability was sanctioned by the Shastras and thus part and parcel of Hindu dharma. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.